EPPO Bulletin最新文献

The invasive polyphagous shot hole borer Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff, 1868) was recorded in a public garden in Granada province, Andalusia, Southern Spain in April, 2022. This is the first record of a self-sustaining population of this pest in an outdoor environment in Europe. This paper describes the morphological and molecular identification of the haplotype found in Spain. A recommended regulatory response is described, including a delimiting survey and an eradication program. The Spanish government is taking action to eradicate the pest.

The presence of the brown citrus mite, or oriental red mite, Eutetranychus orientalis, a species in the EPPO A2 list of pests recommended for regulation as a quarantine pest, is reported in Italy for the first time. The mite has been found in several locations in the territory of Eastern Sicily, the largest citrus-growing area of Italy. To confirm the identity of the species, specimens were collected and characterized using morphological methods. The species has been present in several countries of the Mediterranean basin for many years. The survey was carried out following reports from several citrus growers alarmed by the unusually high numbers of mites on citrus plants. The main biological characteristics, distinctive morphological traits compared to similar species, and details of the phytosanitary management of E. orientalis are also provided.

Observations conducted from the end of May to July 2024 on the leaves of Ficus microcarpa trees present in public gardens and in green spaces of several academic institutions in the Mostaganem region, Algeria revealed the occurrence of a new species of invasive whitefly Singhiella simplex (Singh, 1931) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). All life stages (eggs, nymphs, puparia and adults) were observed. The species was identified based on its morphological characteristics. This discovery is significant as S. simplex poses a substantial threat to urban forestry and ornamental areas, as F. microcarpa is widely grown and given the known impact of S. simplex in other regions.

Specific scope: This Standard describes a diagnostic protocol for Meloidogyne graminicola.1

Terms used are those in the EPPO Pictorial Glossary of Morphological Terms in Nematology.2

This Standard should be used in conjunction with PM 7/76 Use of EPPO Diagnostic Standards.

Specific approval and amendment: Approved in 2024–08. Authors and contributors are given in the Acknowledgements section.

Meloidogyne graminicola (rice root-knot nematode) is a major plant-parasitic nematode on rice and is recognized as an important constraint to rice production in Asia, where it is present in most countries in South, South-East and East Asia. It received special attention in the last few decades when yield losses due to this nematode increased, probably because of changes in agronomic practices in rice culturing, shifting to reduced water usage. However, damage can be very high in all types of rice cultivation systems (Bridge & Page, 1982; De Waele et al., 2013; Mantelin et al., 2017; Padgham et al., 2004; Peng et al., 2018; Win et al., 2016).

The genus Meloidogyne comprises over 100 species, of which several are important agricultural pests (Subbotin et al., 2021). They are obligate sedentary endoparasites and have a high reproduction rate. Meloidogyne graminicola is a facultative meiotic parthenogenetic species and sexual crosses are rare (Triantaphyllou, 1969). Meloidogyne spp. cause galling of plant roots and have a wide host range, which is another key factor for their successful survival. In addition, M. graminicola has the capacity to survive inundated (i.e. low oxygen) conditions for months (Bridge & Page, 1982).

Although widely distributed in Asia, M. graminicola was initially described from Louisiana (USA) (Golden & Birchfield, 1965). The nematode was also detected in other parts of the world, including Southern Africa (South Africa, Madagascar), South America (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador) and Europe, where it was found in 2016 and 2018 in Italian rice fields (Fanelli et al., 2017, 2022). Phylogenetic studies showed that the Italian M. graminicola populations found in rice fields of Piedmont and Lombardy in 2016 and 2018, respectively, have genetic differences which suggests they could have been introduced independently (Fanelli et al., 2022).

Besides its main host, Asian rice (Oryza sativa), M. graminicola can multiply on several other Poaceae, including cereals such as oat (Avena sativa), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), but also sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), corn (Zea mays) and weeds such as barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Afric

The increased risk of outbreaks of plant pests due to globalization and climate change requires up-to-date knowledge and quick and validated detection and identification methods. DNA barcoding and sequence analysis are increasingly used for diagnostics in phytosanitary laboratories. These methods use (short) genomic sequences specific to a well-defined taxon for species identification. The EPPO-Q-bank database (https://qbank.eppo.int/) supports plant pest diagnostics focusing on pests recommended for regulation in the EPPO region and their look-alikes. It provides a wide range of information on specimens, isolates, strains or populations available in collections, including curated DNA barcodes/sequence data. The cornerstone of this database is its curation by a team of scientists with taxonomic, phytosanitary and diagnostic expertise from National Plant Protection Organizations and institutes with connections to relevant phytosanitary collections.

EPPO Standards are approved by the EPPO Council. The date of approval appears in each individual standard. In the terms of Article II of the IPPC, EPPO Standards are Regional Standards for the members of the EPPO.

EPPO Standards are subject to periodic review and amendment. The next review date for this set of EPPO Standards is decided by the EPPO Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations.

Amendments will be issued as necessary, numbered and dated. The dates of amendment appear in each individual Standard (as appropriate).

The EPPO Standards on the safe use of biological control are intended to be used by NPPOs or equivalent authorities in their capacity as bodies responsible for overseeing and, if appropriate, regulating the introduction and use of biological control agents.

NPPOs of the EPPO region generally promote the use of biological control in plant protection because, like other aspects of integrated pest management, it reduces risks to human health and the environment. Use of biological control agents may, nevertheless, present some risks, in particular for the environment if non-indigenous agents are introduced from other continents, and for the user if agents are formulated as plant protection products. In general, the latter case can be covered by EPPO Standards of series PP, concerning plant protection products. The aim of the EPPO Standards on the safe use of biological control is to provide NPPOs with guidelines for assessing and reducing the risks associated with various aspects of the introduction and use of biological control agents and, as appropriate, for comparing them with the benefits in terms of efficacy. The EPPO Standards seek to make the administrative framework for the introduction and use of biological control agents as light as practically possible to sustain a general policy of promotion of biological control.

This set continues the series of EPPO datasheets at present constituted by Quarantine Pests for Europe (2nd edition), the first supplementary set published in 1999 in the EPPO Bulletin issue 29, 459–506, the second supplementary set published in 2005 in issue 35, 361–475, the third supplementary set published in 2006 in issue 36, 1–9, the fourth supplementary set published in 2007 in issue 37, 223–245, the fifth, sixth and seventh supplementary sets published in 2008 in issue 38, 53–63, 161–166 and 439–449, respectively, the eighth and ninth supplementary sets published in issue 39, 41–64 and 487–499, the tenth supplementary set published in issue 40, 401–406, the eleventh supplementary set published in issue 41, 407–418, the twelfth and thirteenth supplementary sets published in issue 43, 139–143 and 195–196, the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth supplementary sets published in issue 44, 5–10, 149–163 and 474–478, the seventeenth supplementary set published in issue 45, 2–13, the eighteenth supplementary set published in issue 46, 02–24, the nineteenth supplementary set published in issue 47, 524–548, the twentieth and twenty-first supplementary sets published in issue 49, 48–72 and 259–297, the twenty-second set published in issue 50, 156–169, the twenty-third set published in issue 50, 241–248, the 24th set published in issue 50, 526–548, the 25th set published in issue 52, 371–373, the 26th set published in issue 53, 100-107, the 27th set published in issue 53, 613–623 and the 28th set published in issue 54, 25–40. It contains a further datasheet produced as part of the core work programme of EPPO datasheets as well as information about the successful completion of the datasheets project.

EPPO Standards are approved by the EPPO Council. The date of approval appears in each individual Standard. In the terms of Article II of the IPPC, EPPO Standards are Regional Standards for the members of the EPPO.

EPPO Standards are subject to periodic review and amendment. The next review date for this set of EPPO Standards is decided by the EPPO Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations.

Amendments will be issued as necessary, numbered and dated. The dates of amendment appear in each individual Standard (as appropriate).

EPPO Standards on national regulatory control systems are intended to be used by National Plant Protection Organizations in their capacity as bodies responsible for official control of regulated pests.

Potato wart disease, caused by the soil-borne, obligate biotrophic fungus Synchytrium endobioticum, is one of the most important diseases of cultivated potatoes. The fungus does not produce hyphae, but produces very thick-walled sporangia (resting spores), so an infection with S. endobioticum results in a long-term contamination of fields. Chemical control of the disease is not possible; consequently, potato production on infested fields is prohibited for many years. Reliable diagnosis of S. endobioticum is essential to preserve cultivation areas. A critical step is to determine the infectivity of resting spores. The new implementing regulation (EU) 2022/1195 recommends a bioassay based on soil samples in addition to microscopic analysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil-based bioassays for their ability to determine the infectivity of resting spores in infested soils. It was shown that the resting spores could be in a dormant state, in which they do not infect potatoes. In some cases, this dormancy could be broken by a certain sequence of moistening and aerating the soil. Reactivation of soil is therefore recommended prior to soil-based bioassays. Microscopic analysis could not distinguish between dormant and infectious resting spores.