Pub Date : 2022-08-24DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2111907
Won-June Hwang, Seung-Hoon Song
Abstract Turkey has intervened in conflicts in surrounding states with its locally developed drones, which have been the chief factor behind its military success, and has accomplished its goals without drawing unfavorable responses from other powers. The features of drones, low economic and political cost, allowed Turkey to achieve its goals. This article analyzes Turkey’s development of drones and its interventions in Libya, Syria, and Nagorno-Karabakh, where Turkish drones proved their military effectiveness and diplomatic celerity, earning Turkey a reputation as a reliable ally and a potential defense exporter, which has raised its national pride and confidence in expanding its influence.
{"title":"The extension of Turkish influence and the use of drones","authors":"Won-June Hwang, Seung-Hoon Song","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2111907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2111907","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Turkey has intervened in conflicts in surrounding states with its locally developed drones, which have been the chief factor behind its military success, and has accomplished its goals without drawing unfavorable responses from other powers. The features of drones, low economic and political cost, allowed Turkey to achieve its goals. This article analyzes Turkey’s development of drones and its interventions in Libya, Syria, and Nagorno-Karabakh, where Turkish drones proved their military effectiveness and diplomatic celerity, earning Turkey a reputation as a reliable ally and a potential defense exporter, which has raised its national pride and confidence in expanding its influence.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47192079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-24DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2111911
Nicholas Benton
Abstract Russia’s nuclear and missile defense capabilities ensure its status on the global stage. In addition to protecting the homeland, contemporary Russia’s air and missile defense systems (AMDS) are harnessed as tools to undermine the West and contribute to the Kremlin’s global ties. Since the Cold War, Russia has sought to establish a global footprint; AMDS has served the Russian state as a reliable agent to expand its influence while simultaneously constraining that of the West, and in particular, the United States. Understanding how Russia employs AMDS will prove crucial to comprehending Russia’s global objectives and interests.
{"title":"The role of Russian air and missile defense systems","authors":"Nicholas Benton","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2111911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2111911","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Russia’s nuclear and missile defense capabilities ensure its status on the global stage. In addition to protecting the homeland, contemporary Russia’s air and missile defense systems (AMDS) are harnessed as tools to undermine the West and contribute to the Kremlin’s global ties. Since the Cold War, Russia has sought to establish a global footprint; AMDS has served the Russian state as a reliable agent to expand its influence while simultaneously constraining that of the West, and in particular, the United States. Understanding how Russia employs AMDS will prove crucial to comprehending Russia’s global objectives and interests.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45456231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-25DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087437
D. Walton
{"title":"Grey wars: A contemporary history of U.S. special operations","authors":"D. Walton","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2087437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2087437","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48407296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-25DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087425
Jay Mens
Abstract Libya’s geopolitical importance stems from its vast energy resources, its position in relation to Southern Europe, and its position at the entrance to the Eastern Mediterranean. Over the last two years, Libya’s civil war has provided an opportunity for Russia and Turkey to compete for long-term strategic gains in the Eastern Mediterranean. This article examines the geopolitics of Libya and the involvement of Russia and Turkey in the Libyan Civil War in the context of their interests and strategies in the Eastern Mediterranean, arguing that Russian and Turkish involvement in Libya broadly follows a deeper pattern of Russian and Turkish strategy in the Mediterranean that began in the 18th Century.
{"title":"Blue homelands and red strongholds: The Libyan Civil War in Turkish and Russian strategy","authors":"Jay Mens","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2087425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2087425","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Libya’s geopolitical importance stems from its vast energy resources, its position in relation to Southern Europe, and its position at the entrance to the Eastern Mediterranean. Over the last two years, Libya’s civil war has provided an opportunity for Russia and Turkey to compete for long-term strategic gains in the Eastern Mediterranean. This article examines the geopolitics of Libya and the involvement of Russia and Turkey in the Libyan Civil War in the context of their interests and strategies in the Eastern Mediterranean, arguing that Russian and Turkish involvement in Libya broadly follows a deeper pattern of Russian and Turkish strategy in the Mediterranean that began in the 18th Century.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46919921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-25DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087434
J. Bradley
Abstract The concept of “Strategic Culture” has enjoyed a resurgence in the last two decades as a method for understanding the behavior and decision making of potential adversaries. Strategic culture assessment methodologies offer a way to examine the policy choices of states, while accounting for ethnocentric biases. While these assessments have been used widely for analyzing adversaries, they are underutilized in assessing allies. The emergence of great power competition between the U.S. and China will increase pressure on the U.S.-Japan alliance. Increasing the understanding of Japan’s strategic culture will provide the United States insight into ways to engage with Japan to make strategies to compete with China more effective.
{"title":"Tailored engagement: Assessing Japan’s strategic culture and its impact on U.S. – China competition","authors":"J. Bradley","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2087434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2087434","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The concept of “Strategic Culture” has enjoyed a resurgence in the last two decades as a method for understanding the behavior and decision making of potential adversaries. Strategic culture assessment methodologies offer a way to examine the policy choices of states, while accounting for ethnocentric biases. While these assessments have been used widely for analyzing adversaries, they are underutilized in assessing allies. The emergence of great power competition between the U.S. and China will increase pressure on the U.S.-Japan alliance. Increasing the understanding of Japan’s strategic culture will provide the United States insight into ways to engage with Japan to make strategies to compete with China more effective.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44961005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-25DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087436
L. Henåker
Abstract Can decision-making styles impact victory and defeat in armed conflicts? To answer the question of whether decision-making styles are linked to the victories and defeats of individual tacticians, this study utilizes five general decision-making styles: Rational, Intuitive, Dependent, Avoidant and Spontaneous. The aim of this study is to examine whether one or several of the general decision-making styles (GDMS) have an impact on tactical outcomes in wargames. A total of 104 officers and academics participated in the study. The study’s foremost conclusion is that the Dependent style is significantly connected to defeat in the wargame’s dueling set up.
{"title":"Decision-making style and victory in battle—Is there a relation?","authors":"L. Henåker","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2087436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2087436","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Can decision-making styles impact victory and defeat in armed conflicts? To answer the question of whether decision-making styles are linked to the victories and defeats of individual tacticians, this study utilizes five general decision-making styles: Rational, Intuitive, Dependent, Avoidant and Spontaneous. The aim of this study is to examine whether one or several of the general decision-making styles (GDMS) have an impact on tactical outcomes in wargames. A total of 104 officers and academics participated in the study. The study’s foremost conclusion is that the Dependent style is significantly connected to defeat in the wargame’s dueling set up.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43632769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-12DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087435
Marius Kristiansen, Njål Hoem
Abstract This article argues how Security Sector Assistance (SSA) can be seen as a relevant tool for achieving small states strategic objectives in an indirect manner. The article directs focus toward how small states, by thinking indirectly, can ensure their own security concerns are being managed and remain influential actors in regional and global security politics in an age of great power competition. The soon-to-be two decades long, and still ongoing, global war on terror has defined several small states’ militaries around the world. This makes the current shift toward great power competition even more challenging. The interaction between great powers are dictating international politics; their strategic choices continuously shaping regional and global security. Small states seem to end up with little to no opportunity to influence the overall security-situation, international and regional strategies or politics. Yet, the authors argue there is plenty room for maneuver that allow small states to have a significant impact, and be a valuable partner – not a “free rider.”
{"title":"Small state security sector assistance in the age of great power competition","authors":"Marius Kristiansen, Njål Hoem","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2087435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2087435","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article argues how Security Sector Assistance (SSA) can be seen as a relevant tool for achieving small states strategic objectives in an indirect manner. The article directs focus toward how small states, by thinking indirectly, can ensure their own security concerns are being managed and remain influential actors in regional and global security politics in an age of great power competition. The soon-to-be two decades long, and still ongoing, global war on terror has defined several small states’ militaries around the world. This makes the current shift toward great power competition even more challenging. The interaction between great powers are dictating international politics; their strategic choices continuously shaping regional and global security. Small states seem to end up with little to no opportunity to influence the overall security-situation, international and regional strategies or politics. Yet, the authors argue there is plenty room for maneuver that allow small states to have a significant impact, and be a valuable partner – not a “free rider.”","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48251095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087419
S. Lambakis
Abstract There has been a shift in opinion in the U.S. governing and defense-planning circles causing leaders to accept the reality that space is a warfighting domain. Despite arguments put forth over the past several decades by sanctuary-policy proponents that space should remain free of Earth’s conflicts, reality has dictated otherwise as other powerful nations have acquired the capabilities to execute offensive and defensive operations within the space domain. The U.S. national vision for space must fold in the reality of possible combat engagements in space. If we are to ensure space dominance, the U.S. administration and the nation’s lawmakers will have to take some policy risks in a time when near-peer competition in space is growing rapidly and significantly. Inaction, inadequate action, or misguided action will have negative effects, and place at risk the U.S. ability to enforce its deterrence strategy and fight a battle that may involve space warfare.
{"title":"Space as a warfighting domain: Reshaping policy to execute 21st century spacepower","authors":"S. Lambakis","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2087419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2087419","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There has been a shift in opinion in the U.S. governing and defense-planning circles causing leaders to accept the reality that space is a warfighting domain. Despite arguments put forth over the past several decades by sanctuary-policy proponents that space should remain free of Earth’s conflicts, reality has dictated otherwise as other powerful nations have acquired the capabilities to execute offensive and defensive operations within the space domain. The U.S. national vision for space must fold in the reality of possible combat engagements in space. If we are to ensure space dominance, the U.S. administration and the nation’s lawmakers will have to take some policy risks in a time when near-peer competition in space is growing rapidly and significantly. Inaction, inadequate action, or misguided action will have negative effects, and place at risk the U.S. ability to enforce its deterrence strategy and fight a battle that may involve space warfare.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47669650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-05DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2057733
B. Watts, Mie Augier
Abstract This article reprises central aspects of John Boyd’s thinking about competition and conflict, including his unwavering reliance on analogies and connections between disciplines as disparate as fighter tactics, decision theory, history, philosophy, and physics. We trace how elements of Boyd’s ideas about winning and losing have been incorporated (or neglected) in the doctrines of the U.S. military services. Given the richness of Boyd’s ideas there is much we can learn from the view of decision making underlying the Observation-Orientation-Decision-Action (OODA) loop, for which he is best known, as well as the analogical reasoning embodied in slide presentations such as his massive “Patterns of Conflict.”
{"title":"John Boyd on competition and conflict","authors":"B. Watts, Mie Augier","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2057733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2057733","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article reprises central aspects of John Boyd’s thinking about competition and conflict, including his unwavering reliance on analogies and connections between disciplines as disparate as fighter tactics, decision theory, history, philosophy, and physics. We trace how elements of Boyd’s ideas about winning and losing have been incorporated (or neglected) in the doctrines of the U.S. military services. Given the richness of Boyd’s ideas there is much we can learn from the view of decision making underlying the Observation-Orientation-Decision-Action (OODA) loop, for which he is best known, as well as the analogical reasoning embodied in slide presentations such as his massive “Patterns of Conflict.”","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44795329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2057747
Thomas M. Jamison
Abstract This article applies Stephen Biddle’s “modern system” to naval war in the industrial era, c. 1860–1918. Biddle doubts his model’s transferability beyond continental/land warfare. A historical perspective suggests otherwise. Beginning in the 1860 s, navies—even earlier than armies—confronted industrial firepower and adapted accordingly. Submarines, torpedo boats, cruisers and eventually aircraft all relied on the “modern system” principles of cover and concealment, maneuver and combined arms to survive and perform useful missions. Today, concepts like “distributed lethality” have precedents in a “maritime modern system”—one undercurrent in naval history that is increasingly relevant.
{"title":"Taking the “modern system” to sea: The past and future of naval power in industrial war","authors":"Thomas M. Jamison","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2057747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2057747","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article applies Stephen Biddle’s “modern system” to naval war in the industrial era, c. 1860–1918. Biddle doubts his model’s transferability beyond continental/land warfare. A historical perspective suggests otherwise. Beginning in the 1860 s, navies—even earlier than armies—confronted industrial firepower and adapted accordingly. Submarines, torpedo boats, cruisers and eventually aircraft all relied on the “modern system” principles of cover and concealment, maneuver and combined arms to survive and perform useful missions. Today, concepts like “distributed lethality” have precedents in a “maritime modern system”—one undercurrent in naval history that is increasingly relevant.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45595960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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