Comparative Strategy最新文献

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Strategic hedging in the Black Sea: The case of Turkey versus Russia 黑海的战略对冲：土耳其对俄罗斯的案例

Q3 Social Sciences

Comparative Strategy

Pub Date : 2022-08-24 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2111908

Eray Alim

Abstract Although strategic hedging has attracted increasing scholarly attention in the study of how secondary states manage their relations with a neighboring great power, existing works on the subject suffer from a serious defect: privileging unit-level variables over structural determinants and security imperatives. The crux of secondary state hedging, however, is to manage the power imbalance against a local great power and security requirements must therefore be considered as the prime determinant behind decisions to embrace hedging strategies. I shall examine this hypothesis against the empirical evidence provided by the case of Turkey and Russia in the Black Sea region.

摘要尽管在研究二级国家如何管理与邻国大国的关系方面，战略对冲吸引了越来越多的学术关注，但现有关于这一主题的研究存在严重缺陷：将单位层面的变量置于结构决定因素和安全必要性之上。然而，二级国家套期保值的关键是管理与地方大国的权力失衡，因此，安全要求必须被视为制定套期保值策略的主要决定因素。我将对照土耳其和俄罗斯在黑海地区的案例提供的经验证据来检验这一假设。

引用次数: 0

The extension of Turkish influence and the use of drones 土耳其影响力的扩大和无人机的使用

Q3 Social Sciences

Comparative Strategy

Pub Date : 2022-08-24 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2111907

Won-June Hwang, Seung-Hoon Song

Abstract Turkey has intervened in conflicts in surrounding states with its locally developed drones, which have been the chief factor behind its military success, and has accomplished its goals without drawing unfavorable responses from other powers. The features of drones, low economic and political cost, allowed Turkey to achieve its goals. This article analyzes Turkey’s development of drones and its interventions in Libya, Syria, and Nagorno-Karabakh, where Turkish drones proved their military effectiveness and diplomatic celerity, earning Turkey a reputation as a reliable ally and a potential defense exporter, which has raised its national pride and confidence in expanding its influence.

摘要土耳其用其当地研发的无人机干预了周边国家的冲突，这是其军事成功的主要因素，并在没有引起其他大国不利反应的情况下实现了目标。无人机的特点，低经济和政治成本，使土耳其得以实现其目标。本文分析了土耳其无人机的发展及其对利比亚、叙利亚和纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫的干预，土耳其无人机在那里证明了其军事效力和外交速度，为土耳其赢得了可靠盟友和潜在国防出口国的声誉，这提高了其民族自豪感和扩大影响力的信心。

引用次数: 0

The role of Russian air and missile defense systems 俄罗斯防空和导弹防御系统的作用

Q3 Social Sciences

Comparative Strategy

Pub Date : 2022-08-24 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2111911

Nicholas Benton

Abstract Russia’s nuclear and missile defense capabilities ensure its status on the global stage. In addition to protecting the homeland, contemporary Russia’s air and missile defense systems (AMDS) are harnessed as tools to undermine the West and contribute to the Kremlin’s global ties. Since the Cold War, Russia has sought to establish a global footprint; AMDS has served the Russian state as a reliable agent to expand its influence while simultaneously constraining that of the West, and in particular, the United States. Understanding how Russia employs AMDS will prove crucial to comprehending Russia’s global objectives and interests.

摘要俄罗斯的核防御和导弹防御能力确保了其在全球舞台上的地位。除了保护祖国，当代俄罗斯的防空和导弹防御系统（AMDS）还被用作破坏西方和促进克里姆林宫全球关系的工具。自冷战以来，俄罗斯一直寻求建立全球足迹；AMDS为俄罗斯政府提供了一个可靠的代理人，以扩大其影响力，同时约束西方，特别是美国的影响力。了解俄罗斯如何使用AMDS对于理解俄罗斯的全球目标和利益至关重要。

引用次数: 0

Grey wars: A contemporary history of U.S. special operations 灰色战争:美国特种作战的当代历史

Q3 Social Sciences

Comparative Strategy

Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087437

D. Walton

引用次数: 0

Tailored engagement: Assessing Japan’s strategic culture and its impact on U.S. – China competition 量身定制的接触:评估日本的战略文化及其对美中竞争的影响

Q3 Social Sciences

Comparative Strategy

Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087434

J. Bradley

Abstract The concept of “Strategic Culture” has enjoyed a resurgence in the last two decades as a method for understanding the behavior and decision making of potential adversaries. Strategic culture assessment methodologies offer a way to examine the policy choices of states, while accounting for ethnocentric biases. While these assessments have been used widely for analyzing adversaries, they are underutilized in assessing allies. The emergence of great power competition between the U.S. and China will increase pressure on the U.S.-Japan alliance. Increasing the understanding of Japan’s strategic culture will provide the United States insight into ways to engage with Japan to make strategies to compete with China more effective.

“战略文化”的概念在过去二十年中作为一种理解潜在对手行为和决策的方法而重新兴起。战略文化评估方法提供了一种检查国家政策选择的方法，同时考虑到种族中心主义偏见。虽然这些评估被广泛用于分析对手，但它们在评估盟友方面没有得到充分利用。美国和中国之间的大国竞争将加剧美日同盟的压力。加深对日本战略文化的了解，将使美国深入了解与日本接触的方式，从而制定更有效的与中国竞争的战略。

引用次数: 0

Blue homelands and red strongholds: The Libyan Civil War in Turkish and Russian strategy 蓝色家园和红色据点:土耳其和俄罗斯战略中的利比亚内战

Q3 Social Sciences

Comparative Strategy

Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087425

Jay Mens

Abstract Libya’s geopolitical importance stems from its vast energy resources, its position in relation to Southern Europe, and its position at the entrance to the Eastern Mediterranean. Over the last two years, Libya’s civil war has provided an opportunity for Russia and Turkey to compete for long-term strategic gains in the Eastern Mediterranean. This article examines the geopolitics of Libya and the involvement of Russia and Turkey in the Libyan Civil War in the context of their interests and strategies in the Eastern Mediterranean, arguing that Russian and Turkish involvement in Libya broadly follows a deeper pattern of Russian and Turkish strategy in the Mediterranean that began in the 18th Century.

摘要利比亚的地缘政治重要性源于其巨大的能源资源、与南欧的关系以及位于东地中海入口处的位置。过去两年，利比亚内战为俄罗斯和土耳其在东地中海争夺长期战略利益提供了机会。本文从俄罗斯和土耳其在东地中海的利益和战略的角度考察了利比亚的地缘政治以及俄罗斯和土耳其参与利比亚内战的情况，认为俄罗斯和土耳其对利比亚的参与大体上遵循了始于18世纪的俄罗斯和土耳其地中海战略的更深层次模式。

引用次数: 1

Decision-making style and victory in battle—Is there a relation? 决策风格与战斗胜利——有关系吗?

Q3 Social Sciences

Comparative Strategy

Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087436

L. Henåker

Abstract Can decision-making styles impact victory and defeat in armed conflicts? To answer the question of whether decision-making styles are linked to the victories and defeats of individual tacticians, this study utilizes five general decision-making styles: Rational, Intuitive, Dependent, Avoidant and Spontaneous. The aim of this study is to examine whether one or several of the general decision-making styles (GDMS) have an impact on tactical outcomes in wargames. A total of 104 officers and academics participated in the study. The study’s foremost conclusion is that the Dependent style is significantly connected to defeat in the wargame’s dueling set up.

决策风格会影响武装冲突的胜负吗?为了回答决策风格是否与个体战术家的胜利和失败有关的问题，本研究采用了五种一般的决策风格:理性、直觉、依赖、回避和自发。本研究的目的是检验一种或几种通用决策风格(GDMS)是否对兵棋推演中的战术结果有影响。共有104名官员和学者参与了这项研究。该研究最重要的结论是，在战争游戏的决斗设置中，依赖风格与失败有着显著的联系。

引用次数: 0

Small state security sector assistance in the age of great power competition 大国竞争时代的小国家安全部门援助

Q3 Social Sciences

Comparative Strategy

Pub Date : 2022-07-12 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087435

Marius Kristiansen, Njål Hoem

Abstract This article argues how Security Sector Assistance (SSA) can be seen as a relevant tool for achieving small states strategic objectives in an indirect manner. The article directs focus toward how small states, by thinking indirectly, can ensure their own security concerns are being managed and remain influential actors in regional and global security politics in an age of great power competition. The soon-to-be two decades long, and still ongoing, global war on terror has defined several small states’ militaries around the world. This makes the current shift toward great power competition even more challenging. The interaction between great powers are dictating international politics; their strategic choices continuously shaping regional and global security. Small states seem to end up with little to no opportunity to influence the overall security-situation, international and regional strategies or politics. Yet, the authors argue there is plenty room for maneuver that allow small states to have a significant impact, and be a valuable partner – not a “free rider.”

摘要本文论述了如何将安全部门援助视为以间接方式实现小国战略目标的相关工具。这篇文章将重点放在小国如何通过间接思考来确保自己的安全问题得到管理，并在大国竞争的时代保持在地区和全球安全政治中的影响力。即将持续20年的全球反恐战争已经确定了世界各地几个小国的军事力量。这使得当前向大国竞争的转变更加具有挑战性。大国之间的互动决定着国际政治；他们的战略选择不断影响着地区和全球安全。小国似乎最终几乎没有机会影响整体安全局势、国际和地区战略或政治。然而，作者认为，有足够的回旋余地，让小国家能够产生重大影响，成为有价值的合作伙伴，而不是“搭便车”

引用次数: 4

Space as a warfighting domain: Reshaping policy to execute 21st century spacepower 太空作为一个作战领域:重塑政策以执行21世纪的太空力量

Q3 Social Sciences

Comparative Strategy

Pub Date : 2022-07-06 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087419

S. Lambakis

Abstract There has been a shift in opinion in the U.S. governing and defense-planning circles causing leaders to accept the reality that space is a warfighting domain. Despite arguments put forth over the past several decades by sanctuary-policy proponents that space should remain free of Earth’s conflicts, reality has dictated otherwise as other powerful nations have acquired the capabilities to execute offensive and defensive operations within the space domain. The U.S. national vision for space must fold in the reality of possible combat engagements in space. If we are to ensure space dominance, the U.S. administration and the nation’s lawmakers will have to take some policy risks in a time when near-peer competition in space is growing rapidly and significantly. Inaction, inadequate action, or misguided action will have negative effects, and place at risk the U.S. ability to enforce its deterrence strategy and fight a battle that may involve space warfare.

美国政府和国防规划界的观点发生了转变，导致领导人接受了太空是一个作战领域的现实。尽管在过去的几十年里，庇护政策的支持者们提出了太空应该远离地球冲突的观点，但现实已经证明了这一点，因为其他强国已经获得了在太空领域实施进攻和防御行动的能力。美国对太空的国家愿景必须与可能在太空作战的现实相结合。如果我们要确保太空优势，美国政府和国家立法者将不得不承担一些政策风险，因为太空领域的竞争正在迅速而显著地增长。不作为、不充分的行动或被误导的行动将产生负面影响，并使美国执行其威慑战略和进行可能涉及太空战的战斗的能力面临风险。

引用次数: 0

α2,6-Sialylation is Upregulated in Severe COVID-19 Implicating the Complement Cascade. α2,6-Sialylation在严重COVID-19中上调，暗示着补体级联。

Q3 Social Sciences

Comparative Strategy

Pub Date : 2022-06-08 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.06.22275981

Rui Qin, Emma Kurz, Shuhui Chen, Briana Zeck, Luis Chiribogas, Dana Jackson, Alex Herchen, Tyson Attia, Michael Carlock, Amy Rapkiewicz, Dafna Bar-Sagi, Bruce Ritchie, Ted M Ross, Lara K Mahal

Better understanding of the mechanisms of COVID-19 severity is desperately needed in current times. Although hyper-inflammation drives severe COVID-19, precise mechanisms triggering this cascade and what role glycosylation might play therein is unknown. Here we report the first high-throughput glycomic analysis of COVID-19 plasma samples and autopsy tissues. We find α2,6-sialylation is upregulated in plasma of patients with severe COVID-19 and in the lung. This glycan motif is enriched on members of the complement cascade, which show higher levels of sialylation in severe COVID-19. In the lung tissue, we observe increased complement deposition, associated with elevated α2,6-sialylation levels, corresponding to elevated markers of poor prognosis (IL-6) and fibrotic response. We also observe upregulation of the α2,6-sialylation enzyme ST6GAL1 in patients who succumbed to COVID-19. Our work identifies a heretofore undescribed relationship between sialylation and complement in severe COVID-19, potentially informing future therapeutic development.

当前迫切需要更好地了解COVID-19严重性的机制。虽然过度炎症是导致严重COVID-19的原因，但引发这一级联反应的确切机制以及糖基化在其中可能发挥的作用尚不清楚。在此，我们首次对 COVID-19 血浆样本和尸检组织进行了高通量糖基化分析。我们发现，α2,6-糖基化在重症 COVID-19 患者的血浆和肺中上调。补体级联的成员富集了这种聚糖基团，在重症 COVID-19 患者中，补体级联的硅氨酰化水平更高。在肺组织中，我们观察到补体沉积增加，同时α2,6-糖基化水平升高，这与预后不良标志物（IL-6）和纤维化反应的升高相对应。我们还观察到 COVID-19 患者体内α2,6-糖基化酶 ST6GAL1 的上调。我们的研究发现，在严重的 COVID-19 中，糖氨酰化和补体之间存在着一种前所未见的关系，这有可能为未来的治疗开发提供依据。

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引用次数: 0

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