Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.22378/he.2022-7-1.100-110
L. R. Murtazina, A. A. Zinnatullina
This article is devoted to the analysis of some problems and features of the development of women’s education among the Tatars in the countryside. Women’s schools first appeared in cities. Then they began to open in the Tatar villages. The development of these schools was reflected in the contradictions between the supporters of the old-method teaching and the Jadids. Very often the people were on the side of the former. As a result, women’s schools were forced to close and teachers lost their jobs. In some villages, thanks to the activities of progressive people, schools developed and became famous in Russia. The authors give examples of such schools and teachers. The work uses the publications of the Tatar periodical press of the early 20th century.
{"title":"Some features of the development of women’s education in Tatar villages in the beginning of the 20th century","authors":"L. R. Murtazina, A. A. Zinnatullina","doi":"10.22378/he.2022-7-1.100-110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2022-7-1.100-110","url":null,"abstract":"This article is devoted to the analysis of some problems and features of the development of women’s education among the Tatars in the countryside. Women’s schools first appeared in cities. Then they began to open in the Tatar villages. The development of these schools was reflected in the contradictions between the supporters of the old-method teaching and the Jadids. Very often the people were on the side of the former. As a result, women’s schools were forced to close and teachers lost their jobs. In some villages, thanks to the activities of progressive people, schools developed and became famous in Russia. The authors give examples of such schools and teachers. The work uses the publications of the Tatar periodical press of the early 20th century.","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68346052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.22378/he.2022-7-1.111-122
Aidar M. Gainutdinov
The famous Tatar scientist, educator, teacher, and public figure, Gabdulla Bubi (1871–1922), wrote very valuable works on pedagogy, logic, and Islamic doctrine. The article deals with one of the main published works of Gabdulla Bubi in the Tatar language “Zamane ijtihad munkarism, dagelme?” (“Is the time of ijtihad over or not?”). It was published in 1909 in the Millat printing house. The author highly appreciates this work, points out the issues that are reflected in it, proves that it is not only a translation of the work of the Arab scholar Ibn Qayyim "I’lam al-Muwaqqi’in ‘an Rabb al-’Alamin", because one third of the work is written by G. Bubi. The article also cites cases of low-quality and inaccurate translation into Russian by historians of some quotations from the book “Is the time of ijtihad over or not?”.
{"title":"About the book of G. Bubi “Is the time of ijtihad over or not?”","authors":"Aidar M. Gainutdinov","doi":"10.22378/he.2022-7-1.111-122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2022-7-1.111-122","url":null,"abstract":"The famous Tatar scientist, educator, teacher, and public figure, Gabdulla Bubi (1871–1922), wrote very valuable works on pedagogy, logic, and Islamic doctrine. The article deals with one of the main published works of Gabdulla Bubi in the Tatar language “Zamane ijtihad munkarism, dagelme?” (“Is the time of ijtihad over or not?”). It was published in 1909 in the Millat printing house. The author highly appreciates this work, points out the issues that are reflected in it, proves that it is not only a translation of the work of the Arab scholar Ibn Qayyim \"I’lam al-Muwaqqi’in ‘an Rabb al-’Alamin\", because one third of the work is written by G. Bubi. The article also cites cases of low-quality and inaccurate translation into Russian by historians of some quotations from the book “Is the time of ijtihad over or not?”.","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68346060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.22378/he.2022-7-2.240-253
I. Khanipova, Ekaterina G. Krivonozhkina
Nutrition is a natural human need. The lack or absence of products affects all vital functions of the body, primarily maintaining health, working capacity, and childbearing. One of the first tasks of the state at all times is the task to provide the population with essential goods, and, above all, with foodstuff. However, in difficult periods for the state, such as on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945), providing the civilian population with food constituted a difficult task for our state. In the presented article, the authors has made an attempt to study the process of providing the urban and rural population of the rear region – the Republic of Tatarstan – with food on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War and fill in the gaps in this problem by the means of analyzing published and unpublished sources.
{"title":"Providing the population of the Tatar ASSR with food on the eve and during the Great Patriotic war","authors":"I. Khanipova, Ekaterina G. Krivonozhkina","doi":"10.22378/he.2022-7-2.240-253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2022-7-2.240-253","url":null,"abstract":"Nutrition is a natural human need. The lack or absence of products affects all vital functions of the body, primarily maintaining health, working capacity, and childbearing. One of the first tasks of the state at all times is the task to provide the population with essential goods, and, above all, with foodstuff. However, in difficult periods for the state, such as on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945), providing the civilian population with food constituted a difficult task for our state. In the presented article, the authors has made an attempt to study the process of providing the urban and rural population of the rear region – the Republic of Tatarstan – with food on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War and fill in the gaps in this problem by the means of analyzing published and unpublished sources.","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68346195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.22378/he.2022-7-3.482-491
Dilyara M. Galiullina
The paper analyses the articles of the famous Tatar historian G. Gubaydullin published in his student years in the magazine “Maktap” (1913). The articles are devoted to the problems of teaching logic and history in Tatar madrasas at the beginning of the twentieth century. The introduction of new secular subjects into the learning process was especially relevant for the national school. Moreover, new teaching methods were developed in the absence of school textbooks in the Tatar language. Gubaydullin, as a future professional historian, understood full well the importance of humanitarian subjects, especially history and logic, in the formation of national identity of young people. In the article “Din madrasalarenda tarikh ukytu” (“Teaching history in religious madrassas”) he discusses the methodological recommendations for teachers and shakirds. The recommendations were important because Tatar educators had no experience in teaching history. Logic was studied in old-fashioned madrasas, but after the 1905 revolution the training programs were changed and there was a demand for a new textbook which would meet the requirements of the era. The historian writes about this issue in the article “Din madrasalarenda mantyk” (“Logic in religious madrassas”). At the beginning of the new century, the Tatar public had heated discussions about the concept of “nation”. G. Gubaydullin expressed his opinion about the preservation of the unity of the Turkic peoples in the article “Iske tel ham millat” (“Old language and nation”). He considered it necessary to introduce a new school subject – the Chagatay language for a better understanding of the ancient Turkic literature. The analysis of these articles gives an idea of the scholar’s views on national pedagogy.
本文分析了鞑靼著名历史学家古巴耶杜林在学生时代发表在《Maktap》杂志(1913)上的文章。这些文章致力于探讨20世纪初鞑靼宗教学校的逻辑和历史教学问题。在学习过程中引入新的世俗科目对国立学校尤为重要。此外，在没有鞑靼语教科书的情况下，开发了新的教学方法。古巴耶杜林，作为未来的职业历史学家，充分理解人文学科的重要性，特别是历史和逻辑，在形成年轻人的民族认同。在“宗教学校的历史教学”一文中，他讨论了对教师和教师的方法论建议。这些建议很重要，因为鞑靼教育工作者没有教历史的经验。逻辑是在老式的伊斯兰学校里学习的，但在1905年革命之后，培训计划发生了变化，人们需要一种符合时代要求的新教科书。历史学家在“宗教学校的逻辑”一文中提到了这个问题。在新世纪之初，鞑靼民众对“民族”的概念进行了热烈的讨论。G. Gubaydullin在“Iske tel ham millat”(“古老的语言和民族”)一文中表达了他对维护突厥民族统一的看法。他认为有必要引入一门新的学科——察合台语，以便更好地了解古代突厥文学。通过对这些文章的分析，可以看出这位学者对民族教育学的看法。
{"title":"Analysis of G. Gubaydullin’s articles published in the “Maktap” magazine in 1913","authors":"Dilyara M. Galiullina","doi":"10.22378/he.2022-7-3.482-491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2022-7-3.482-491","url":null,"abstract":"The paper analyses the articles of the famous Tatar historian G. Gubaydullin published in his student years in the magazine “Maktap” (1913). The articles are devoted to the problems of teaching logic and history in Tatar madrasas at the beginning of the twentieth century. The introduction of new secular subjects into the learning process was especially relevant for the national school. Moreover, new teaching methods were developed in the absence of school textbooks in the Tatar language. Gubaydullin, as a future professional historian, understood full well the importance of humanitarian subjects, especially history and logic, in the formation of national identity of young people. In the article “Din madrasalarenda tarikh ukytu” (“Teaching history in religious madrassas”) he discusses the methodological recommendations for teachers and shakirds. The recommendations were important because Tatar educators had no experience in teaching history. Logic was studied in old-fashioned madrasas, but after the 1905 revolution the training programs were changed and there was a demand for a new textbook which would meet the requirements of the era. The historian writes about this issue in the article “Din madrasalarenda mantyk” (“Logic in religious madrassas”). At the beginning of the new century, the Tatar public had heated discussions about the concept of “nation”. G. Gubaydullin expressed his opinion about the preservation of the unity of the Turkic peoples in the article “Iske tel ham millat” (“Old language and nation”). He considered it necessary to introduce a new school subject – the Chagatay language for a better understanding of the ancient Turkic literature. The analysis of these articles gives an idea of the scholar’s views on national pedagogy.","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68347389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.22378/he.2022-7-3.432-442
Timur R. Zhabbarbergenov
In modern Uzbekistan, one of the fundamental directions of the internal policy of the republic is the development of new approaches to youth policy. The article problematizes the question of the traditional ideas of the Karakalpak about the age limits of the younger generation, about their preservation and the terms related to the youth, which are present in the Karakalpak language. The purpose of the article is to determine the age limit (based on the restriction), to study on the field material the former and modern terms used in the vocabulary of youth among the Karakalpaks. The article is based on the author’s field materials, collected during ethnographic expeditions in a number of regions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, such as Takhtakupyr, Chimbay, Muynak. For example, in the modern colloquial vocabulary of these areas, the following terms are often used: in relation to young men – bala (boy), zhas öspirim (young man), er bala (man), zhas zhigit (young guy), zhigit (guy), uilengen zhigit (married guy), for women – kyzalak (girl), zhas öspirim (younger), boy zhetken қyz (girl), zhas kelinshek (young daughter-in-law). The analysis of the collected materials showed that the traditional terms, which denote youth, were passed down from generation to generation and are present in modern youth vocabulary. However, the identified new words in relation to young people allow us to talk about innovations that have appeared under the influence of globalisation. These terms are used only in the youth environment, not extending to the vocabulary of the older generation.
{"title":"Age gradations of the young generation at the Karakalpaks: ethnological optics (formulation of the problem)","authors":"Timur R. Zhabbarbergenov","doi":"10.22378/he.2022-7-3.432-442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2022-7-3.432-442","url":null,"abstract":"In modern Uzbekistan, one of the fundamental directions of the internal policy of the republic is the development of new approaches to youth policy. The article problematizes the question of the traditional ideas of the Karakalpak about the age limits of the younger generation, about their preservation and the terms related to the youth, which are present in the Karakalpak language. The purpose of the article is to determine the age limit (based on the restriction), to study on the field material the former and modern terms used in the vocabulary of youth among the Karakalpaks. The article is based on the author’s field materials, collected during ethnographic expeditions in a number of regions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, such as Takhtakupyr, Chimbay, Muynak. For example, in the modern colloquial vocabulary of these areas, the following terms are often used: in relation to young men – bala (boy), zhas öspirim (young man), er bala (man), zhas zhigit (young guy), zhigit (guy), uilengen zhigit (married guy), for women – kyzalak (girl), zhas öspirim (younger), boy zhetken қyz (girl), zhas kelinshek (young daughter-in-law). The analysis of the collected materials showed that the traditional terms, which denote youth, were passed down from generation to generation and are present in modern youth vocabulary. However, the identified new words in relation to young people allow us to talk about innovations that have appeared under the influence of globalisation. These terms are used only in the youth environment, not extending to the vocabulary of the older generation.","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68347424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.22378/he.2022-7-1.123-135
Lilia Sh. Davlet
On May 28, 1912, in the city of Sarapul, Vyatka province, a court session was held in the case of the Bubi brothers. A report about him was published in the newspaper “Yulduz” on May 27, May 31, June 3, 1912, and in Cyrillic in the collection “Bertugan Bubyylar һәm Izh-Buby madrәsәse” (1999). The author translated this material into Russian. In the introduction, he analyzes the nature of the report: the journalist speaks very favorably towards the enlightenment brothers and caustically ridicules Ishmi-ishan, notorious for his attacks on the Jadids. The text of the report allows you to feel the mood of the liberal part of the Tatar society of that time, the attitude of the Russian population of the region to the problems of the Tatar neighbors.
{"title":"«Every one of their cases is against the Koran and Sharia, and therefore against the government». About the Bubi brothers’ court case","authors":"Lilia Sh. Davlet","doi":"10.22378/he.2022-7-1.123-135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2022-7-1.123-135","url":null,"abstract":"On May 28, 1912, in the city of Sarapul, Vyatka province, a court session was held in the case of the Bubi brothers. A report about him was published in the newspaper “Yulduz” on May 27, May 31, June 3, 1912, and in Cyrillic in the collection “Bertugan Bubyylar һәm Izh-Buby madrәsәse” (1999). The author translated this material into Russian. In the introduction, he analyzes the nature of the report: the journalist speaks very favorably towards the enlightenment brothers and caustically ridicules Ishmi-ishan, notorious for his attacks on the Jadids. The text of the report allows you to feel the mood of the liberal part of the Tatar society of that time, the attitude of the Russian population of the region to the problems of the Tatar neighbors.","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68345664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.22378/he.2022-7-2.254-273
S. V. Suslova, Larisa N. Donina
An expert historical, ethnological and technological analysis of two Central Asian jewelry pendants from the collections of Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (the Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MAE RAS) (2014 exposition) allows us to consider them as variations of the traditional chulpa-type jewelry of the Volga-Ural Tatars. They are pendants for braids made of plaques and silver coins collected in various compositions. The genesis of the chulpa structurally and functionally connected with the traditions of the Finno-Ugric population of the Volga Bulgaria. Chulpas were also widely used for decorating other types of braid jewelry – cloth types of Tatar braids, formed in line with other, Turkic-nomadic traditions of Eurasia. A filigree pendant made of blade-shaped plaques from the MAE RAS funds is a vivid example of the ethno-cultural and artistic traditions of the Volga-Ural Tatars. This is confirmed by the plaque manufacturing technology which fully corresponds to the craft traditions of the Kazan-Tatar jewelry school. Another pendant with tulip-shaped plate plaques at the base was obviously made by the Tatar artisans as well, taking into account a number of local Central Asian (Kazakh) jewelry traditions. The translation of ethno-specific Tatar jewelry into the traditional culture of the Turkic-Muslim peoples of Eurasia, including Central Asian ones, was carried out thanks to the functioning of the “secondary” Kazan-Tatar centres of jewelry production in the east of the Volga-Ural region. This was especially facilitated by the production and trading activities of the well-known in Russia Rybnaya-Sloboda handicraft industry. The analysis based on typological, cartographic and illustrative materials of the Historical and ethnographic atlas of the Tatar people (volume “Folk costume”).
{"title":"About two Central Asian pendants from the collections of Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences: experience of ethnological and technological expertise","authors":"S. V. Suslova, Larisa N. Donina","doi":"10.22378/he.2022-7-2.254-273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2022-7-2.254-273","url":null,"abstract":"An expert historical, ethnological and technological analysis of two Central Asian jewelry pendants from the collections of Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (the Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MAE RAS) (2014 exposition) allows us to consider them as variations of the traditional chulpa-type jewelry of the Volga-Ural Tatars. They are pendants for braids made of plaques and silver coins collected in various compositions. The genesis of the chulpa structurally and functionally connected with the traditions of the Finno-Ugric population of the Volga Bulgaria. Chulpas were also widely used for decorating other types of braid jewelry – cloth types of Tatar braids, formed in line with other, Turkic-nomadic traditions of Eurasia. A filigree pendant made of blade-shaped plaques from the MAE RAS funds is a vivid example of the ethno-cultural and artistic traditions of the Volga-Ural Tatars. This is confirmed by the plaque manufacturing technology which fully corresponds to the craft traditions of the Kazan-Tatar jewelry school. Another pendant with tulip-shaped plate plaques at the base was obviously made by the Tatar artisans as well, taking into account a number of local Central Asian (Kazakh) jewelry traditions. The translation of ethno-specific Tatar jewelry into the traditional culture of the Turkic-Muslim peoples of Eurasia, including Central Asian ones, was carried out thanks to the functioning of the “secondary” Kazan-Tatar centres of jewelry production in the east of the Volga-Ural region. This was especially facilitated by the production and trading activities of the well-known in Russia Rybnaya-Sloboda handicraft industry. The analysis based on typological, cartographic and illustrative materials of the Historical and ethnographic atlas of the Tatar people (volume “Folk costume”).","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68346285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.22378/he.2022-7-1.64-76
M. M. Gumerov
Islamic education in the Samara region at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries began to change gradually: from the existence of the Kadimist (old-fashioned) system to the appearance of the Jadid (new-fashioned). This article highlights the most significant Jadid educational institutions of the Volga-Ural region, thanks to which it became possible to develop religious schools of a new format in the Samara province. The work is written on the basis of unpublished archival data contained in the archives of the Samara Provincial Government, the Samara Governor of the Central State Archive of the Samara region. The dynamics of the emergence and development of Jadid schools since the late 19th – early 20th centuries is analyzed in connection with the sources of their financing in the territory of the Samara Region. At the beginning of the 20th century, the growth in the number of new-fangled institutions in the province became especially noticeable, their appearance was dictated, among other things, by the changed financial situation in the Muslim communities of the Volga-Ural region – the appearance of a layer of bourgeois ready to invest in the activities of educational institutions of a new format. This study confirms that the main source of funding for both Kadimist and Jadid educational institutions in Samara province were donations from parishioners and individual major benefactors, which proves the existence of divergent ideological approaches to the question of the place and role of religious education in the development of the Ummah among Volga-Ural Muslims in the period under study.
{"title":"Innovations in the education system of Muslims of the Samara province at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries and issues of financing of new-fashioned educational institutions","authors":"M. M. Gumerov","doi":"10.22378/he.2022-7-1.64-76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2022-7-1.64-76","url":null,"abstract":"Islamic education in the Samara region at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries began to change gradually: from the existence of the Kadimist (old-fashioned) system to the appearance of the Jadid (new-fashioned). This article highlights the most significant Jadid educational institutions of the Volga-Ural region, thanks to which it became possible to develop religious schools of a new format in the Samara province. The work is written on the basis of unpublished archival data contained in the archives of the Samara Provincial Government, the Samara Governor of the Central State Archive of the Samara region. The dynamics of the emergence and development of Jadid schools since the late 19th – early 20th centuries is analyzed in connection with the sources of their financing in the territory of the Samara Region. At the beginning of the 20th century, the growth in the number of new-fangled institutions in the province became especially noticeable, their appearance was dictated, among other things, by the changed financial situation in the Muslim communities of the Volga-Ural region – the appearance of a layer of bourgeois ready to invest in the activities of educational institutions of a new format. This study confirms that the main source of funding for both Kadimist and Jadid educational institutions in Samara province were donations from parishioners and individual major benefactors, which proves the existence of divergent ideological approaches to the question of the place and role of religious education in the development of the Ummah among Volga-Ural Muslims in the period under study.","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68346459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.22378/he.2022-7-3.388-397
Gulshana M. Khozhaniyazova
The article analyzes the tradition of mutual assistance of the Karakalpaks in rural areas relations in the conditions of the ecological crisis. Mutual assistance is of great importance in the life of the Karakalpak people and is firmly confirmed among the people as a social institution. The mutual assistance program was formed by different nations under different names, and in Karakalpakstan this program was preserved under the name “komek” which is translated as “help”. The article reveals the difficulties in the relations of Karakalpak agriculture, irrigation, as well as the role of the social institution of mutual assistance in social relations based on a market economy in the current conditions of the ecological crisis. On the basis of field research and other data carried out in the Karauzyak, Shumanay and Khodjely regions of the Republic, the types of mutual assistance in agricultural relations and their functions in the conditions of the ecological crisis, their transformation, as well as the stages of modernization of the types of mutual assistance have been presented and specified. In most cases, from the beginning of the sowing period in agriculture, attention was paid to the traditions of helping during the harvest, mutual assistance in watering, dividing it into groups, and focusing on its functions. The article also discusses the importance of mutual assistance in the agricultural relations of the Karakalpak people in the context of the current environmental crisis and the role of such mutual assistance in the formation of ecological culture. In addition, the relevance of the current work on mutual assistance based on rural, regional and state programmes has been studied to ensure the environmental sustainability of the region as a result of the development of ecological consciousness.
{"title":"The tradition of mutual assistance kömek in the agrarian culture of the Karakalpaks in an environmental crisis","authors":"Gulshana M. Khozhaniyazova","doi":"10.22378/he.2022-7-3.388-397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2022-7-3.388-397","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the tradition of mutual assistance of the Karakalpaks in rural areas relations in the conditions of the ecological crisis. Mutual assistance is of great importance in the life of the Karakalpak people and is firmly confirmed among the people as a social institution. The mutual assistance program was formed by different nations under different names, and in Karakalpakstan this program was preserved under the name “komek” which is translated as “help”. The article reveals the difficulties in the relations of Karakalpak agriculture, irrigation, as well as the role of the social institution of mutual assistance in social relations based on a market economy in the current conditions of the ecological crisis. On the basis of field research and other data carried out in the Karauzyak, Shumanay and Khodjely regions of the Republic, the types of mutual assistance in agricultural relations and their functions in the conditions of the ecological crisis, their transformation, as well as the stages of modernization of the types of mutual assistance have been presented and specified. In most cases, from the beginning of the sowing period in agriculture, attention was paid to the traditions of helping during the harvest, mutual assistance in watering, dividing it into groups, and focusing on its functions. The article also discusses the importance of mutual assistance in the agricultural relations of the Karakalpak people in the context of the current environmental crisis and the role of such mutual assistance in the formation of ecological culture. In addition, the relevance of the current work on mutual assistance based on rural, regional and state programmes has been studied to ensure the environmental sustainability of the region as a result of the development of ecological consciousness.","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68346843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.22378/he.2022-7-3.457-467
Elmira K. Salakhova
The end of the 19th – early 20th century in the history of the Tatar people is a time of comprehension of their past, reflection on historical and cultural issues, determination of the main tasks of development. During this period, analysis and reasoning about the national issues come to the foreground in the works of Tatar scholars and publicists; they discuss the concepts of "people", "nation", raise the question "Who are we?" In this article, the author refers to the works of historian G. Gubaydullin "Millätne nichek tagrif kylyrga?" (1913), "Törekme, Tatarmy?" (1918), "Revisiting the Question of the Origin of the Tatars" (1928), who, using the example of the listed works, examines his reasoning about the name of the Tatar people, about the formation of the Tatar nation and also shows the evolution of his understanding of the problem of Tatar identity. A comparative analysis of G. Gubaydullin’s views on this issue with the arguments of his contemporaries has been conducted. The fact that recently interest in the problem of Tatar identity has increased remarkably is of particular note. In this respect, the relevance of studying the given problem in the reflections of famous scientists of the early 20th century has increased. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that, the formulation and understanding of the scientific problem of the national identity of the Tatar people at the beginning of the twentieth century is presented based on the works of G. Gubaydullin, the first Tatar professional historian.
{"title":"The concepts of “People”, “Nation” in the works of G. Gubaydullin","authors":"Elmira K. Salakhova","doi":"10.22378/he.2022-7-3.457-467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2022-7-3.457-467","url":null,"abstract":"The end of the 19th – early 20th century in the history of the Tatar people is a time of comprehension of their past, reflection on historical and cultural issues, determination of the main tasks of development. During this period, analysis and reasoning about the national issues come to the foreground in the works of Tatar scholars and publicists; they discuss the concepts of \"people\", \"nation\", raise the question \"Who are we?\" In this article, the author refers to the works of historian G. Gubaydullin \"Millätne nichek tagrif kylyrga?\" (1913), \"Törekme, Tatarmy?\" (1918), \"Revisiting the Question of the Origin of the Tatars\" (1928), who, using the example of the listed works, examines his reasoning about the name of the Tatar people, about the formation of the Tatar nation and also shows the evolution of his understanding of the problem of Tatar identity. A comparative analysis of G. Gubaydullin’s views on this issue with the arguments of his contemporaries has been conducted. The fact that recently interest in the problem of Tatar identity has increased remarkably is of particular note. In this respect, the relevance of studying the given problem in the reflections of famous scientists of the early 20th century has increased. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that, the formulation and understanding of the scientific problem of the national identity of the Tatar people at the beginning of the twentieth century is presented based on the works of G. Gubaydullin, the first Tatar professional historian.","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68347182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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