Pub Date : 2021-04-27DOI: 10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416604
G. Parise, M. Lanciano, R. Borchiellini, M. Mazzaro, L. Parise, W. Lanciano
This paper analyzes improvement criteria for the service continuity, the design, construction and verification of electrical systems in road tunnels. Fire prevention in road tunnels must satisfy the primary safety objectives relating to the people safeguarding and the assets protection against fire risks, complying with the sustainability criterion. At this aim, design parameters are identified as the temperature exposure levels (TEL) and the necessary equipment qualification categories (EQC) that characterize their thermal resilience and adequacy to severe environments. Primary objective is to guarantee the service continuity of electrical systems in ordinary operation and in emergency during and after a fire. Effective measures are to apply the zoning and layering criteria of roadway tunnels that suggest specific system topologies as the special “brush” distribution as confirmed by tests of fire simulations. The knowledge of these results help to limit the feeling of uncontrolled panic in people who are in the tunnel during a fire event. A detailed analysis of the results can assist the operators of the intervention services in the decision making of rescue and extinguishing operations.
{"title":"Design Criteria Of Electrical Systems For Roadway Tunnels Tested By Fire Simulations","authors":"G. Parise, M. Lanciano, R. Borchiellini, M. Mazzaro, L. Parise, W. Lanciano","doi":"10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416604","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes improvement criteria for the service continuity, the design, construction and verification of electrical systems in road tunnels. Fire prevention in road tunnels must satisfy the primary safety objectives relating to the people safeguarding and the assets protection against fire risks, complying with the sustainability criterion. At this aim, design parameters are identified as the temperature exposure levels (TEL) and the necessary equipment qualification categories (EQC) that characterize their thermal resilience and adequacy to severe environments. Primary objective is to guarantee the service continuity of electrical systems in ordinary operation and in emergency during and after a fire. Effective measures are to apply the zoning and layering criteria of roadway tunnels that suggest specific system topologies as the special “brush” distribution as confirmed by tests of fire simulations. The knowledge of these results help to limit the feeling of uncontrolled panic in people who are in the tunnel during a fire event. A detailed analysis of the results can assist the operators of the intervention services in the decision making of rescue and extinguishing operations.","PeriodicalId":350508,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE/IAS 57th Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I&CPS)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127235408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-27DOI: 10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416631
Amir Norouzi
The concept of comparing two quantities for protective relaying, as in distance protection, was introduced in the 1920's to address the inadequacies of single-quantity protective schemes such as overcurrent. In electromechanical and solid-state relays this comparison was achieved by analog methods, which are based on indirect or analogous computations. Microprocessor relays fundamentally changed the computation method to digital, while employing some of the major principles that were developed for the analog distance protection. This paper provides a historical, yet technically detailed, review of the evolution of the distance relaying technology, and examines the implementation methods of this protection technique.
{"title":"The Shape of a Zone: Distance Relaying Technology from Electromechanical to Digital","authors":"Amir Norouzi","doi":"10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416631","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of comparing two quantities for protective relaying, as in distance protection, was introduced in the 1920's to address the inadequacies of single-quantity protective schemes such as overcurrent. In electromechanical and solid-state relays this comparison was achieved by analog methods, which are based on indirect or analogous computations. Microprocessor relays fundamentally changed the computation method to digital, while employing some of the major principles that were developed for the analog distance protection. This paper provides a historical, yet technically detailed, review of the evolution of the distance relaying technology, and examines the implementation methods of this protection technique.","PeriodicalId":350508,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE/IAS 57th Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I&CPS)","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125446370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-27DOI: 10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416610
Namita Panda, Santosh Pachpund
High voltage (HV) capacitor banks are constructed using combinations of series and parallel capacitor units to meet the required voltage and kvar requirements. These capacitor banks utilize protective relays which will trip the bank when problems are detected. Most commonly, these relays will be applied in some form of unbalance protection that relies on equivalent sections of the bank having nearly identical capacitances. In reality, equivalent bank sections rarely have identical capacitances. This unbalance within a healthy capacitor bank is known as inherent unbalance. This paper explains the concept of capacitor unbalance and its causes. It then discusses practical levels of unbalance and how to balance an unbalanced capacitor bank.
{"title":"Capacitor Bank Balancing","authors":"Namita Panda, Santosh Pachpund","doi":"10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416610","url":null,"abstract":"High voltage (HV) capacitor banks are constructed using combinations of series and parallel capacitor units to meet the required voltage and kvar requirements. These capacitor banks utilize protective relays which will trip the bank when problems are detected. Most commonly, these relays will be applied in some form of unbalance protection that relies on equivalent sections of the bank having nearly identical capacitances. In reality, equivalent bank sections rarely have identical capacitances. This unbalance within a healthy capacitor bank is known as inherent unbalance. This paper explains the concept of capacitor unbalance and its causes. It then discusses practical levels of unbalance and how to balance an unbalanced capacitor bank.","PeriodicalId":350508,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE/IAS 57th Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I&CPS)","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115956230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-27DOI: 10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416609
I. R. Pordanjani, Xiaodong Liang, Yunfei Wang, Astried Schneider
Ferroresonance often occurs in power systems during system switching actions, which can create overvoltages and pose great risks to the equipment safety. In this paper, a single-phase ferroresonance incident during a system energization is presented, which occurred at a single-phase station service transformer in an ungrounded system, causing surge arresters' failure. The incident is investigated through PSCAD simulations and analytical analysis. The relay field record is used to compare with the simulation results in order to validate the PSCAD simulation model. Several case studies are conducted using PSCAD simulations to evaluate various contributing factors to this ferroresonance incident. The root cause of the incident is found to be the lack of ground during energization in the system. Field practices are recommended to be implemented before the system energization to avoid such incidents, which were proved to be effective by successfully energizing the system in the field following these practices.
{"title":"Single-Phase Ferroresonance in an Ungrounded System Causing Surge Arresters Failure during the System Energization","authors":"I. R. Pordanjani, Xiaodong Liang, Yunfei Wang, Astried Schneider","doi":"10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416609","url":null,"abstract":"Ferroresonance often occurs in power systems during system switching actions, which can create overvoltages and pose great risks to the equipment safety. In this paper, a single-phase ferroresonance incident during a system energization is presented, which occurred at a single-phase station service transformer in an ungrounded system, causing surge arresters' failure. The incident is investigated through PSCAD simulations and analytical analysis. The relay field record is used to compare with the simulation results in order to validate the PSCAD simulation model. Several case studies are conducted using PSCAD simulations to evaluate various contributing factors to this ferroresonance incident. The root cause of the incident is found to be the lack of ground during energization in the system. Field practices are recommended to be implemented before the system energization to avoid such incidents, which were proved to be effective by successfully energizing the system in the field following these practices.","PeriodicalId":350508,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE/IAS 57th Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I&CPS)","volume":"6 15","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113979423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-27DOI: 10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416603
S. Saleh, R. Ahshan, A. Al‐Durra
This paper presents the development and testing of a model-predictive control (MPC) for three phase $(3phi)$ transformerless grid-connected 5-level power electronic converters (PECs). The proposed MPC employs a discrete-time model of 5-level PECs to predict the future values of the grid-injected currents and ground potential. predicted values of the grid-injected currents and ground potential are used to set the reference signals to minimize a cost function, which is formulated in terms of the command and actual grid-injected current and ground potential. The tested MPC is implemented for transformerless grid-connected diode-clamped and flying-capacitor 5-level PECs under different conditions. Test results show that the developed MPC can operate transformerless grid-connected PECs to ensure accurate, dynamic, and fast responses to changes in the power injected into the grid. Furthermore, the tested control demonstrates a good ability to minimize ground potentials during steady-state and step changes in the power delivered to/from the grid.
{"title":"Model-Predictive Control to Minimize Ground Potentials in Transformerless Grid-Connected 5-Level Power Electronic Converters","authors":"S. Saleh, R. Ahshan, A. Al‐Durra","doi":"10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416603","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the development and testing of a model-predictive control (MPC) for three phase $(3phi)$ transformerless grid-connected 5-level power electronic converters (PECs). The proposed MPC employs a discrete-time model of 5-level PECs to predict the future values of the grid-injected currents and ground potential. predicted values of the grid-injected currents and ground potential are used to set the reference signals to minimize a cost function, which is formulated in terms of the command and actual grid-injected current and ground potential. The tested MPC is implemented for transformerless grid-connected diode-clamped and flying-capacitor 5-level PECs under different conditions. Test results show that the developed MPC can operate transformerless grid-connected PECs to ensure accurate, dynamic, and fast responses to changes in the power injected into the grid. Furthermore, the tested control demonstrates a good ability to minimize ground potentials during steady-state and step changes in the power delivered to/from the grid.","PeriodicalId":350508,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE/IAS 57th Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I&CPS)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133079778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-27DOI: 10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416597
Jingang Lai, Xiaoqing Lu
To identify the influence of communication constraints on the reliability and stability operation of heterogenous microgrids, this survey presents a comprehensive review and comparison of cyber-enabled distributed control techniques for microgrid's secondary control layer. Local controls of an unavailable state signal are calculated in a distributed and cooperative matter according to merely invoked cyber messages. Then, the recent developments in the communication constraints of distributed controlled microgrids are discussed. Specifically, the communication constraints (e.g., time-varying network topology, communication delay, noise disturbance, limited communication bandwidth, uncertainties of communication links) on the operation of the distributed controllers and the possible challenges are presented and compared. Finally, a short discussion section is contained to summarize the existing research and suggest some interesting research directions along with several open issues that are critical to further exploring the promising research area.
{"title":"Communication Constraints for Distributed Secondary Control of Heterogenous Microgrids: A Brief Survey","authors":"Jingang Lai, Xiaoqing Lu","doi":"10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416597","url":null,"abstract":"To identify the influence of communication constraints on the reliability and stability operation of heterogenous microgrids, this survey presents a comprehensive review and comparison of cyber-enabled distributed control techniques for microgrid's secondary control layer. Local controls of an unavailable state signal are calculated in a distributed and cooperative matter according to merely invoked cyber messages. Then, the recent developments in the communication constraints of distributed controlled microgrids are discussed. Specifically, the communication constraints (e.g., time-varying network topology, communication delay, noise disturbance, limited communication bandwidth, uncertainties of communication links) on the operation of the distributed controllers and the possible challenges are presented and compared. Finally, a short discussion section is contained to summarize the existing research and suggest some interesting research directions along with several open issues that are critical to further exploring the promising research area.","PeriodicalId":350508,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE/IAS 57th Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I&CPS)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125347282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Demand response (DR) is an important way for demand side to participate in the flexible interaction of integrated energy system (IES). The complementary relationship among different forms of energy can be used to stimulate the flexibility of IES by co-optimizing at the consumer end, which can fully exploit the user's response ability. In order to quantitatively describe the complementarity between energy sources, the concept of coupling degree is proposed in this paper. Firstly, demand response in IES is put forward to mobilize flexibility on the demand side. Then, the concept of coupling degree is proposed in this paper to realize the quantitative modeling of the impact of energy complementarity on demand response. Therefore, an optimal operation model of IES is established to analyze the flexibility of demand response under different coupling degree. To solve the proposed model, the GAMA/IPOPT solver is used by adopting interior-point method. Finally, a typical test system is established to verify that the proposed method can effectively increase wind power consumption and reduce energy supply and use cost. With the increase of coupling degree, the flexibility of the demand response and the customer satisfaction increase and stop increasing after the inflection point.
{"title":"Optimization Scheduling of Integrated Energy System Considering Demand Response and Coupling Degree","authors":"Huacan Lv, Yong Wang, Xuetao Dong, Fan Jiang, Chengfu Wang, Zhenwei Zhang","doi":"10.1109/icps51807.2021.9416612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icps51807.2021.9416612","url":null,"abstract":"Demand response (DR) is an important way for demand side to participate in the flexible interaction of integrated energy system (IES). The complementary relationship among different forms of energy can be used to stimulate the flexibility of IES by co-optimizing at the consumer end, which can fully exploit the user's response ability. In order to quantitatively describe the complementarity between energy sources, the concept of coupling degree is proposed in this paper. Firstly, demand response in IES is put forward to mobilize flexibility on the demand side. Then, the concept of coupling degree is proposed in this paper to realize the quantitative modeling of the impact of energy complementarity on demand response. Therefore, an optimal operation model of IES is established to analyze the flexibility of demand response under different coupling degree. To solve the proposed model, the GAMA/IPOPT solver is used by adopting interior-point method. Finally, a typical test system is established to verify that the proposed method can effectively increase wind power consumption and reduce energy supply and use cost. With the increase of coupling degree, the flexibility of the demand response and the customer satisfaction increase and stop increasing after the inflection point.","PeriodicalId":350508,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE/IAS 57th Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I&CPS)","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131571766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-27DOI: 10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416619
Nazihah Kamarulzaman, N. M. Nor, Syarifah Amanina Syed Abdullah, N. Ahmad
It has been known that under high impulse conditions, a non-linearity in some practical grounding electrodes, subjected to fast surges was observed. Inductive component can also be significant in grounding electrodes subjected to high impulse conditions, due to the steep fronted of fast transients. This paper presents the relation of the inductance, capacitance, linear and non-linear resistive components when the grounding systems are subjected to fast impulse conditions.
{"title":"Understanding of Grounding Systems' Performance with Equivalent Circuit Model","authors":"Nazihah Kamarulzaman, N. M. Nor, Syarifah Amanina Syed Abdullah, N. Ahmad","doi":"10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416619","url":null,"abstract":"It has been known that under high impulse conditions, a non-linearity in some practical grounding electrodes, subjected to fast surges was observed. Inductive component can also be significant in grounding electrodes subjected to high impulse conditions, due to the steep fronted of fast transients. This paper presents the relation of the inductance, capacitance, linear and non-linear resistive components when the grounding systems are subjected to fast impulse conditions.","PeriodicalId":350508,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE/IAS 57th Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I&CPS)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121177390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-27DOI: 10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416625
L. Martirano, Maristella Irti, Andrea Volo, L. D’Orazio, G. Di Felice
The paper concerns the analysis and simulation of the behavior of the total ground potential around the grounding systems of the installation-on-pole (PTP and disconnector) and MV/LV substations in order to define and quantify the best possible safety distances in terms of “acceptable risk” around the grounding systems. The analysis was conducted by adopting the Maxwell method for the analytical simulation of the grounding systems. By the analysis of the databases of the main Italian distribution system operator, each one with over than 300,000 data about the Italian grounding systems, the paper proposes a macroscopic result to define an “acceptable risk zone” by taking into consideration a weighted average value for the fault current and a medium value for the ground resistivity.
{"title":"Acceptable Risk Zone for Grounding Systems in Distribution MV/ LV Substations","authors":"L. Martirano, Maristella Irti, Andrea Volo, L. D’Orazio, G. Di Felice","doi":"10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416625","url":null,"abstract":"The paper concerns the analysis and simulation of the behavior of the total ground potential around the grounding systems of the installation-on-pole (PTP and disconnector) and MV/LV substations in order to define and quantify the best possible safety distances in terms of “acceptable risk” around the grounding systems. The analysis was conducted by adopting the Maxwell method for the analytical simulation of the grounding systems. By the analysis of the databases of the main Italian distribution system operator, each one with over than 300,000 data about the Italian grounding systems, the paper proposes a macroscopic result to define an “acceptable risk zone” by taking into consideration a weighted average value for the fault current and a medium value for the ground resistivity.","PeriodicalId":350508,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE/IAS 57th Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I&CPS)","volume":"63 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124216161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-27DOI: 10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416608
G. Parise, P. Scarpino
Various software are existing to assess the risk of Arc Flash complying with the model provided by the IEEE1584-2018 guide. The empirical model interpolates intermediate values of average arc current, incident energy, and arc-flash boundary to determine final results, corrected by factors for enclosure size and arc current variation. It becomes relevant to have a physical understanding of the phenomenon, examining singularly the various parameters that effect it, such as the arc-flash in air or in enclosure, electrode gap, the box size. In this way, the paper proposes a simplified method to be able to diagnose the computerized results. At first, it proposes the calculation of arc fault currents in the same way than the short circuit currents, analyzing and highlighting the influence of the fault current power factor. Then, this paper proposes a tentative criterion in low voltage a.c.≤600V. It suggests reference values for the arc current in the maximum power transfer condition and so for the incident energy to adopt in the arc-flash boundary evaluation and in the selection of the adequate PPE. The numerical results on case studies obtained with the proposed model and adequate coefficients, considering the arc gap and the box size, are completely consistent with the results obtained with IEEE1584-2018 guide.
{"title":"A Simplified Method for Arc Flash Assessment in Low Voltage A.C.","authors":"G. Parise, P. Scarpino","doi":"10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416608","url":null,"abstract":"Various software are existing to assess the risk of Arc Flash complying with the model provided by the IEEE1584-2018 guide. The empirical model interpolates intermediate values of average arc current, incident energy, and arc-flash boundary to determine final results, corrected by factors for enclosure size and arc current variation. It becomes relevant to have a physical understanding of the phenomenon, examining singularly the various parameters that effect it, such as the arc-flash in air or in enclosure, electrode gap, the box size. In this way, the paper proposes a simplified method to be able to diagnose the computerized results. At first, it proposes the calculation of arc fault currents in the same way than the short circuit currents, analyzing and highlighting the influence of the fault current power factor. Then, this paper proposes a tentative criterion in low voltage a.c.≤600V. It suggests reference values for the arc current in the maximum power transfer condition and so for the incident energy to adopt in the arc-flash boundary evaluation and in the selection of the adequate PPE. The numerical results on case studies obtained with the proposed model and adequate coefficients, considering the arc gap and the box size, are completely consistent with the results obtained with IEEE1584-2018 guide.","PeriodicalId":350508,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE/IAS 57th Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I&CPS)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116556493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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