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Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini and Women Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini和女人
Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.51-68
Wojciech Iwańczak
The hero of this text is one of the most colorful figures of the 15th century. His life and career were extremely rich and full of unexpected turns. The descendant of an old aristocratic family had seventeen siblings, studied in Siena and Florence, and then became secretary to Cardinal Domenico Capranica. He was not characterized by steadiness of views, first a supporter of the superiority of the council over the pope, with time he changed his mind and recognized the primacy of the popes. An important step was entering the service of the Reich King Frederick III, but then he turned towards the Church, was ordained a minor priest, in 1456 he became a cardinal, and the crowning of his career was the election of the pope in 1458, where he took the name Pius II. The content of the text are 3 episodes from Piccolomini’s life related to 3 women. They were, in order: the wife of the King of Hungary and the Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg, Barbara of Cilesia, Joan of Arc, whose fascinating portrait was sketched by Aeneas in his „Memoirs”, and a certain woman whose interesting fate he heard as the pope during the audience. All three images show the author as a good observer and an outstanding humanist.
这篇文章的主人公是15世纪最丰富多彩的人物之一。他的生活和事业极其丰富,充满了意想不到的转折。他是一个古老贵族家庭的后裔,有17个兄弟姐妹,在锡耶纳和佛罗伦萨读书,后来成为红衣主教多梅尼科·卡普拉尼察的秘书。他的观点并不稳定,起初他是大公会议优于教皇的支持者,随着时间的推移,他改变了主意,承认教皇的首要地位。重要的一步是进入帝国国王腓特烈三世的服务,但后来他转向教会,被任命为小牧师,1456年成为红衣主教,1458年当选教皇是他职业生涯的顶峰,在那里他取名为庇护二世。这篇文章的内容是皮科洛米尼生活中的三个片段,涉及三个女人。他们依次是:匈牙利国王和卢森堡的罗马皇帝西吉斯蒙德的妻子,西里西亚的芭芭拉,圣女贞德,埃涅阿斯在他的《回忆录》中描绘了她迷人的肖像,还有一个女人,他在听众中听到了她作为教皇的有趣命运。这三个形象都表明作者是一个优秀的观察者和杰出的人文主义者。
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引用次数: 0
Lost Books from the Collection of the Suffragan of Płock Piotr Aurifaber Lubart (c. 1470–1530) Płock彼得·奥里法伯·卢巴特(约1470-1530年)妇女参政夫人收藏的遗失书籍
Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.181-190
J. M. Marszalska
Thanks to the surviving records compiled before 1939 in the Seminary Library in Płock, we can today reconstruct with a high degree of accuracy the book collection of Piotr Lubart, the Renaissance suffragan of Płock who worked with Bishop Erazm Ciołek and Andrzej Krzycki. The analysis of this already small collection (which has reduced considerably over the centuries) reflects the education he received at Krakow’s Alma Mater under the guidance of Jakub of Gostynin, as well as the interest and need to study the books he acquired during his life and various ecclesiastical functions. The books that he collected during his life are also a significant contribution to completing the biographical profile of a high-ranking clergyman who held the post of suffragan in one of the oldest dioceses in former Poland – in Płock in Mazovia.
由于1939年之前在波克神学院图书馆汇编的幸存记录,我们今天可以高度准确地重建波克文艺复兴时期的女权主义者Piotr Lubart的藏书,他曾与Erazm Ciołek主教和Andrzej Krzycki主教合作。对这本已经很小的收藏(几个世纪以来已经大幅减少)的分析反映了他在戈斯特宁的雅各布的指导下在克拉科夫母校接受的教育,以及研究他一生中获得的书籍和各种教会活动的兴趣和需要。他一生中收集的书籍也是对完成一位高级牧师的传记的重要贡献,这位牧师曾在前波兰最古老的教区之一——马佐维亚的Płock担任女权主义者。
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引用次数: 0
Guidelines on Official Activities for Gestapo Officers Working at the Sicherheitspolizei und SD Headquarters in Radom, 1940 1940年,在拉多姆的纳粹警察和保安局总部工作的盖世太保官员官方活动指南
Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.785-808
S. Piątkowski
The Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) – Secret State Police – is considered one of the most criminal formations of the Nazi German state. In the years 1939–1945, it formed a department at the Sicherheitspolizei und SD (Security Police and Security Service) headquarters in Radom, which was the capital of one of the districts of the General Government. Extremally brutal extermination activities carried out by Gestapo officers against the Polish and Jewish population were accompanied by duties related to office work. Completing the fi les as well as creating and systematically supplementing fi les of various types was supposed to ultimately lead to obtaining the complete knowledge of the structures of the Polish resistance movement, and then to its annihilation. The guidelines for offi cial activities issued in 1940 were to systematize the work of Gestapo offi cers, making it more eff ective. Said guidelines cover a range of policing issues, from clerical activities to dealing with agents.
Geheime Staatspolizei(盖世太保)——秘密国家警察——被认为是纳粹德国最犯罪的组织之一。1939年至1945年,它在拉多姆的Sicherheitspolizei und SD(安全警察和安全服务)总部成立了一个部门,该总部是总政府一个地区的首府。盖世太保官员对波兰和犹太人口进行的极端残忍的灭绝活动伴随着与办公室工作有关的职责。完成这些文件,以及创建和系统地补充各种类型的文件,最终应该能够获得对波兰抵抗运动结构的完整了解,然后将其消灭。1940年发布的官方活动指南旨在使盖世太保官员的工作系统化,使其更加有效。上述指导方针涵盖了一系列警务问题,从文书活动到与特工打交道。
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引用次数: 0
Chancelleries of Free City of Krakow – Preliminary Research Results 克拉科夫自由城总理府-初步研究结果
Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.381-393
Bartosz Drzewiecki
The article concerns the office system of the Senate of the Free City of Krakow and other institutions functioning in this country in the years 1815–1846. Due to the lack of in-depth research as well as certain similarities in the structure of the preserved to this day archive groups of the Free City of Krakow and Galician institutions, e.g., magistrates, there is a widespread belief that they belong to the same Austrian model. This is evidenced by the coexistence of subject and chronological-number schemes in the documentation arrangement and, perhaps, a similar physical form of archival units. The influence of the Napoleonic period on the Krakow chancellery is omitted. This article draws attention to the fact that it was the system of offices of the Duchy of Warsaw that could have had a decisive influence on the office system of the Free City of Krakow.
这篇文章涉及克拉科夫自由城参议院的办公系统和1815-1846年在该国运作的其他机构。由于缺乏深入的研究,以及至今保存的克拉科夫自由城和加利西亚机构档案组(如地方法官)的结构存在某些相似之处,人们普遍认为它们属于同一奥地利模式。这一点可以从文献安排中主题和时间编号方案的共存以及档案单位的类似物理形式中得到证明。省略了拿破仑时期对克拉科夫总理府的影响。本文提请注意,华沙公国的办公系统可能对克拉科夫自由城的办公系统产生决定性影响。
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引用次数: 0
Migrations of Craftsmen in Polish Lands in the Middle Ages and on the Threshold of Modern Times According to Archival Sources 从档案资料看中世纪和近代初期波兰土地上的工匠迁移
Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.103-118
Janusz Tandecki
The oldest, medieval travels of journeymen who searched for work in other cities were initially treated as natural prolongation of their study period. Over time, such migrations became an important way to find a job or higher wage, although the desire to deepen professional skills or meet new people and get acquainted with new places were other important factors. Since the 15th century, the obligation of additional travel might have been treated as a punishment after an unsuccessful attempt to deliver proof of technical competence (the „masterpiece”). It happened also that departing from workshops could be the result of conflict situations between journeymen and their masters. Wars fought in the Middle Ages or epidemics affecting areas were not without significance when considering traveling in search for work by journeymen. Since the 15th/16th century, in some guilds from the presented locations, journeymen's travel became a statutory, obligatory duty, the fulfillment of which allowed to achieve full journeyman rights, and later enabled the candidates to initiate process aiming at the highest accomplishment: the title of master craftsman.
在其他城市寻找工作的中世纪最古老的旅行最初被视为他们学习时间的自然延长。随着时间的推移,这种移民成为寻找工作或更高工资的重要途径,尽管加深专业技能或结识新人和熟悉新地方的愿望也是其他重要因素。自15世纪以来,在试图提供技术能力证明(“杰作”)失败后,额外旅行的义务可能被视为一种惩罚。此外,离开车间可能是熟练工人和他们的师傅之间冲突的结果。在考虑旅行寻找工作时,中世纪的战争或影响地区的流行病并非没有意义。自15/16世纪以来,在一些所在地的行会中,熟练工人的旅行成为一项法定的义务,履行这一义务可以实现熟练工人的全部权利,后来使候选人能够启动旨在实现最高成就的程序:工艺大师的头衔。
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引用次数: 0
Nomination of Chronological Elements in the Republican Calendar 共和历年表要素的提名
Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.305-333
Henryk Wąsowicz
The republican calendar created during the French Revolution is the most radical reform project of the Gregorian calendar of the modern era. The process of its creation and the structure of its components was based on the French reforms of measures and weights based on the metric decimal system introduced at that time. The number ten forms the basis for dividing the year into months and weeks. The new names of the months and all the days of the year are related to the French agrarian culture and natural phenomena occurring throughout the year in central France.
法国大革命时期创立的共和历法是近代对公历最激进的改革方案。它的创建过程及其组成部分的结构是基于当时引入的十进制公制的法国计量和重量改革。数字十是把一年分成月和周的基础。月份和一年中所有日子的新名称与法国农业文化和法国中部全年发生的自然现象有关。
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引用次数: 0
Protocols of Meetings of the Kharkiv University Council from the 60-70-80s of the 19th Century as a Historical Source 19世纪60-70-80年代哈尔科夫大学理事会会议纪要作为历史来源
Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.483-498
Sergij Posokhov
The reforming of the university system in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century also affected the activity of the University Councils. The main documents that reflected the functioning of these institutions are the protocols of their meetings. This article analyzes the source potential of the surviving protocols of the Council of the Imperial Kharkiv University. The research of this complex allows us not only to clarify the specific facts from the history of higher education in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century, but also to review existing stereotypes in historiography, which concern the role of university councils in the transition from the „corporate” university to the „state” one.
19世纪下半叶俄罗斯帝国的大学制度改革也影响了大学理事会的活动。反映这些机构运作情况的主要文件是其会议的议定书。本文分析了哈尔科夫帝国大学理事会现存协议的来源潜力。对这一情结的研究不仅使我们能够澄清19世纪下半叶俄罗斯帝国高等教育史上的具体事实,而且还可以回顾史学中现有的刻板印象,这些刻板印象涉及大学理事会在从“企业”大学向“国家”大学过渡中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
The Revenues from the Landed Estates of Cracow Bishops and Gniezno Archbishops of 1545 1545年克拉科夫主教和格尼兹诺大主教的土地庄园收入
Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.119-135
Waldemar Kowalski
The article discusses the revenues from the landed estates of Cracow bishops and Gniezno archbishops of 1545. The list of revenues was inserted into an inventory of the personal chattel of those dioceses’ pastor Piotr Gamrat, who had died that year without a last will and testament. Hence, the Cracow cathedral chapter decided to write down the inventory because their responsibility was to settle the archbishop’s debts and to cover the costs of his funeral. The 1545 revenues are confronted with the value of the Cracow bishops’ landed property according to its 1529 taxation, and with the manorial incomes that were documented for a part of the Gniezno archbishopric in 1531. This comparison shows a ca. thirty-percent total income growth in the Cracow bishops’ demesne. In one of the three Gniezno archbishops’ manorial estates that were taken into account, a hundred percent growth took place, while in the two others the incomes’ volume remained almost unchanged.
文章讨论了1545年克拉科夫主教和格尼兹诺大主教的土地遗产收入。收入清单被插入了这些教区牧师Piotr Gamrat的个人动产清单中,他于当年去世,没有最后的遗嘱和遗嘱。因此,克拉考大教堂分会决定记下存货,因为他们的责任是偿还大主教的债务和支付他的葬礼费用。根据1529年的税收,1545年的收入与克拉科夫主教的土地财产价值以及1531年格尼兹诺大主教区部分地区的庄园收入相矛盾。这一比较显示,克拉考主教领地的总收入增长了约30%。在考虑在内的三个格尼兹诺大主教庄园中,有一个庄园实现了100%的增长,而在另外两个庄园,收入几乎保持不变。
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引用次数: 0
The Organization of the Swedish Chancellery of Gustavus Adolphus According to the Order of 1626 根据1626年的命令,古斯塔夫·阿道弗斯的瑞典总理府的组织
Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.719-735
Wojciech Krawczuk
The article presents an important source on the organization of the Swedish chancellery of King Gustavus Adolphus, i.e., the Order of 1626 translated into Polish. It shows all the important tasks of this office. The source should serve as a point of reference and comparison for other similar central government offices in the Central Europe. The level of detail in describing the work of the office is high, it allows to solve many research problems regarding the activities of the institution.
本文介绍了古斯塔夫斯·阿道弗斯国王的瑞典总理府组织的一个重要来源,即1626年被翻译成波兰语的骑士团。它展示了这个办公室的所有重要任务。该来源应作为中欧其他类似中央政府办公室的参考和比较点。描述该办公室工作的详细程度很高,可以解决与该机构活动有关的许多研究问题。
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引用次数: 0
Cistercians from Monasteries Dissolved in 1819 in the Diocese of Sandomierz. A Biographical and Prosopographical Study 1819年桑多梅日教区修道院解散的修女。传记和人物学研究
Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.395-453
R. Stępień
The subject of the biographical and prosopographical analysis were the convents of three Cistercian monastery, in Koprzywnica, Sulejów and Wąchock, which during the dissolution in 1819 were within the borders of the Sandomierz diocese. The personal composition of the monasteries in the initial period of suppression consisted of a total of 55 monks. In the first stage of the research, a biographical index was prepared, which was used to analyze the social, national and territorial origins as well as the numerical and age structure of the discussed communities. The post-dissolution fate of the monks was also the subject of scientific reflection. The primary source material is comprised by general and personal files of the clergy, diocesan and monastic schematisms, as well as parish files and record books.
传记和韵律分析的主题是位于Koprzywnica、Sulejów和ẃchock的三座西多会修道院的修道院,这些修道院在1819年解散期间位于桑多米尔兹教区的边界内。在镇压初期,修道院的个人组成共有55名僧侣。在研究的第一阶段,编制了一份传记索引,用于分析所讨论社区的社会、国家和领土起源以及数量和年龄结构。解散后僧侣的命运也是科学反思的主题。主要来源材料包括神职人员的一般和个人档案、教区和修道院图解,以及教区档案和记录簿。
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引用次数: 1
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Res Historica
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