Abstract:The book, Or haMe'ir, by Ze'ev Wolf of Zhitomir (d. 1800), a student of the Maggid of Mezheretz, clearly stands out from among other Hasidic texts of the same period, and this study seeks to define the seer's non-conventional understanding of the basic Jewish sacred text.The author, who viewed the natural world as but a thin garment barely cladding Divinity, defined his central core-conception, t'midi'ut ([inline-graphic 01]) from the word, [inline-graphic 02] always and true of all time) as the understanding that the events of the biblical narrative, properly understood, refer not to any particular point in the past but rather to every person and to all of time. To the mind of Ze'ev Wolf, with spiritual perception the Divine can be 'seen' within everything at all times, while the seemingly timebound stories in the Torah are a concession to those whose more limited understanding is unable to grasp the Torah's more sublime level. Even the manna which, in the Torah is said to have fallen to earth from the heavens, is understood as a continuous and even contemporary happening.[inline-graphic 03], understood in that sense, refers also to the author's radical understanding of [inline-graphic 04] ('avodah). The Zhitomir sage understood the cultic worship commanded in the Torah in a way that clearly transcends a physical tabernacle or temple or even time itself. In his interpretation of the cult, the author understood the real meaning of the cultic sites and practices not in a literal, concrete way, but rather as the realization of the ideal spiritual psyche of the Jew in all facets of life and in every point-in-time.
摘要:兹托米尔的泽耶夫·沃尔夫(Ze’ev Wolf)(1800年)是梅热列茨的马吉德(Maggid of Mezheretz)的学生，他所著的《Or haMe’ir》一书在同时期的其他哈西德派文献中脱颖而出，本研究试图定义这位先知对犹太基本神圣文本的非传统理解。作者认为自然世界不过是一件薄薄的外衣，几乎覆盖了神性，他定义了他的核心概念t'midi'ut ([inline-graphic 01])(来自单词，[inline-graphic 02] always and true of all time)，即理解圣经叙事的事件，正确理解，不是指过去的任何特定时刻，而是指每个人和所有的时间。在泽夫·沃尔夫看来，有了精神感知，神可以在任何时候都“看到”任何事物，而托拉中看似有时间限制的故事是对那些理解有限的人的让步，他们无法掌握托拉更崇高的水平。即使是《托拉》中所说的从天而降的吗哪，也被理解为是连续的，甚至是当代发生的事情。从这个意义上理解的[inline-graphic 03]，也指作者对[inline-graphic 04] ('avodah)的激进理解。Zhitomir圣人对Torah中所要求的宗教崇拜的理解，显然超越了物质的帐幕或寺庙，甚至时间本身。在他对邪教的解释中，作者不是从字面上具体地理解邪教场所和习俗的真正含义，而是在生活的各个方面和每个时间点实现犹太人理想的精神心理。
{"title":"T'MIDI'UT: The Conceptual Prism Through Which Ze'ev Wolf of Zhitomir Read the Torah","authors":"A. Wineman","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2021.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2021.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The book, Or haMe'ir, by Ze'ev Wolf of Zhitomir (d. 1800), a student of the Maggid of Mezheretz, clearly stands out from among other Hasidic texts of the same period, and this study seeks to define the seer's non-conventional understanding of the basic Jewish sacred text.The author, who viewed the natural world as but a thin garment barely cladding Divinity, defined his central core-conception, t'midi'ut ([inline-graphic 01]) from the word, [inline-graphic 02] always and true of all time) as the understanding that the events of the biblical narrative, properly understood, refer not to any particular point in the past but rather to every person and to all of time. To the mind of Ze'ev Wolf, with spiritual perception the Divine can be 'seen' within everything at all times, while the seemingly timebound stories in the Torah are a concession to those whose more limited understanding is unable to grasp the Torah's more sublime level. Even the manna which, in the Torah is said to have fallen to earth from the heavens, is understood as a continuous and even contemporary happening.[inline-graphic 03], understood in that sense, refers also to the author's radical understanding of [inline-graphic 04] ('avodah). The Zhitomir sage understood the cultic worship commanded in the Torah in a way that clearly transcends a physical tabernacle or temple or even time itself. In his interpretation of the cult, the author understood the real meaning of the cultic sites and practices not in a literal, concrete way, but rather as the realization of the ideal spiritual psyche of the Jew in all facets of life and in every point-in-time.","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"50 1","pages":"231 - 246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81783542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The paper provides an elaboration on previous situation-based proposals to a puzzle that is widely discussed in various investigations of Biblical Hebrew verbal forms – the juxtaposition of the adverb ˀaz and yiqtol forms. The interpretation of the usages of the yiqtol form in Reichenbachian terms of Reference Time and Event Time is shown to be an invaluable tool in accounting for the relative nature of this form. The analyses of examples of ˀaz +Verb illustrate the chronological relations in Biblical Hebrew, that are shown to be identical to the temporal functions of the same verb forms when they are not preceded by ˀaz. Thus, yiqtol and qatal forms are consistently used to express distinct meanings of posteriority, simultaneity, and anteriority, irrespectively of their syntactic contexts. The meaning of the adverb ˀaz is also explored, and is shown to indicate a transition point that summarizes the eventualities in the preceding discourse segment while at the same time providing the situational context (i.e., Reference-time) for the temporal interpretation of the subsequent verbal form. The paper identifies the English translation of yiqtol forms as a major source for the discrepancy found in previous analyses. It concludes by suggesting that the intricate details of the chronological situation encoded by Biblical Hebrew morphology should be the starting point for any attempt at interpretation, particularly when the target language of the translation lacks forms that encode equivalent meanings.
{"title":"Then Sang Moses – A Situation Based Approach to the Understanding of 'ˀaz yiqtol' in Biblical Hebrew","authors":"Ohad Cohen","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2021.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2021.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The paper provides an elaboration on previous situation-based proposals to a puzzle that is widely discussed in various investigations of Biblical Hebrew verbal forms – the juxtaposition of the adverb ˀaz and yiqtol forms. The interpretation of the usages of the yiqtol form in Reichenbachian terms of Reference Time and Event Time is shown to be an invaluable tool in accounting for the relative nature of this form. The analyses of examples of ˀaz +Verb illustrate the chronological relations in Biblical Hebrew, that are shown to be identical to the temporal functions of the same verb forms when they are not preceded by ˀaz. Thus, yiqtol and qatal forms are consistently used to express distinct meanings of posteriority, simultaneity, and anteriority, irrespectively of their syntactic contexts. The meaning of the adverb ˀaz is also explored, and is shown to indicate a transition point that summarizes the eventualities in the preceding discourse segment while at the same time providing the situational context (i.e., Reference-time) for the temporal interpretation of the subsequent verbal form. The paper identifies the English translation of yiqtol forms as a major source for the discrepancy found in previous analyses. It concludes by suggesting that the intricate details of the chronological situation encoded by Biblical Hebrew morphology should be the starting point for any attempt at interpretation, particularly when the target language of the translation lacks forms that encode equivalent meanings.","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"46 1","pages":"33 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84811595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:One of the loci classici for the Renaissance witchcraft debate is 1 Samuel 28, the story about King Saul's desperate consultation of a female necromancer in Endor at the eve of his battle against the Philistines. The demonization of the woman of Endor reached its climax in the learned concept of witchcraft as it circulated throughout Europe and on the British Isles in the late medieval and early modern period. The much-maligned necromancer also featured prominently in the only witchcraft treatise ever written by a monarch, namely Daemonologie (1597) by King James VI of Scotland. James wrote this tract in the aftermath of the North Berwick trials (1590–1591), in which he had interrogated some of the suspected witches who had been accused of treason by sorcery. The king's personal involvement in these trials convinced him of the immediate danger that witchcraft posed to his reign as well as to the Protestant faith. Fulfilling his God-given duty, James zealously sought to eradicate the "slaves of the devil" from his country and educate his subjects in the reality of witches and witchcraft, both past and present, including the "Witch of Endor" and her dark craft. Daemonologie is considered a largely derivative work, interspersed with proof texts, and this article discusses in detail how reliant James's exposition of 1 Samuel 28 was on antecedent traditions in Renaissance art and literature.
{"title":"Another Royal Encounter for the Woman of Endor: 1 Samuel 28 as a Proof Text in King James vi's Daemonologie","authors":"A. Damsma","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2021.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2021.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:One of the loci classici for the Renaissance witchcraft debate is 1 Samuel 28, the story about King Saul's desperate consultation of a female necromancer in Endor at the eve of his battle against the Philistines. The demonization of the woman of Endor reached its climax in the learned concept of witchcraft as it circulated throughout Europe and on the British Isles in the late medieval and early modern period. The much-maligned necromancer also featured prominently in the only witchcraft treatise ever written by a monarch, namely Daemonologie (1597) by King James VI of Scotland. James wrote this tract in the aftermath of the North Berwick trials (1590–1591), in which he had interrogated some of the suspected witches who had been accused of treason by sorcery. The king's personal involvement in these trials convinced him of the immediate danger that witchcraft posed to his reign as well as to the Protestant faith. Fulfilling his God-given duty, James zealously sought to eradicate the \"slaves of the devil\" from his country and educate his subjects in the reality of witches and witchcraft, both past and present, including the \"Witch of Endor\" and her dark craft. Daemonologie is considered a largely derivative work, interspersed with proof texts, and this article discusses in detail how reliant James's exposition of 1 Samuel 28 was on antecedent traditions in Renaissance art and literature.","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"157 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76054149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article deals with the continuity between Modern Hebrew and its previous stages, and highlights the important role played by the Hebrew of the Interim period, the period in which the Hebrew was not a spoken language, in the crystallization of Modern Hebrew. The main claim in this article is that when examining whether any linguistic phenomenon in Modern Hebrew is new or continues the previous periods – the Interim period should not be ignored. Examining the origins of the phenomenon only in Classical Hebrew misses the point, and may lead to erroneous conclusions.The article focuses on the presentative particles hinneni and hareni. These presentatives underwent many changes in the Interim period: their classical functions gradually waned, and other functions became dominant. The syntactic distribution of the forms changed as well, and a new construction, hinneni + infinitive, became quite common. With the advent of Modern Hebrew, the constructions and functions that had prevailed in the Interim period persisted. Conversely, the Classical constructions and functions of the presentatives made their way into Modern Hebrew only if they continued to be used in the Interim period. The process undergone by these presentatives illustrates the continuity between Modern Hebrew and its Interim period sources, and demonstrates the importance of studying this period for understanding the development of Modern Hebrew, and the linguistic processes that occurred during its crystallization.
{"title":"What Does Modern Hebrew Continue? The Case of the Presentatives [inline-graphic 01] and [inline-graphic 02]","authors":"Ruth C. Stern","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2021.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2021.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article deals with the continuity between Modern Hebrew and its previous stages, and highlights the important role played by the Hebrew of the Interim period, the period in which the Hebrew was not a spoken language, in the crystallization of Modern Hebrew. The main claim in this article is that when examining whether any linguistic phenomenon in Modern Hebrew is new or continues the previous periods – the Interim period should not be ignored. Examining the origins of the phenomenon only in Classical Hebrew misses the point, and may lead to erroneous conclusions.The article focuses on the presentative particles hinneni and hareni. These presentatives underwent many changes in the Interim period: their classical functions gradually waned, and other functions became dominant. The syntactic distribution of the forms changed as well, and a new construction, hinneni + infinitive, became quite common. With the advent of Modern Hebrew, the constructions and functions that had prevailed in the Interim period persisted. Conversely, the Classical constructions and functions of the presentatives made their way into Modern Hebrew only if they continued to be used in the Interim period. The process undergone by these presentatives illustrates the continuity between Modern Hebrew and its Interim period sources, and demonstrates the importance of studying this period for understanding the development of Modern Hebrew, and the linguistic processes that occurred during its crystallization.","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"518 1","pages":"403 - 429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77152315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Symposium on the Emergence of Modern Hebrew: Introduction","authors":"Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2021.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2021.0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"32 1","pages":"307 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72699762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Regularization is a process of linguistic reduction through the elimination of variants. Regularization processes occur naturally during language acquisition and learning. In social situations where learners comprise a large portion of the language community, regularization can lead to linguistic change. This was the case during the development of Modern Hebrew. Therefore, regularization processes are essential to a fundamental question about the crystallization of Modern Hebrew: to what extent its grammar continues the grammar of the previous layers of Hebrew and to what extent it features novel characteristics of its own.This paper focuses on the crystallization of counterfactual conditionals in Modern Hebrew. It shows that this process involved no new linguistic phenomena but only a culling of the large inventory of variants. These variants that coexisted during the revival period were all inherited from the preceding stages of Hebrew. A regularization process, which occurred mainly in the Mandate period, eliminated some variants, such as the positive meaning of ʾilmale and the qatal (regular pasttense) form in the main clause (the consequence). The variants that survived the regularization process underwent differentiation, becoming associated with distinct registers or meanings.
{"title":"Regularization in the Crystallization of Modern Hebrew: The Case of Counterfactual Conditionals","authors":"M. Levy","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2021.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2021.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Regularization is a process of linguistic reduction through the elimination of variants. Regularization processes occur naturally during language acquisition and learning. In social situations where learners comprise a large portion of the language community, regularization can lead to linguistic change. This was the case during the development of Modern Hebrew. Therefore, regularization processes are essential to a fundamental question about the crystallization of Modern Hebrew: to what extent its grammar continues the grammar of the previous layers of Hebrew and to what extent it features novel characteristics of its own.This paper focuses on the crystallization of counterfactual conditionals in Modern Hebrew. It shows that this process involved no new linguistic phenomena but only a culling of the large inventory of variants. These variants that coexisted during the revival period were all inherited from the preceding stages of Hebrew. A regularization process, which occurred mainly in the Mandate period, eliminated some variants, such as the positive meaning of ʾilmale and the qatal (regular pasttense) form in the main clause (the consequence). The variants that survived the regularization process underwent differentiation, becoming associated with distinct registers or meanings.","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"381 - 402"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82766217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This paper aims to expose a case of intentional ambiguity in the Samson narrative in Judges, and to demonstrate the literary and ideological value of the systematic ambiguity in the story of Samson's miraculous conception. In doing so, it adds one more item to a list of criteria that may be used to identify intentionality in ambiguous formulations – a criterion termed "hypergrammaticality."
{"title":"Too Much in the Sun: Intentional Ambiguity in the Samson Narrative","authors":"Naphtali S. Meshel","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2021.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2021.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper aims to expose a case of intentional ambiguity in the Samson narrative in Judges, and to demonstrate the literary and ideological value of the systematic ambiguity in the story of Samson's miraculous conception. In doing so, it adds one more item to a list of criteria that may be used to identify intentionality in ambiguous formulations – a criterion termed \"hypergrammaticality.\"","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"3 1","pages":"55 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72916463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:In Modern Hebrew some root modality predicates which express volition, obligation and need show a phenomenon which is known in the cross-linguistic literature as 'subject obviation' – a requirement of predicates such as 'want' for disjoint reference between the matrix subject and a pronominal subject of a subordinate clause. This paper approaches the phenomenon from a diachronic perspective and examines the clausal complement requirements of 'want' in Classical Hebrew and their developments. In light of the historical data presented, this work suggests understanding the synchronic disjoint reference construction as a coerced clause with the extended meaning of a wish or request for root modal predicates, and proposes that their core complement is non-finite and coreferential and is strongly associated with intent.
{"title":"On Root Modality Predicates and their Radical Clausal Desires","authors":"Bar Avineri","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2021.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2021.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In Modern Hebrew some root modality predicates which express volition, obligation and need show a phenomenon which is known in the cross-linguistic literature as 'subject obviation' – a requirement of predicates such as 'want' for disjoint reference between the matrix subject and a pronominal subject of a subordinate clause. This paper approaches the phenomenon from a diachronic perspective and examines the clausal complement requirements of 'want' in Classical Hebrew and their developments. In light of the historical data presented, this work suggests understanding the synchronic disjoint reference construction as a coerced clause with the extended meaning of a wish or request for root modal predicates, and proposes that their core complement is non-finite and coreferential and is strongly associated with intent.","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"32 1","pages":"365 - 380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85238515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This paper describes a process whereby morphological patterns that, in premodern Hebrew, were not associated with a particular semantic profile, or were only partly associated with such a profile, developed a particular meaning in Modern Hebrew. This process is exemplified by certain types of quadriliteral roots formed in the Hebrew verbal system.Of eight quadriliteral root patterns productive in Modern Hebrew, three developed meanings of their own: the pilpel pattern, which expresses a series of short, atomic events; the piʿlel pattern, which describes a reduced or attenuated event, and the šifʿel pattern, which conveys a restitutive or repetitive meaning, or increase on scale. The pilpel pattern became associated with its meaning already in Mishnaic Hebrew, and in Modern Hebrew the association became nearly exclusive, whereas the other two patterns developed their typical meanings only in Modern Hebrew itself.This research shows that a quadriliteral root-pattern develops a particular semantic profile only if it utilizes the derivational mechanism of direct rootexpansion in the verbal system without the mediation of another lexical item. Moreover, individual verbs coined in the pattern tend to be associated with that meaning if they are derived in this manner. Pilpel verbs can convey the pattern's typical meaning even if they are derived by onomatopoeia or with the mediation of noun, but only if the parent nominal form is biliteral.The research also traced the development of patterns' semantic profiles over time. It was found that this development was conspicuously influenced by the substrate and contact languages of Modern Hebrew, and that factors of reanalysis and analogy were also at play.
{"title":"Old Forms, New Functions: Quadriliteral Root Patterns as Sources of Verbal Meaning","authors":"Vera Agranovsky","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2021.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2021.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper describes a process whereby morphological patterns that, in premodern Hebrew, were not associated with a particular semantic profile, or were only partly associated with such a profile, developed a particular meaning in Modern Hebrew. This process is exemplified by certain types of quadriliteral roots formed in the Hebrew verbal system.Of eight quadriliteral root patterns productive in Modern Hebrew, three developed meanings of their own: the pilpel pattern, which expresses a series of short, atomic events; the piʿlel pattern, which describes a reduced or attenuated event, and the šifʿel pattern, which conveys a restitutive or repetitive meaning, or increase on scale. The pilpel pattern became associated with its meaning already in Mishnaic Hebrew, and in Modern Hebrew the association became nearly exclusive, whereas the other two patterns developed their typical meanings only in Modern Hebrew itself.This research shows that a quadriliteral root-pattern develops a particular semantic profile only if it utilizes the derivational mechanism of direct rootexpansion in the verbal system without the mediation of another lexical item. Moreover, individual verbs coined in the pattern tend to be associated with that meaning if they are derived in this manner. Pilpel verbs can convey the pattern's typical meaning even if they are derived by onomatopoeia or with the mediation of noun, but only if the parent nominal form is biliteral.The research also traced the development of patterns' semantic profiles over time. It was found that this development was conspicuously influenced by the substrate and contact languages of Modern Hebrew, and that factors of reanalysis and analogy were also at play.","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"19 1","pages":"311 - 342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88023085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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