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Community, dispossession, and ethnic rearticulation in Mexico and Guatemala 墨西哥和危地马拉的社区、剥夺和种族重新融合
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-10-28 DOI: 10.1080/17442222.2020.1839222
Santiago Bastos
ABSTRACT When neolberalism turned onto extractivism in Latin America, Indigenous populations suffered anonslaught against their territories. In general, resistance mobilization has emerged from community government institutions updated by indigenous peoples who areaware of their rights, and communities are transforming in this process of political action. I propose understand indigenous subjects to be historically active political subjects, and the ‘indigenous community’ as an ethnic construction. Mexico and Guatemala represent an ideal space to study these dynamics, for indigenous communities have characterized much of the social and political behavior of indigenous peoples in these countries, and are now the ones rising up to defend themselves from the dispossession of their territories and ways of life in both countries.
当拉丁美洲的新自由主义转向采掘主义时,土著居民遭受了对其领土的攻击。总的来说,抵抗运动是由认识到自己权利的土著人民更新的社区政府机构发起的,社区在这一政治行动过程中正在发生变化。我建议将原住民主体理解为历史上活跃的政治主体,将“原住民社群”理解为一种族群建构。墨西哥和危地马拉是研究这些动态的理想空间,因为土著社区在这些国家的土著人民的社会和政治行为中具有很大的特点,现在他们正在起来保护自己,以免他们的领土和生活方式在这两个国家被剥夺。
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引用次数: 1
Repensar los estudios sobre saberes indígenas: A propósito del caso p’urhépecha 重新思考土著知识研究:关于p ' urhepecha案例
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-10-12 DOI: 10.1080/17442222.2020.1821453
Carmen Rosa Rea Campos, Marcela Martínez Rodríguez
ABSTRACT The article tries to carry out a critical review on the conception that ethnobiological and anthropological studies sustain regarding the relationship between indigenous knowledge and the environment, taking as a particular case the studies on knowledge of the P’urhépecha, people settled in Michoacán, Mexico. Without denying the advances regarding the field of indigenous knowledge, there are three problematic axes presented by the analyzed works: the tendency to naturalize knowledge and the indigenous-nature relationship; to reify indigenous knowledge a whose singularity and opposition to western knowledge lies in you immunity to social change; lastly, the difficulties of making visible the power relations that mediate the production and reproduction of knowledge, where indigenous peoples as agents confront, with other internal or external agents, in a struggle for meaning, appropriation and control of processes of validity of knowledge and truth, in contexts of social change and environmental deterioration.
摘要本文以墨西哥Michoacán地区的P ' urh2013.13人的知识研究为例,对民族生物学和人类学研究中关于土著知识与环境关系的观点进行了批判性的回顾。在不否认本土知识领域的进步的前提下,所分析的作品呈现出三个问题轴:知识的自然化倾向和本土与自然的关系;本土知识的独特性和对西方知识的对立在于你对社会变革的免疫;最后,在社会变革和环境恶化的背景下,使调解知识生产和再生产的权力关系可见的困难,土著人民作为代理人与其他内部或外部代理人在为意义、占有和控制知识和真理的有效性过程而斗争。
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引用次数: 0
Putting bodies on the line: notes on hegemony, vulnerability, and witnessing 把身体置于危险之中:霸权、脆弱和见证的注释
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/17442222.2020.1828549
Deborah A. Thomas
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引用次数: 0
Capturing kontredans: the transnational exposure of a Haitian dance form 捕捉孔特雷丹人:海地舞蹈形式的跨国曝光
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/17442222.2020.1831155
P. Minn
ABSTRACT In the rural Haitian community of Ti Rivyè, dancers and musicians perform kontredans, a dance based on 18th-century European social dances and strongly influenced by African musical sensibilities and movement vocabulary. Those who perform it today are the descendants of enslaved persons who overthrew their colonial masters in an unprecedented revolutionary war. This article presents a specific kontredans and accompanies a documentary film that intends to increase the dance’s visibility in Haiti and abroad. While kontredans may not be as present as it once was in Haitians’ lives, it has not entirely disappeared, despite claims to the contrary. I address the tensions between efforts to archive and conserve a cultural practice while remaining mindful of the detrimental premises of salvage anthropology. The fact that kontredans emerged in a context of colonial violence and that its practitioners continue to suffer from the effects of systemic racism raises a number of questions in regard to representation and authenticity.
在海地农村的Ti Rivyè社区,舞者和音乐家表演kontredans,这是一种基于18世纪欧洲社交舞蹈的舞蹈,深受非洲音乐情感和动作词汇的影响。今天从事这项工作的人是在前所未有的革命战争中推翻殖民统治者的被奴役者的后代。这篇文章提出了一个具体的kontredans,并附有一部纪录片,旨在提高舞蹈在海地和国外的知名度。虽然康特雷达人可能不像以前那样存在于海地人的生活中,但它并没有完全消失,尽管有相反的说法。我解决了存档和保护文化实践的努力之间的紧张关系,同时仍然注意到打捞人类学的有害前提。kontredans是在殖民暴力的背景下出现的,其实践者继续遭受系统性种族主义的影响,这一事实提出了一些关于代表性和真实性的问题。
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引用次数: 0
The paths to autonomy: plurinational reform and indigenous governance in contemporary Bolivia 走向自治的道路:多民族改革与当代玻利维亚的土著治理
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1080/17442222.2020.1821444
M. Doyle
ABSTRACT In Bolivia, national reforms of the Movement Towards Socialism (MAS) government, which purport to devolve power to indigenous communities, generated disagreement among the local authorities of the highland indigenous community of Bolívar province. This paper examines why this conflict occurred and how it illustrates some of the paradoxical consequences of the MAS’ project of ‘plurinational’ reform. This situation can be explained through understanding the legacy of administrative and territorial reforms of Bolivia’s ‘neoliberal’ period and how these have shaped the local system of government and the perspectives of its leaders.
摘要在玻利维亚,社会主义运动政府的国家改革旨在将权力下放给土著社区,这在玻利瓦尔省高地土著社区的地方当局之间引发了分歧。本文探讨了为什么会发生这种冲突,以及它如何说明MAS“多民族”改革项目的一些矛盾后果。这种情况可以通过理解玻利维亚“新自由主义”时期行政和领土改革的遗留问题,以及这些改革如何塑造地方政府体系及其领导人的观点来解释。
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引用次数: 3
‘The real indigenous are higher up’: locating race and gender in Andean Peru “真正的土著在更高的地方”:在秘鲁安第斯山脉定位种族和性别
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-08-24 DOI: 10.1080/17442222.2020.1809080
F. Babb
ABSTRACT This work considers the paradoxes of perceived differences whereby Peruvians frequently assert that those who are more indigenous or authentically Andean live ‘más arriba,’ or higher up. Historically, there has been great social and economic interdependence across ecological zones in Peru. Today, social standing is often measured in inverse proportion to the altitude of one’s origins, with Lima at sea level holding the greatest prestige. When Andeans migrate to nearby cities or to the urban coast, they often ‘upgrade’ their status by claiming to be from somewhere other than their rural home. Using a practice referred to as ‘choleando’ (racial one-upmanship), Peruvians may reject ethnic labels for themselves just as they project them on others, in an effort to show they belong in a society that excludes many of them. At the same time, desires to embrace what is Andean as the source of celebrated national cuisine, heritage, and cultural identity are in dramatic evidence as Peru builds its ‘brand’ for global consumption. In this article I trace ambivalent notions of racialized and gendered bodies and territories across three research locations, from rural peasant community to provincial city and urban capital.
这项工作考虑了感知差异的悖论,即秘鲁人经常声称那些更土着或真正的安第斯人生活在“más arriba”或更高的地方。历史上,秘鲁各生态区之间存在着巨大的社会和经济相互依存关系。如今,社会地位通常与一个人的出生地成反比,位于海平面的利马拥有最高的声望。当安第斯人移民到附近的城市或城市海岸时,他们经常通过声称自己来自农村以外的地方来“提升”自己的地位。通过一种被称为“choleando”(种族优势)的做法,秘鲁人可能会拒绝给自己贴上种族标签,就像他们给别人贴上种族标签一样,以表明他们属于一个排斥他们中的许多人的社会。与此同时,随着秘鲁为全球消费者打造自己的“品牌”,人们渴望将安第斯山脉作为著名的民族美食、遗产和文化认同的来源。在这篇文章中,我在三个研究地点追溯了种族化和性别化的身体和领土的矛盾概念,从农村农民社区到省级城市和城市首都。
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引用次数: 8
Nationalism and revolution in Fausto Reinaga’s Bolivia: Indianism, decolonization, and ‘Two Bolivias’ 福斯托·雷纳加笔下玻利维亚的民族主义与革命:印度主义、非殖民化与“两个玻利维亚”
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-08-13 DOI: 10.1080/17442222.2020.1805847
Young hyun Kim
ABSTRACT Fausto Reinaga was one of the most controversial writers in the twentieth-century Bolivia. He is known as ‘the father of Indianism’ (indianismo) in Bolivia, which is an ideology of Indian self-emancipation. This article analyzes his works in the 1950s and 1960s, showing how Bolivia’s National Revolution in 1952 indelibly impacted his thinking. It sheds light on how his Indianism resulted from his search for an ideological solution to the contradictions and limits of the Revolution, which he initially supported and later criticized for imposing a fictious mestizo homogeneity upon Indians. It argues that Indianism was a nationalist ideology to redefine the Bolivian nation in racial terms of Indian power. Reinaga theorized Indian power based on his critical relations to the revolutionary process of the 1940s-1950s. It examines how his notion of Indian power relates to his utopian view of Indian-ness and anticolonial insurgency, which promotes an alternative version of national homogeneity. It concludes with remarks on his relations to the Aymara and Quechua movements in the 1970s-1980s and to contemporary debates on decolonization and race in Bolivia.
福斯托·雷纳加是20世纪玻利维亚最具争议的作家之一。他在玻利维亚被称为“印度主义之父”(indianismo),这是一种印度人自我解放的意识形态。本文分析了他在20世纪50年代和60年代的作品,展示了1952年玻利维亚国民革命对他的思想产生了不可磨灭的影响。这本书揭示了他的印度主义是如何从他对革命的矛盾和局限性的意识形态解决方案的探索中产生的。他最初支持革命,后来批评革命给印第安人强加了一种虚构的混血儿同质性。它认为印度主义是一种民族主义意识形态,以印度权力的种族角度重新定义玻利维亚民族。雷纳加基于他对20世纪40年代至50年代革命进程的批判关系,将印度权力理论化。本书考察了他对印度权力的看法与他对印度性和反殖民主义叛乱的乌托邦观点之间的关系,后者促进了民族同质性的另一种说法。最后评述了他与1970 -1980年代艾马拉和盖丘亚运动的关系,以及他与当代玻利维亚非殖民化和种族问题辩论的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Coloniality, belonging, and indigeneity in Peruvian migration narratives 秘鲁移民叙事中的殖民主义、归属感和土著性
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-08-10 DOI: 10.1080/17442222.2020.1805846
M. Cristina Alcalde
ABSTRACT Transnational lives include not only the mobility of individuals, but of racialized discourses that reinforce and sustain inequalities and exclusion. Building on the seminal work of migration scholars Grosfoguel, Oso, and Christou, this article brings together Quijano's coloniality of power with cultural critic Aviles’s insights on contemporary forms of discrimination and anthropologist Briones’s conceptualization of ‘internal Others’ to center racialization in approaching contemporary middle-class Peruvian identities across borders. I suggest that similarly to how racialization is key to the processes of creating internal Others in Peru, middle-class Peruvians seek to assert higher status in relation to other migrants in the U.S. and Canada by employing discourses of indigeneity and internal Others. These forms of status-marking through racialization and differentiation are central to contemporary peruanidad within and beyond Peru’s physical borders, and to understanding the role of race, racism, and coloniality of thought among Peruvians outside Peru.
跨国生活不仅包括个人的流动性,还包括强化和维持不平等和排斥的种族化话语。本文以移民学者Grosfoguel、Oso和Christou的开创性工作为基础,将Quijano的权力殖民主义与文化评论家Aviles对当代歧视形式的见解以及人类学家Briones对“内部他人”的概念化结合在一起,以种族化为中心,跨越国界接近当代秘鲁中产阶级的身份。我认为,类似于种族化是秘鲁创造内部他人过程的关键,秘鲁中产阶级试图通过使用土著性和内部他人的话语来维护与美国和加拿大其他移民相比更高的地位。这些通过种族化和分化来标记地位的形式,对于秘鲁境内外的当代秘鲁人,以及理解种族、种族主义和殖民主义思想在秘鲁境外秘鲁人中的作用至关重要。
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引用次数: 4
Latin American readings of Gramsci and the Bolivian indigenous nationalist state 拉丁美洲对葛兰西的解读与玻利维亚本土民族主义国家
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-08-10 DOI: 10.1080/17442222.2020.1805845
M. Coletta, Malayna Raftopoulos
ABSTRACT This article engages critically with recent theories on the eclipse of Gramsci’s notion of hegemony in the face of twenty-first-century practices of grassroots activism. It demonstrates how hegemony, and other concepts reworked from Gramscian thought, have been used as the theoretical basis for assimilating indigeneity into a new form of nationalism in Bolivia. The first section of this piece examines the role of Gramscian thought in the emergence of Latin American decolonial thinking, while the second section maps out its most influential Bolivian interpretations. Finally, the third section shows how these principles have played out in the MAS movement and Evo Morales’ presidencies (2006–2019). This article argues that the Morales administration, by weaving concepts of Gramscian provenance such as ‘motley society’ and the ‘apparent state’ into the Plurinational principle, created a new nationalist conservatism in the form of a hegemonic indigenous state that contradicts the basic theoretical and legal premises of Plurinationality.
摘要:本文批判性地探讨了葛兰西霸权观在21世纪草根激进主义实践中的衰落。它展示了霸权和其他从葛兰西思想改编而来的概念是如何被用作将土著同化为玻利维亚新形式民族主义的理论基础的。这篇文章的第一节探讨了葛兰西思想在拉丁美洲非殖民化思想出现中的作用,而第二节则阐述了其最具影响力的玻利维亚解释。最后,第三部分展示了这些原则在MAS运动和埃沃·莫拉莱斯总统任期(2006-2019)中的表现。本文认为,莫拉莱斯政府通过将“混杂社会”和“明显国家”等Gramscian起源的概念融入多民族主义原则,创造了一种新的民族主义保守主义,其形式是一个霸权的土著国家,与多民族主义的基本理论和法律前提相矛盾。
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引用次数: 19
Unpacking disavowals of indigeneity in Bolivia 揭开玻利维亚对贫困的否认
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-07-28 DOI: 10.1080/17442222.2020.1799492
Jonathan Alderman
ABSTRACT Beyond Indigeneity: Coca Growing and the Emergence of a New Middle Class in Bolivia . By Alessandra Pellegrini Calderón. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2016. Deference Revisited: Andean Ritual in the Plurinational State. By Into Goudsmit. Carolina Academic Press, Durham, North Carolina, 2016.The Five Hundred Year Rebellion: Indigenous Movements and the Decolonization of History in Bolivia. By Benjamin Dangl. AK Press, Edinburgh, 2019. Coca Yes, Cocaine No: How Bolivia’s Coca Growers Reshaped Democracy. By Thomas Grisaffi. Duke University Press, Durham and London, 2019.
愤怒之外的摘要:可口可乐的成长与玻利维亚新中产阶级的崛起。作者:Alessandra Pellegrini Calderón。亚利桑那大学出版社,图森,2016年。重访叛逃:多民族国家的安第斯仪式。通过Into Goudsmit。卡罗莱纳学术出版社,北卡罗来纳州达勒姆,2016年。五百年叛乱:玻利维亚的土著运动和历史非殖民化。本杰明·丹格尔著。AK出版社,爱丁堡,2019。可口可乐是,可卡因不是:玻利维亚的可口可乐种植者如何重塑民主。托马斯·格里萨菲著。杜克大学出版社,达勒姆和伦敦,2019年。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies
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