Pub Date : 2022-05-05DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2057733
B. Watts, Mie Augier
Abstract This article reprises central aspects of John Boyd’s thinking about competition and conflict, including his unwavering reliance on analogies and connections between disciplines as disparate as fighter tactics, decision theory, history, philosophy, and physics. We trace how elements of Boyd’s ideas about winning and losing have been incorporated (or neglected) in the doctrines of the U.S. military services. Given the richness of Boyd’s ideas there is much we can learn from the view of decision making underlying the Observation-Orientation-Decision-Action (OODA) loop, for which he is best known, as well as the analogical reasoning embodied in slide presentations such as his massive “Patterns of Conflict.”
{"title":"John Boyd on competition and conflict","authors":"B. Watts, Mie Augier","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2057733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2057733","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article reprises central aspects of John Boyd’s thinking about competition and conflict, including his unwavering reliance on analogies and connections between disciplines as disparate as fighter tactics, decision theory, history, philosophy, and physics. We trace how elements of Boyd’s ideas about winning and losing have been incorporated (or neglected) in the doctrines of the U.S. military services. Given the richness of Boyd’s ideas there is much we can learn from the view of decision making underlying the Observation-Orientation-Decision-Action (OODA) loop, for which he is best known, as well as the analogical reasoning embodied in slide presentations such as his massive “Patterns of Conflict.”","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"233 - 260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44795329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2057747
Thomas M. Jamison
Abstract This article applies Stephen Biddle’s “modern system” to naval war in the industrial era, c. 1860–1918. Biddle doubts his model’s transferability beyond continental/land warfare. A historical perspective suggests otherwise. Beginning in the 1860 s, navies—even earlier than armies—confronted industrial firepower and adapted accordingly. Submarines, torpedo boats, cruisers and eventually aircraft all relied on the “modern system” principles of cover and concealment, maneuver and combined arms to survive and perform useful missions. Today, concepts like “distributed lethality” have precedents in a “maritime modern system”—one undercurrent in naval history that is increasingly relevant.
{"title":"Taking the “modern system” to sea: The past and future of naval power in industrial war","authors":"Thomas M. Jamison","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2057747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2057747","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article applies Stephen Biddle’s “modern system” to naval war in the industrial era, c. 1860–1918. Biddle doubts his model’s transferability beyond continental/land warfare. A historical perspective suggests otherwise. Beginning in the 1860 s, navies—even earlier than armies—confronted industrial firepower and adapted accordingly. Submarines, torpedo boats, cruisers and eventually aircraft all relied on the “modern system” principles of cover and concealment, maneuver and combined arms to survive and perform useful missions. Today, concepts like “distributed lethality” have precedents in a “maritime modern system”—one undercurrent in naval history that is increasingly relevant.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"261 - 281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45595960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2057735
C. Walton
{"title":"Stephan Frühling and Andrew O’Neil, Eds., Alliances, Nuclear Weapons and Escalation: Managing Deterrence in the 21st Century","authors":"C. Walton","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2057735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2057735","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"328 - 329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42169135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-15DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2057736
S. Cimbala, Adam B. Lowther
Abstract This study explores the relationships between hypersonic weapons and nuclear deterrence. This relationship is fraught with uncertainty because the velocity of innovation in hypersonics is difficult to forecast. Nevertheless, major nuclear powers are developing hypersonic weapons, including some that can be deployed on intercontinental launchers. Hypersonic glide vehicles or cruise missiles could threaten first strike stability by reducing the time for responsive decision making in the face of perceived threats, or by evading antimissile defenses otherwise competent to deflect attacks. Attacks on space based assets and cyberattacks, combined with hypersonic missiles, could pose unacceptable risks to assured retaliation based on an assumed number of survivable launch platforms. On the other hand, analysis suggests that, in the case of the United States and Russia, going forward, strategic nuclear deterrents with currently projected modernization plans should suffice to maintain deterrence and first strike stability, barring unforeseen developments in breakthrough technologies.
{"title":"Hypersonic weapons and nuclear deterrence","authors":"S. Cimbala, Adam B. Lowther","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2057736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2057736","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study explores the relationships between hypersonic weapons and nuclear deterrence. This relationship is fraught with uncertainty because the velocity of innovation in hypersonics is difficult to forecast. Nevertheless, major nuclear powers are developing hypersonic weapons, including some that can be deployed on intercontinental launchers. Hypersonic glide vehicles or cruise missiles could threaten first strike stability by reducing the time for responsive decision making in the face of perceived threats, or by evading antimissile defenses otherwise competent to deflect attacks. Attacks on space based assets and cyberattacks, combined with hypersonic missiles, could pose unacceptable risks to assured retaliation based on an assumed number of survivable launch platforms. On the other hand, analysis suggests that, in the case of the United States and Russia, going forward, strategic nuclear deterrents with currently projected modernization plans should suffice to maintain deterrence and first strike stability, barring unforeseen developments in breakthrough technologies.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"282 - 295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41483998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-15DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2057734
M. B. Huwaidin
Abstract This article investigates the strategic partnership between China and the UAE. It begins with an analysis of the concept of strategic partnership, based on the existing literature on the topic in international relations. Since there is no consensus as to the meaning of the term strategic partnership, the paper applies Thomas Wilkins’s model or framework to explain the UAE’s partnership with China. Wilkins is among the few to develop a conceptual framework or analytical model of the term. The paper then focuses on the foundation of the strategic partnership between the two countries, and goes on to analyze the prospects for the future of this partnership. The paper argues that although this partnership is strong, its future depends on two important factors. The first is UAE’s alliance with the United States, and the second, China’s relations with Iran. Driven as it is by economic considerations and a mutual desire for closer security and political cooperation, the partnership cannot, however, ignore these two important aspects.
{"title":"China’s strategic partnership with the UAE: Foundation and prospects","authors":"M. B. Huwaidin","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2057734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2057734","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article investigates the strategic partnership between China and the UAE. It begins with an analysis of the concept of strategic partnership, based on the existing literature on the topic in international relations. Since there is no consensus as to the meaning of the term strategic partnership, the paper applies Thomas Wilkins’s model or framework to explain the UAE’s partnership with China. Wilkins is among the few to develop a conceptual framework or analytical model of the term. The paper then focuses on the foundation of the strategic partnership between the two countries, and goes on to analyze the prospects for the future of this partnership. The paper argues that although this partnership is strong, its future depends on two important factors. The first is UAE’s alliance with the United States, and the second, China’s relations with Iran. Driven as it is by economic considerations and a mutual desire for closer security and political cooperation, the partnership cannot, however, ignore these two important aspects.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"296 - 313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47836633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-12DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2057748
N. Smith
Abstract Since at least the last decade, New Zealand has been employing something of an asymmetrical alignment hedge of the US and China, aligning itself with the US strategically and with China economically. Such a strategy remains the perceived optimal foreign policy in Wellington. However, as Sino-American relations continue to deteriorate and the Indo-Pacific super-region becomes more geopolitically tense, the room for hedging is shrinking, making New Zealand’s putative strategy potentially untenable. This article assesses the changing geopolitical situation New Zealand finds itself in and assesses other potential strategic options– namely, non-alignment, balance or bandwagon, and zigzagging.
{"title":"New Zealand’s grand strategic options as the room for hedging continues to shrink","authors":"N. Smith","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2057748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2057748","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since at least the last decade, New Zealand has been employing something of an asymmetrical alignment hedge of the US and China, aligning itself with the US strategically and with China economically. Such a strategy remains the perceived optimal foreign policy in Wellington. However, as Sino-American relations continue to deteriorate and the Indo-Pacific super-region becomes more geopolitically tense, the room for hedging is shrinking, making New Zealand’s putative strategy potentially untenable. This article assesses the changing geopolitical situation New Zealand finds itself in and assesses other potential strategic options– namely, non-alignment, balance or bandwagon, and zigzagging.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"314 - 327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41322182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2039009
Danylo Kubai
Abstract The main aim of the article is to contribute to the better understanding of the role of military exercises for the deterrence strategy of NATO, in particular by proving the premise that military exercise is one of the most effective instrument of the military capabilities demonstration and political persuasion. Against the backdrop of the Russian revisionism and its ongoing aggression against Ukraine, NATO and its member states have substantially reinforced their deterrence capabilities. An increased number of military exercises, their geography and scale are intended to demonstrate the Alliance’s capacity and commitment to respond to potential aggression.
{"title":"Military exercises as a part of NATO deterrence strategy","authors":"Danylo Kubai","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2039009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2039009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main aim of the article is to contribute to the better understanding of the role of military exercises for the deterrence strategy of NATO, in particular by proving the premise that military exercise is one of the most effective instrument of the military capabilities demonstration and political persuasion. Against the backdrop of the Russian revisionism and its ongoing aggression against Ukraine, NATO and its member states have substantially reinforced their deterrence capabilities. An increased number of military exercises, their geography and scale are intended to demonstrate the Alliance’s capacity and commitment to respond to potential aggression.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"155 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46092741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2039019
C. Dale Walton
through big picture analysis. Energy security is the exception. The details, even at the most granular level, are key to understanding how energy security concerns affect Chinese foreign policy. Unfortunately, it is a topic that rarely features in popular publications, possibly due to the fact that the issue might be best communicated through a dashboard of graphs rather than thought-provoking essays. This leads to the whole topic of energy security being left very vague for most of the public, and likely for many in the field of international affairs as well. Maybe the biggest strength of this book is its ability to fill in these details, and build context for those interested in China. There are a few problems that are impossible to ignore in a thorough review of this book, unfortunately. First, Xi Jinping is referred to quite a few times as simply “Jinping.” It is hard to know what exactly to make of this, especially because, given the authors’ and editor’s expertise in the area, it seems extremely unlikely that they are unaware of Chinese naming conventions (the editor in fact is fluent in Mandarin). The second issue is that typos are so numerous throughout the book as to significantly affect comprehension in many places. Having noted these issues, this book is extremely helpful for anyone interested in China, and specifically those who would like to dive a little deeper into the details of issues affecting Chinese security.
{"title":"The light that failed: Why the West is losing the fight for democracy","authors":"C. Dale Walton","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2039019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2039019","url":null,"abstract":"through big picture analysis. Energy security is the exception. The details, even at the most granular level, are key to understanding how energy security concerns affect Chinese foreign policy. Unfortunately, it is a topic that rarely features in popular publications, possibly due to the fact that the issue might be best communicated through a dashboard of graphs rather than thought-provoking essays. This leads to the whole topic of energy security being left very vague for most of the public, and likely for many in the field of international affairs as well. Maybe the biggest strength of this book is its ability to fill in these details, and build context for those interested in China. There are a few problems that are impossible to ignore in a thorough review of this book, unfortunately. First, Xi Jinping is referred to quite a few times as simply “Jinping.” It is hard to know what exactly to make of this, especially because, given the authors’ and editor’s expertise in the area, it seems extremely unlikely that they are unaware of Chinese naming conventions (the editor in fact is fluent in Mandarin). The second issue is that typos are so numerous throughout the book as to significantly affect comprehension in many places. Having noted these issues, this book is extremely helpful for anyone interested in China, and specifically those who would like to dive a little deeper into the details of issues affecting Chinese security.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"230 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48976746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2039006
Y. Lim
Abstract The last decade has witnessed the gradual erosion of the maritime status quo in East Asia, as the United States proved unable to curb Chinese challenges in the East and South China seas. This article argues that this phenomenon is linked to the erosion of US general deterrence posture in the region. It examines the three main factors that have contributed to this erosion: an enduring imbalance of interests between Beijing and Washington, a rapidly evolving local balance of power, and the employment by China of strategies that have allowed it to efficiently circumvent US weak red lines.
{"title":"The fragility of general deterrence: The United States and China in maritime East Asia","authors":"Y. Lim","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2039006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2039006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The last decade has witnessed the gradual erosion of the maritime status quo in East Asia, as the United States proved unable to curb Chinese challenges in the East and South China seas. This article argues that this phenomenon is linked to the erosion of US general deterrence posture in the region. It examines the three main factors that have contributed to this erosion: an enduring imbalance of interests between Beijing and Washington, a rapidly evolving local balance of power, and the employment by China of strategies that have allowed it to efficiently circumvent US weak red lines.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"135 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48143979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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