Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.51-68
Wojciech Iwańczak
The hero of this text is one of the most colorful figures of the 15th century. His life and career were extremely rich and full of unexpected turns. The descendant of an old aristocratic family had seventeen siblings, studied in Siena and Florence, and then became secretary to Cardinal Domenico Capranica. He was not characterized by steadiness of views, first a supporter of the superiority of the council over the pope, with time he changed his mind and recognized the primacy of the popes. An important step was entering the service of the Reich King Frederick III, but then he turned towards the Church, was ordained a minor priest, in 1456 he became a cardinal, and the crowning of his career was the election of the pope in 1458, where he took the name Pius II. The content of the text are 3 episodes from Piccolomini’s life related to 3 women. They were, in order: the wife of the King of Hungary and the Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg, Barbara of Cilesia, Joan of Arc, whose fascinating portrait was sketched by Aeneas in his „Memoirs”, and a certain woman whose interesting fate he heard as the pope during the audience. All three images show the author as a good observer and an outstanding humanist.
{"title":"Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini and Women","authors":"Wojciech Iwańczak","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.51-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.51-68","url":null,"abstract":"The hero of this text is one of the most colorful figures of the 15th century. His life and career were extremely rich and full of unexpected turns. The descendant of an old aristocratic family had seventeen siblings, studied in Siena and Florence, and then became secretary to Cardinal Domenico Capranica. He was not characterized by steadiness of views, first a supporter of the superiority of the council over the pope, with time he changed his mind and recognized the primacy of the popes. An important step was entering the service of the Reich King Frederick III, but then he turned towards the Church, was ordained a minor priest, in 1456 he became a cardinal, and the crowning of his career was the election of the pope in 1458, where he took the name Pius II. The content of the text are 3 episodes from Piccolomini’s life related to 3 women. They were, in order: the wife of the King of Hungary and the Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg, Barbara of Cilesia, Joan of Arc, whose fascinating portrait was sketched by Aeneas in his „Memoirs”, and a certain woman whose interesting fate he heard as the pope during the audience. All three images show the author as a good observer and an outstanding humanist.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46598515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.181-190
J. M. Marszalska
Thanks to the surviving records compiled before 1939 in the Seminary Library in Płock, we can today reconstruct with a high degree of accuracy the book collection of Piotr Lubart, the Renaissance suffragan of Płock who worked with Bishop Erazm Ciołek and Andrzej Krzycki. The analysis of this already small collection (which has reduced considerably over the centuries) reflects the education he received at Krakow’s Alma Mater under the guidance of Jakub of Gostynin, as well as the interest and need to study the books he acquired during his life and various ecclesiastical functions. The books that he collected during his life are also a significant contribution to completing the biographical profile of a high-ranking clergyman who held the post of suffragan in one of the oldest dioceses in former Poland – in Płock in Mazovia.
{"title":"Lost Books from the Collection of the Suffragan of Płock Piotr Aurifaber Lubart (c. 1470–1530)","authors":"J. M. Marszalska","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.181-190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.181-190","url":null,"abstract":"Thanks to the surviving records compiled before 1939 in the Seminary Library in Płock, we can today reconstruct with a high degree of accuracy the book collection of Piotr Lubart, the Renaissance suffragan of Płock who worked with Bishop Erazm Ciołek and Andrzej Krzycki. The analysis of this already small collection (which has reduced considerably over the centuries) reflects the education he received at Krakow’s Alma Mater under the guidance of Jakub of Gostynin, as well as the interest and need to study the books he acquired during his life and various ecclesiastical functions. The books that he collected during his life are also a significant contribution to completing the biographical profile of a high-ranking clergyman who held the post of suffragan in one of the oldest dioceses in former Poland – in Płock in Mazovia.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45495158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.785-808
S. Piątkowski
The Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) – Secret State Police – is considered one of the most criminal formations of the Nazi German state. In the years 1939–1945, it formed a department at the Sicherheitspolizei und SD (Security Police and Security Service) headquarters in Radom, which was the capital of one of the districts of the General Government. Extremally brutal extermination activities carried out by Gestapo officers against the Polish and Jewish population were accompanied by duties related to office work. Completing the fi les as well as creating and systematically supplementing fi les of various types was supposed to ultimately lead to obtaining the complete knowledge of the structures of the Polish resistance movement, and then to its annihilation. The guidelines for offi cial activities issued in 1940 were to systematize the work of Gestapo offi cers, making it more eff ective. Said guidelines cover a range of policing issues, from clerical activities to dealing with agents.
Geheime Staatspolizei（盖世太保）——秘密国家警察——被认为是纳粹德国最犯罪的组织之一。1939年至1945年，它在拉多姆的Sicherheitspolizei und SD（安全警察和安全服务）总部成立了一个部门，该总部是总政府一个地区的首府。盖世太保官员对波兰和犹太人口进行的极端残忍的灭绝活动伴随着与办公室工作有关的职责。完成这些文件，以及创建和系统地补充各种类型的文件，最终应该能够获得对波兰抵抗运动结构的完整了解，然后将其消灭。1940年发布的官方活动指南旨在使盖世太保官员的工作系统化，使其更加有效。上述指导方针涵盖了一系列警务问题，从文书活动到与特工打交道。
{"title":"Guidelines on Official Activities for Gestapo Officers Working at the Sicherheitspolizei und SD Headquarters in Radom, 1940","authors":"S. Piątkowski","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.785-808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.785-808","url":null,"abstract":"The Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) – Secret State Police – is considered one of the most criminal formations of the Nazi German state. In the years 1939–1945, it formed a department at the Sicherheitspolizei und SD (Security Police and Security Service) headquarters in Radom, which was the capital of one of the districts of the General Government. Extremally brutal extermination activities carried out by Gestapo officers against the Polish and Jewish population were accompanied by duties related to office work. Completing the fi les as well as creating and systematically supplementing fi les of various types was supposed to ultimately lead to obtaining the complete knowledge of the structures of the Polish resistance movement, and then to its annihilation. The guidelines for offi cial activities issued in 1940 were to systematize the work of Gestapo offi cers, making it more eff ective. Said guidelines cover a range of policing issues, from clerical activities to dealing with agents.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48097322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.381-393
Bartosz Drzewiecki
The article concerns the office system of the Senate of the Free City of Krakow and other institutions functioning in this country in the years 1815–1846. Due to the lack of in-depth research as well as certain similarities in the structure of the preserved to this day archive groups of the Free City of Krakow and Galician institutions, e.g., magistrates, there is a widespread belief that they belong to the same Austrian model. This is evidenced by the coexistence of subject and chronological-number schemes in the documentation arrangement and, perhaps, a similar physical form of archival units. The influence of the Napoleonic period on the Krakow chancellery is omitted. This article draws attention to the fact that it was the system of offices of the Duchy of Warsaw that could have had a decisive influence on the office system of the Free City of Krakow.
{"title":"Chancelleries of Free City of Krakow – Preliminary Research Results","authors":"Bartosz Drzewiecki","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.381-393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.381-393","url":null,"abstract":"The article concerns the office system of the Senate of the Free City of Krakow and other institutions functioning in this country in the years 1815–1846. Due to the lack of in-depth research as well as certain similarities in the structure of the preserved to this day archive groups of the Free City of Krakow and Galician institutions, e.g., magistrates, there is a widespread belief that they belong to the same Austrian model. This is evidenced by the coexistence of subject and chronological-number schemes in the documentation arrangement and, perhaps, a similar physical form of archival units. The influence of the Napoleonic period on the Krakow chancellery is omitted. This article draws attention to the fact that it was the system of offices of the Duchy of Warsaw that could have had a decisive influence on the office system of the Free City of Krakow.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45858501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.103-118
Janusz Tandecki
The oldest, medieval travels of journeymen who searched for work in other cities were initially treated as natural prolongation of their study period. Over time, such migrations became an important way to find a job or higher wage, although the desire to deepen professional skills or meet new people and get acquainted with new places were other important factors. Since the 15th century, the obligation of additional travel might have been treated as a punishment after an unsuccessful attempt to deliver proof of technical competence (the „masterpiece”). It happened also that departing from workshops could be the result of conflict situations between journeymen and their masters. Wars fought in the Middle Ages or epidemics affecting areas were not without significance when considering traveling in search for work by journeymen. Since the 15th/16th century, in some guilds from the presented locations, journeymen's travel became a statutory, obligatory duty, the fulfillment of which allowed to achieve full journeyman rights, and later enabled the candidates to initiate process aiming at the highest accomplishment: the title of master craftsman.
{"title":"Migrations of Craftsmen in Polish Lands in the Middle Ages and on the Threshold of Modern Times According to Archival Sources","authors":"Janusz Tandecki","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.103-118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.103-118","url":null,"abstract":"The oldest, medieval travels of journeymen who searched for work in other cities were initially treated as natural prolongation of their study period. Over time, such migrations became an important way to find a job or higher wage, although the desire to deepen professional skills or meet new people and get acquainted with new places were other important factors. Since the 15th century, the obligation of additional travel might have been treated as a punishment after an unsuccessful attempt to deliver proof of technical competence (the „masterpiece”). It happened also that departing from workshops could be the result of conflict situations between journeymen and their masters. Wars fought in the Middle Ages or epidemics affecting areas were not without significance when considering traveling in search for work by journeymen. Since the 15th/16th century, in some guilds from the presented locations, journeymen's travel became a statutory, obligatory duty, the fulfillment of which allowed to achieve full journeyman rights, and later enabled the candidates to initiate process aiming at the highest accomplishment: the title of master craftsman.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43436791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.305-333
Henryk Wąsowicz
The republican calendar created during the French Revolution is the most radical reform project of the Gregorian calendar of the modern era. The process of its creation and the structure of its components was based on the French reforms of measures and weights based on the metric decimal system introduced at that time. The number ten forms the basis for dividing the year into months and weeks. The new names of the months and all the days of the year are related to the French agrarian culture and natural phenomena occurring throughout the year in central France.
{"title":"Nomination of Chronological Elements in the Republican Calendar","authors":"Henryk Wąsowicz","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.305-333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.305-333","url":null,"abstract":"The republican calendar created during the French Revolution is the most radical reform project of the Gregorian calendar of the modern era. The process of its creation and the structure of its components was based on the French reforms of measures and weights based on the metric decimal system introduced at that time. The number ten forms the basis for dividing the year into months and weeks. The new names of the months and all the days of the year are related to the French agrarian culture and natural phenomena occurring throughout the year in central France.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48489509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.483-498
Sergij Posokhov
The reforming of the university system in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century also affected the activity of the University Councils. The main documents that reflected the functioning of these institutions are the protocols of their meetings. This article analyzes the source potential of the surviving protocols of the Council of the Imperial Kharkiv University. The research of this complex allows us not only to clarify the specific facts from the history of higher education in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century, but also to review existing stereotypes in historiography, which concern the role of university councils in the transition from the „corporate” university to the „state” one.
{"title":"Protocols of Meetings of the Kharkiv University Council from the 60-70-80s of the 19th Century as a Historical Source","authors":"Sergij Posokhov","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.483-498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.483-498","url":null,"abstract":"The reforming of the university system in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century also affected the activity of the University Councils. The main documents that reflected the functioning of these institutions are the protocols of their meetings. This article analyzes the source potential of the surviving protocols of the Council of the Imperial Kharkiv University. The research of this complex allows us not only to clarify the specific facts from the history of higher education in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century, but also to review existing stereotypes in historiography, which concern the role of university councils in the transition from the „corporate” university to the „state” one.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41847975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.119-135
Waldemar Kowalski
The article discusses the revenues from the landed estates of Cracow bishops and Gniezno archbishops of 1545. The list of revenues was inserted into an inventory of the personal chattel of those dioceses’ pastor Piotr Gamrat, who had died that year without a last will and testament. Hence, the Cracow cathedral chapter decided to write down the inventory because their responsibility was to settle the archbishop’s debts and to cover the costs of his funeral. The 1545 revenues are confronted with the value of the Cracow bishops’ landed property according to its 1529 taxation, and with the manorial incomes that were documented for a part of the Gniezno archbishopric in 1531. This comparison shows a ca. thirty-percent total income growth in the Cracow bishops’ demesne. In one of the three Gniezno archbishops’ manorial estates that were taken into account, a hundred percent growth took place, while in the two others the incomes’ volume remained almost unchanged.
{"title":"The Revenues from the Landed Estates of Cracow Bishops and Gniezno Archbishops of 1545","authors":"Waldemar Kowalski","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.119-135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.119-135","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the revenues from the landed estates of Cracow bishops and Gniezno archbishops of 1545. The list of revenues was inserted into an inventory of the personal chattel of those dioceses’ pastor Piotr Gamrat, who had died that year without a last will and testament. Hence, the Cracow cathedral chapter decided to write down the inventory because their responsibility was to settle the archbishop’s debts and to cover the costs of his funeral. The 1545 revenues are confronted with the value of the Cracow bishops’ landed property according to its 1529 taxation, and with the manorial incomes that were documented for a part of the Gniezno archbishopric in 1531. This comparison shows a ca. thirty-percent total income growth in the Cracow bishops’ demesne. In one of the three Gniezno archbishops’ manorial estates that were taken into account, a hundred percent growth took place, while in the two others the incomes’ volume remained almost unchanged.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48031893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.719-735
Wojciech Krawczuk
The article presents an important source on the organization of the Swedish chancellery of King Gustavus Adolphus, i.e., the Order of 1626 translated into Polish. It shows all the important tasks of this office. The source should serve as a point of reference and comparison for other similar central government offices in the Central Europe. The level of detail in describing the work of the office is high, it allows to solve many research problems regarding the activities of the institution.
{"title":"The Organization of the Swedish Chancellery of Gustavus Adolphus According to the Order of 1626","authors":"Wojciech Krawczuk","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.719-735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.719-735","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents an important source on the organization of the Swedish chancellery of King Gustavus Adolphus, i.e., the Order of 1626 translated into Polish. It shows all the important tasks of this office. The source should serve as a point of reference and comparison for other similar central government offices in the Central Europe. The level of detail in describing the work of the office is high, it allows to solve many research problems regarding the activities of the institution.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49622725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.395-453
R. Stępień
The subject of the biographical and prosopographical analysis were the convents of three Cistercian monastery, in Koprzywnica, Sulejów and Wąchock, which during the dissolution in 1819 were within the borders of the Sandomierz diocese. The personal composition of the monasteries in the initial period of suppression consisted of a total of 55 monks. In the first stage of the research, a biographical index was prepared, which was used to analyze the social, national and territorial origins as well as the numerical and age structure of the discussed communities. The post-dissolution fate of the monks was also the subject of scientific reflection. The primary source material is comprised by general and personal files of the clergy, diocesan and monastic schematisms, as well as parish files and record books.
{"title":"Cistercians from Monasteries Dissolved in 1819 in the Diocese of Sandomierz. A Biographical and Prosopographical Study","authors":"R. Stępień","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.395-453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.395-453","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of the biographical and prosopographical analysis were the convents of three Cistercian monastery, in Koprzywnica, Sulejów and Wąchock, which during the dissolution in 1819 were within the borders of the Sandomierz diocese. The personal composition of the monasteries in the initial period of suppression consisted of a total of 55 monks. In the first stage of the research, a biographical index was prepared, which was used to analyze the social, national and territorial origins as well as the numerical and age structure of the discussed communities. The post-dissolution fate of the monks was also the subject of scientific reflection. The primary source material is comprised by general and personal files of the clergy, diocesan and monastic schematisms, as well as parish files and record books.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45117980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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