Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.281-304
Marcin Hlebionek
A wreath of territorial, and later also state and dynastic coats of arms, as an element of the composition of Polish royal seals, appeared at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. Initially, it was placed on the seals of majesty, later on the broad (chancellor's) seals of the Crown and Lithuania, and from the times of John Casimir also on the small (sub-chancellor) Crown seals. A set of these coats of arms was created during the reign of King Michael. In general, however, in the field of territorial heraldry, it was characterized by quite high stability, and the land coats of arms introduced to it in the Jagiellonian times functioned without major changes until the reign of Stanisław August. This king used two sets of state seals. The first, created for the coronation in 1764, was a continuation of traditional patterns. The changes concerned only the coat of arms in the second set of seals made in 1780. They concerned two areas: the content and the form of presenting the signs. In the first, the markings of the former fief areas, which were no longer associated with the Crown, were updated: the coat of arms of the Moldavian fief was replaced with the coat of arms of the Kalisz Voivodeship, and the coat of arms of the Pomeranian fief with the coat of arms of Livonia. In the aspect of form, hatching of signs was used for the first time in state sigillography. Although hatching appears already on Wettin's seals, it was not used on Polish state seals. As a result, the seals created in 1780 are the first official color representation of the coats of arms of the lands of the Kingdom of Poland. Breaking with the existing tradition, the creator of the seal, Jan Filip Holzhaeusser, also reversed the arrangement of figural emblems, which until then had been directed towards the central element of the image (i.e., towards the figure of the enthroned ruler, or the Polish Eagle), and also changed the shape of some emblems to forms known from earlier times, later rejected. Enigmatic in this context is the small crown seal of this king, known from one of the collector's imprints, probably made in 1785. Its uniqueness, apart from the lack of confirmation of wider use, prove modifications in the coat of arms, unjustified on the grounds of Polish territorial heraldry.
在14世纪和15世纪交替的时期，波兰出现了领土的花环，后来也出现了国家和王朝的盾形纹章，作为波兰皇家印章的组成元素。最初，它被放在陛下的印章上，后来被放在皇冠和立陶宛的宽(总理)印章上，从约翰·卡西米尔时代开始，也被放在小(副总理)皇冠印章上。一套这样的盾形纹章是在米迦勒国王统治时期创造的。然而，总体而言，在领土纹章领域，它的特点是相当高的稳定性，并且在雅盖隆时代引入的陆地纹章直到Stanisław August统治时期都没有发生重大变化。这位国王使用了两套国玺。第一个是为1764年的加冕礼设计的，延续了传统的图案。这些变化只涉及1780年第二套印章的盾形纹章。它们涉及两个方面:内容和表现形式。在第一个版本中，以前封地的标志，不再与国王有联系，被更新:摩尔多瓦封地的盾徽被卡利什省的盾徽取代，波美拉尼亚封地的盾徽被利沃尼亚的盾徽取代。在形式方面，国家文字中首次采用了符号孵化法。虽然孵化已经出现在维廷的印章上，但波兰国家印章上没有使用。因此，1780年制作的印章是波兰王国土地纹章的第一个官方颜色代表。打破现有的传统，印章的创造者Jan Filip Holzhaeusser也改变了图形符号的排列，直到那时，这些符号一直指向图像的中心元素(即，朝向在位的统治者或波兰鹰的图形)，并且还将一些符号的形状改变为早期已知的形式，后来被拒绝。在这种情况下，令人费解的是这位国王的小皇冠印章，从收藏家的印记中可以看出，可能是1785年制作的。它的独特性，除了缺乏广泛使用的确认，证明了对盾徽的修改，在波兰领土纹章的基础上是不合理的。
{"title":"Territorial Coats of Arms on the Crown Seals of King Stanisław August","authors":"Marcin Hlebionek","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.281-304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.281-304","url":null,"abstract":"A wreath of territorial, and later also state and dynastic coats of arms, as an element of the composition of Polish royal seals, appeared at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. Initially, it was placed on the seals of majesty, later on the broad (chancellor's) seals of the Crown and Lithuania, and from the times of John Casimir also on the small (sub-chancellor) Crown seals. A set of these coats of arms was created during the reign of King Michael. In general, however, in the field of territorial heraldry, it was characterized by quite high stability, and the land coats of arms introduced to it in the Jagiellonian times functioned without major changes until the reign of Stanisław August. This king used two sets of state seals. The first, created for the coronation in 1764, was a continuation of traditional patterns. The changes concerned only the coat of arms in the second set of seals made in 1780. They concerned two areas: the content and the form of presenting the signs. In the first, the markings of the former fief areas, which were no longer associated with the Crown, were updated: the coat of arms of the Moldavian fief was replaced with the coat of arms of the Kalisz Voivodeship, and the coat of arms of the Pomeranian fief with the coat of arms of Livonia. In the aspect of form, hatching of signs was used for the first time in state sigillography. Although hatching appears already on Wettin's seals, it was not used on Polish state seals. As a result, the seals created in 1780 are the first official color representation of the coats of arms of the lands of the Kingdom of Poland. Breaking with the existing tradition, the creator of the seal, Jan Filip Holzhaeusser, also reversed the arrangement of figural emblems, which until then had been directed towards the central element of the image (i.e., towards the figure of the enthroned ruler, or the Polish Eagle), and also changed the shape of some emblems to forms known from earlier times, later rejected. Enigmatic in this context is the small crown seal of this king, known from one of the collector's imprints, probably made in 1785. Its uniqueness, apart from the lack of confirmation of wider use, prove modifications in the coat of arms, unjustified on the grounds of Polish territorial heraldry.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45748104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.137-159
Tomisław Giergiel
The article presents the history of the Kamionka coat of arms in the Lubelskie Voivodeship. The author presents the genesis, sources and content of the coat of arms used by the city authorities in the eighties of the sixteenth century. It was a golden period in the city's development. The author also presents other heraldic and sphragistic sources that may affect the process of creating the city's coat of arms. This analysis was submitted to the local government of Kamionka, which obtained city rights on January 1, 2021, and began preparations for the establishment of the coat of arms and other symbols. They were completed on November 30, 2021 with the adoption of a resolution on the establishment of the symbols of the Kamionka Commune and the rules for their use based on the conclusions presented here.
{"title":"The Coat of Arms of Kamionka – Sources and Content","authors":"Tomisław Giergiel","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.137-159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.137-159","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the history of the Kamionka coat of arms in the Lubelskie Voivodeship. The author presents the genesis, sources and content of the coat of arms used by the city authorities in the eighties of the sixteenth century. It was a golden period in the city's development. The author also presents other heraldic and sphragistic sources that may affect the process of creating the city's coat of arms. This analysis was submitted to the local government of Kamionka, which obtained city rights on January 1, 2021, and began preparations for the establishment of the coat of arms and other symbols. They were completed on November 30, 2021 with the adoption of a resolution on the establishment of the symbols of the Kamionka Commune and the rules for their use based on the conclusions presented here.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43486574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.351-379
E. Letkiewicz
On many objects connected with Alexander I and his reign as the ruler of Polish Kingdom, on jewelry objects, medals ceramics, drawings etc., remained panegyric mottos and sentences glorifying him, and expressing admiration for his achievements as the „reviver” of Poland, giver of peace and freedom, expressing sorrow after his death. The available written sources commemorate laudations to his honor, declarations of loyalty, submissiveness and full surrender brought to his throne. They seem to paint a different picture of reality in the Polish Kingdom, unlike the one brought by the Polish collective memory of partition period, reminding the trauma of society and culture annihilation under tsar’s rule. We are not certain whether the praising texts of the Polish subjects of the tsar, preached in his honor, are sincere or only declarative, but the fact that they were created in the times of enslavement is worth investigating and reflecting upon.
{"title":"Dialecticism of History and Memory. About figures and Mementoes Connected with Tsar-King Alexander I (1777–1825)","authors":"E. Letkiewicz","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.351-379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.351-379","url":null,"abstract":"On many objects connected with Alexander I and his reign as the ruler of Polish Kingdom, on jewelry objects, medals ceramics, drawings etc., remained panegyric mottos and sentences glorifying him, and expressing admiration for his achievements as the „reviver” of Poland, giver of peace and freedom, expressing sorrow after his death. The available written sources commemorate laudations to his honor, declarations of loyalty, submissiveness and full surrender brought to his throne. They seem to paint a different picture of reality in the Polish Kingdom, unlike the one brought by the Polish collective memory of partition period, reminding the trauma of society and culture annihilation under tsar’s rule. We are not certain whether the praising texts of the Polish subjects of the tsar, preached in his honor, are sincere or only declarative, but the fact that they were created in the times of enslavement is worth investigating and reflecting upon.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42441818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.639-658
D. Drzewiecka
The emergence of legal acts on the computerisation of public administration in Poland, the spread of electronic documentation and various types of IT tools and electronic document management systems have not always improved the performance of office activities and the documentation of cases. The lack of guidance on the rules for archival audits of electronic records, which are collected, produced and stored differently in the organisational units under archival supervision, has resulted in a marked diversity in the verification and description of data collected during archival audits. The article includes examples of problems raised by the archives community and attempts to analyse guidelines for carrying out controls on the handling of electronic documents.
{"title":"Guidelines for Auditing the Handling of Electronic Documents as a Result of Changes Postulated by the Archives Community","authors":"D. Drzewiecka","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.639-658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.639-658","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of legal acts on the computerisation of public administration in Poland, the spread of electronic documentation and various types of IT tools and electronic document management systems have not always improved the performance of office activities and the documentation of cases. The lack of guidance on the rules for archival audits of electronic records, which are collected, produced and stored differently in the organisational units under archival supervision, has resulted in a marked diversity in the verification and description of data collected during archival audits. The article includes examples of problems raised by the archives community and attempts to analyse guidelines for carrying out controls on the handling of electronic documents.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43160018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.39-49
Waldemar Graczyk
The political and economic changes that took place from the 13th to the end of 15th century influenced the development of settlement and town foundations in Mazovia. The foundation of the town of Warka must have taken place before 1375, since the municipal authorities are mentioned under this year. Many previous researchers (e.g., Stanisław Pazyra) connected the location of Warka’s town to a document issued by the Mazovian Prince Trojden I (c. 1285–1341) in 1321, in which the Prince approved the donations made to the Dominican monastery in Warka. In this document Warka appears as an „oppidum”. Although the year 1321 was an important one for Warka – today we would rather have to say that it marked the beginning of the development of the town, important for Mazovia, both in the Middle Ages and later centuries. Following the processes of location, the formation of the municipal government, the economic life of the town, the formation of a separate judiciary, religious foundations- these are the issues that are before us and need to be carefully studied.
{"title":"The Foundation of the Town of Warka at the Background Political and Institutional Processes of Mazovia in 14th Century","authors":"Waldemar Graczyk","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.39-49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.39-49","url":null,"abstract":"The political and economic changes that took place from the 13th to the end of 15th century influenced the development of settlement and town foundations in Mazovia. The foundation of the town of Warka must have taken place before 1375, since the municipal authorities are mentioned under this year. Many previous researchers (e.g., Stanisław Pazyra) connected the location of Warka’s town to a document issued by the Mazovian Prince Trojden I (c. 1285–1341) in 1321, in which the Prince approved the donations made to the Dominican monastery in Warka. In this document Warka appears as an „oppidum”. Although the year 1321 was an important one for Warka – today we would rather have to say that it marked the beginning of the development of the town, important for Mazovia, both in the Middle Ages and later centuries. Following the processes of location, the formation of the municipal government, the economic life of the town, the formation of a separate judiciary, religious foundations- these are the issues that are before us and need to be carefully studied.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45756644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.617-638
Krzysztof Kopiński
This article focuses on selected reviews of state archive resource guides in Polish journals. The query was based on the following journals: „Archeion”, „Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne”, „Archiwista Polski” i „Archiwa – Kancelarie – Zbiory”. In addition, the author uses singular reviews of archive resource guides found in „Zapiski Historyczne”, „Przegląd Zachodnio-Pomorski”, „Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych”, „Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej” and „Rocznik Biblioteki Narodowej”. A total number of 18 reviews of 11 archive resource guides, published in the years 1958–2016, were analyzed. The reviews themselves were published between 1959 and 2017. Analyzing archive resource guides, the author deals with very sensitive material which is very challenging to be assessed explicitly. Each time, the reviews resulted from extensive studies, which were often the result of time-consuming work performed by teams consisting of many experts. The question of whether there is still a place for traditional book guides to archive resources in the modern world will probably remain an open question for a long time. The analysis of guidebooks issued in the traditional form is always a unique moment and invariably constitutes a great challenge for all archives. Each time it is associated with the intensification of work; it allows for the improvement and unification of archival records. It also provides a greater precision of the existing information on the archive resources. The analyzed reviews of the state archive resource guides show how many possibilities there may occur to commit a mistake in the process of such an analysis.
这篇文章的重点是波兰期刊国家档案资源指南的精选评论。该查询基于以下期刊：“Archion”、“Archiwa，Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne”、“Archiwista Polski”i“Archiwa-Kancelarie-Zbiory”。此外，作者使用了《Zapiski Historyczne》、《Przeglńd Zachodnio Pomorski》、《Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych》、《Kwartalnik Historyi Kultury Materiallnej》和《Roczni Biblioteki Narodowej》中的档案资源指南的独特评论。对1958年至2016年出版的11本档案资源指南的18篇评论进行了分析。这些评论发表于1959年至2017年间。通过分析档案资源指南，作者处理了非常敏感的材料，这些材料很难明确评估。每次审查都是广泛研究的结果，而这些研究往往是由许多专家组成的团队耗时工作的结果。传统图书指南在现代世界中是否仍有档案资源的位置，这一问题可能在很长一段时间内仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。分析以传统形式发行的指南总是一个独特的时刻，对所有档案馆来说都是一个巨大的挑战。每次都与工作的强化有关；它允许档案记录的改进和统一。它还提供了有关归档资源的现有信息的更高精度。对国家档案资源指南的分析审查表明，在这种分析过程中，犯错误的可能性有多大。
{"title":"Selected Reviews of State Archive Resource Guides in Polish Journals Issued in the Years 1959–2017","authors":"Krzysztof Kopiński","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.617-638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.617-638","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on selected reviews of state archive resource guides in Polish journals. The query was based on the following journals: „Archeion”, „Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne”, „Archiwista Polski” i „Archiwa – Kancelarie – Zbiory”. In addition, the author uses singular reviews of archive resource guides found in „Zapiski Historyczne”, „Przegląd Zachodnio-Pomorski”, „Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych”, „Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej” and „Rocznik Biblioteki Narodowej”. A total number of 18 reviews of 11 archive resource guides, published in the years 1958–2016, were analyzed. The reviews themselves were published between 1959 and 2017. Analyzing archive resource guides, the author deals with very sensitive material which is very challenging to be assessed explicitly. Each time, the reviews resulted from extensive studies, which were often the result of time-consuming work performed by teams consisting of many experts. The question of whether there is still a place for traditional book guides to archive resources in the modern world will probably remain an open question for a long time. The analysis of guidebooks issued in the traditional form is always a unique moment and invariably constitutes a great challenge for all archives. Each time it is associated with the intensification of work; it allows for the improvement and unification of archival records. It also provides a greater precision of the existing information on the archive resources. The analyzed reviews of the state archive resource guides show how many possibilities there may occur to commit a mistake in the process of such an analysis.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44266063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.535-555
R. Litwiński, Monika Napora
The social dimension of sports in the interwar period included both physical education and competitive sport itself – activities which promptly were placed in the center of interest of the Polish Army of the reborn Polish Commonwealth, as they were to serve both improving athleticism and health of the society (both women and men), and at the same time increase the defense potential of the country. This strategy was implemented in multiple countries – such an approach of the heads of the states was characteristic for this period. It is a fact that Józef Pilsudski’s having seized control of the country allowed the military to monopolize the authority over issues concerned with preparing the society for potential war. Moreover, it influenced the dynamization of works in the area. The State Office of Physical Education and Military, created in 1927 to coordinate the common physical education and military preparation, was playing a major role in this aspect. After a dozen of months of functioning, it had been established that the introduced changes needed to be evaluated, which became a major topic at a special conference taking place in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and The Headquarters of The Polish Riflemen's Association. The conclusions drawn at the conference were to introduce improvements to the current solutions in the areas of physical education, premilitary training and sports.
{"title":"The Social Dimension of Sports Depicted in the Statements of the Participants in the Conference Organized by the State Office of Physical Education and Military (17–19 December 1929)","authors":"R. Litwiński, Monika Napora","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.535-555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.535-555","url":null,"abstract":"The social dimension of sports in the interwar period included both physical education and competitive sport itself – activities which promptly were placed in the center of interest of the Polish Army of the reborn Polish Commonwealth, as they were to serve both improving athleticism and health of the society (both women and men), and at the same time increase the defense potential of the country. This strategy was implemented in multiple countries – such an approach of the heads of the states was characteristic for this period. It is a fact that Józef Pilsudski’s having seized control of the country allowed the military to monopolize the authority over issues concerned with preparing the society for potential war. Moreover, it influenced the dynamization of works in the area. The State Office of Physical Education and Military, created in 1927 to coordinate the common physical education and military preparation, was playing a major role in this aspect. After a dozen of months of functioning, it had been established that the introduced changes needed to be evaluated, which became a major topic at a special conference taking place in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and The Headquarters of The Polish Riflemen's Association. The conclusions drawn at the conference were to introduce improvements to the current solutions in the areas of physical education, premilitary training and sports.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42674628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.693-715
Małgorzata Szabaciuk
This article aims to assess the issue of data protection and the role and tasks of theData Protection Offi cer in the National Archives. With the introduction of the EU Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), much has changed in the perception of those who deal with these issues. The Data Protection Offi cer’s main concern is the proper handling of records that are produced in the process of any organizational unit’s activities, including those of the State Archives. The role and responsibilities of the Data Protection Offi cer in the state archives are the same as in other organizations. Due to the nature of the activities of the state archive network and the specifi c nature of an institution such as the archives, the duties of the Data Protection Offi cer are extremely important. On the one hand, the state archives service holds records with permanent retention, i.e. category A, and on the other hand it operates like a normal offi ce serving the public with its organizational structure. The management of information security in the age of the knowledge society is the key issue in any institution, for which the Data Protection Offi cer is responsible. The information security system itself must be well designed and thought out. The EU legislator intended the function of the Data Protection Offi cer to protect our privacy as well. The system of personal data protection has been in place in Poland for twenty-six years, and after the implementation of the GDPR (along with penalties for improper processing of personal data), we are increasingly considering it as our inalienable right to have our personal data well processed and not shared with unauthorized persons.
{"title":"The Role and Responsibilities of the Data Protection Officer in the State Archives – an Attempt to Assess from the Perspective of Five Years after the Introduction of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)","authors":"Małgorzata Szabaciuk","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.693-715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.693-715","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to assess the issue of data protection and the role and tasks of theData Protection Offi cer in the National Archives. With the introduction of the EU Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), much has changed in the perception of those who deal with these issues. The Data Protection Offi cer’s main concern is the proper handling of records that are produced in the process of any organizational unit’s activities, including those of the State Archives. The role and responsibilities of the Data Protection Offi cer in the state archives are the same as in other organizations. Due to the nature of the activities of the state archive network and the specifi c nature of an institution such as the archives, the duties of the Data Protection Offi cer are extremely important. On the one hand, the state archives service holds records with permanent retention, i.e. category A, and on the other hand it operates like a normal offi ce serving the public with its organizational structure. The management of information security in the age of the knowledge society is the key issue in any institution, for which the Data Protection Offi cer is responsible. The information security system itself must be well designed and thought out. The EU legislator intended the function of the Data Protection Offi cer to protect our privacy as well. The system of personal data protection has been in place in Poland for twenty-six years, and after the implementation of the GDPR (along with penalties for improper processing of personal data), we are increasingly considering it as our inalienable right to have our personal data well processed and not shared with unauthorized persons.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42684304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.201-216
Dorota Wereda
The activity of the Basilian congregation is crucial to understanding the cultural, social, religious transformations and relations occurring at the cultural borderlands marked by the Latin and Byzantine cultural circles. Based on the catalogue of Basilians studying at the papal seminary in Vilnius between 1611 and 1795, and a census of the monks from 1800, the paper analyses the linguistic competences of the Basilians of the Lithuanian province. The monks usually had knowledge of three languages i.e., Latin, Polish and „Sclavonica” or „Ruthenica”. In the second half of the 18th century, Basilians expanded their linguistic competences to include knowledge of modern languages: French, German and Italian. In response to pastoral needs, they used Lithuanian, Samogitian and Latvian. The monks used their linguistic competences in their pastoral and educational work. The monks in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, together with the Unitarian parish clergy, formed an environment that maintained the literary tradition of the Ruthenian language. Basilians’ linguistic competences shaped the forms of content and message in pastoral work, spreading faith and enabling correlations between the cultural heritage of various linguistic groups. The monks’ skills enabled them to act as content intermediaries between communities of different linguistic backgrounds and between elite and egalitarian culture.
{"title":"Linguistic Competence of the Basilian Monks of the Lithuanian Province in the 17th–18th Centuries","authors":"Dorota Wereda","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.201-216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.201-216","url":null,"abstract":"The activity of the Basilian congregation is crucial to understanding the cultural, social, religious transformations and relations occurring at the cultural borderlands marked by the Latin and Byzantine cultural circles. Based on the catalogue of Basilians studying at the papal seminary in Vilnius between 1611 and 1795, and a census of the monks from 1800, the paper analyses the linguistic competences of the Basilians of the Lithuanian province. The monks usually had knowledge of three languages i.e., Latin, Polish and „Sclavonica” or „Ruthenica”. In the second half of the 18th century, Basilians expanded their linguistic competences to include knowledge of modern languages: French, German and Italian. In response to pastoral needs, they used Lithuanian, Samogitian and Latvian. The monks used their linguistic competences in their pastoral and educational work. The monks in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, together with the Unitarian parish clergy, formed an environment that maintained the literary tradition of the Ruthenian language. Basilians’ linguistic competences shaped the forms of content and message in pastoral work, spreading faith and enabling correlations between the cultural heritage of various linguistic groups. The monks’ skills enabled them to act as content intermediaries between communities of different linguistic backgrounds and between elite and egalitarian culture.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48137827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.17951/rh.2023.55.23-38
Marcin Pytel
The article investigates the problem of when the longer version of the apparent foundation charter, the so-called Köln version was transumed. In my view, it is possible to date it at 1261, which is the date of its fabrication and confirmation of the monastery properties. Later, in my article, I am trying to show how Ląd monks had their properties and privileges confirmed during the trial with the Dolany inhabitants at the beginning of the 14th century.
{"title":"When the Köln Version of the Apparent Foundation Charter of Ląd Abbey Was Transumed?","authors":"Marcin Pytel","doi":"10.17951/rh.2023.55.23-38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.23-38","url":null,"abstract":"The article investigates the problem of when the longer version of the apparent foundation charter, the so-called Köln version was transumed. In my view, it is possible to date it at 1261, which is the date of its fabrication and confirmation of the monastery properties. Later, in my article, I am trying to show how Ląd monks had their properties and privileges confirmed during the trial with the Dolany inhabitants at the beginning of the 14th century.","PeriodicalId":34774,"journal":{"name":"Res Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46953758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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