Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2158027
Zi Yang
Abstract This article explores the evolution and application of the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) bingyun strategy pre-1949. Developed by Chinese and Soviet thinkers, bingyun or “Soldier Movement” aimed to subvert opposing armed forces to either bring them under CCP command or cause them to self-destruct. The bingyun strategy was practiced throughout the revolutionary period with lasting legacy in present-day China. By examining cases from the First Kuomintang-CCP United Front, First Phase of the Chinese Civil War, Sino-Japanese War and the Second Phase of the Chinese Civil War, this article demonstrates how bingyun adapted to changing circumstances and its far-reaching consequences for CCP military success that realized its takeover of China in 1949.
{"title":"The bingyun strategy: How subverting armed forces aided the Chinese Communist Party’s rise to power","authors":"Zi Yang","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2158027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2158027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores the evolution and application of the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) bingyun strategy pre-1949. Developed by Chinese and Soviet thinkers, bingyun or “Soldier Movement” aimed to subvert opposing armed forces to either bring them under CCP command or cause them to self-destruct. The bingyun strategy was practiced throughout the revolutionary period with lasting legacy in present-day China. By examining cases from the First Kuomintang-CCP United Front, First Phase of the Chinese Civil War, Sino-Japanese War and the Second Phase of the Chinese Civil War, this article demonstrates how bingyun adapted to changing circumstances and its far-reaching consequences for CCP military success that realized its takeover of China in 1949.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46467430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2158030
Viljar Veebel, I. Ploom
Abstract To choose an effective strategy to stop Putin and Russia’s aggressive ambitions in Ukraine and in wider Eastern Europe, Western political and military leaders need to understand his modus operandi and strategic logic. This article focuses on the benefits of game theory in explaining the behavior of the warring parties in Ukraine. It argues that, from an initial “mad man” or a game of chicken strategy chosen by Putin, he has been forced to gradually shift toward a less promising dollar auction model. If the mad man strategy was meant to deter opposing powers from testing Putin’s limits, now the dominant game has locked Putin into a self-driven game with ever higher bids and complications for any exit. For an effective response from the West, the key elements are the Ukrainian will to fight but also the brinkmanship of the West in choosing the right moment to force the Kremlin out of the game.
{"title":"President Putin: A holy mad man or a brave but trapped chicken in Ukraine?","authors":"Viljar Veebel, I. Ploom","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2158030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2158030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To choose an effective strategy to stop Putin and Russia’s aggressive ambitions in Ukraine and in wider Eastern Europe, Western political and military leaders need to understand his modus operandi and strategic logic. This article focuses on the benefits of game theory in explaining the behavior of the warring parties in Ukraine. It argues that, from an initial “mad man” or a game of chicken strategy chosen by Putin, he has been forced to gradually shift toward a less promising dollar auction model. If the mad man strategy was meant to deter opposing powers from testing Putin’s limits, now the dominant game has locked Putin into a self-driven game with ever higher bids and complications for any exit. For an effective response from the West, the key elements are the Ukrainian will to fight but also the brinkmanship of the West in choosing the right moment to force the Kremlin out of the game.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46800150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-07DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2130681
C. Walton
{"title":"The economic weapon: The rise of sanctions as a tool of modern warfare","authors":"C. Walton","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2130681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2130681","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46825454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-02DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2130678
Ralf Lillbacka
Abstract The article assesses a model predicting outcome in counterinsurgencies based on the counterinsurgent’s exposure to external friction and strategy. Unfavorable opinions, as well as insurgents’ access to third-party support and sanctuaries, constitute sources of external friction. Strategies were categorized as mainly kinetic or population-centric. The model predicts: (1) counterinsurgents lose in contexts with high external friction regardless of strategy; (2) counterinsurgents applying a population-centric strategy win if external friction is low; (3) counterinsurgents applying a purely kinetic strategy win if external friction is low only by obtaining distinct tactical superiority. The model correctly predicted 27 of 30 examined cases.
{"title":"A model of asymmetric conflict outcome – Sensitivity to friction and choice of strategy in counterinsurgencies","authors":"Ralf Lillbacka","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2130678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2130678","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article assesses a model predicting outcome in counterinsurgencies based on the counterinsurgent’s exposure to external friction and strategy. Unfavorable opinions, as well as insurgents’ access to third-party support and sanctuaries, constitute sources of external friction. Strategies were categorized as mainly kinetic or population-centric. The model predicts: (1) counterinsurgents lose in contexts with high external friction regardless of strategy; (2) counterinsurgents applying a population-centric strategy win if external friction is low; (3) counterinsurgents applying a purely kinetic strategy win if external friction is low only by obtaining distinct tactical superiority. The model correctly predicted 27 of 30 examined cases.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49457472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2130675
M. Göransson
Abstract The article examines Russian scholarly discussion of nonmilitary warfare with reference to securitization theory. Focusing on three main concepts of nonmilitary warfare that have featured in the Russian scholarly military and security debate in recent years – information war, color revolutions and hybrid war – it shows that Russian scholarly discussion of nonmilitary warfare, as it has evolved over time, has cast a widening range of phenomena as potential security threats, implying the need for an expanded state response to meet these threats. The broadened Russian understanding of security has some parallels in Western security discussions. However, a crucial distinction is that the Russian discussion has remained wedded to strong statist notion of security and a preponderant Western enemy image.
{"title":"Russian scholarly discussions of nonmilitary warfare as securitizing acts","authors":"M. Göransson","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2130675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2130675","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article examines Russian scholarly discussion of nonmilitary warfare with reference to securitization theory. Focusing on three main concepts of nonmilitary warfare that have featured in the Russian scholarly military and security debate in recent years – information war, color revolutions and hybrid war – it shows that Russian scholarly discussion of nonmilitary warfare, as it has evolved over time, has cast a widening range of phenomena as potential security threats, implying the need for an expanded state response to meet these threats. The broadened Russian understanding of security has some parallels in Western security discussions. However, a crucial distinction is that the Russian discussion has remained wedded to strong statist notion of security and a preponderant Western enemy image.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46572145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2130680
L. Hovsepyan
Abstract Turkish-US relations in the last decade have been marked by tensions, crises and mutual distrust, which is unprecedented in the framework of bilateral relations. Besides international systemic variables, domestic ones are also crucial in Turkey’s current foreign policy. Therefore, in order to fully consider the ongoing transformations in the field of foreign policy and for a more comprehensive coverage of the existing tensions in Turkish-American relations, their grounds, it is necessary to explore domestic variables. In this case, we explore the impact of Turkish unit-level variables – ideological-identity and military transformations and their impact on Turkish-US relations.
{"title":"The influence of Turkish domestic transformations on Turkish–U.S. relations: Ideology, identity, military","authors":"L. Hovsepyan","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2130680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2130680","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Turkish-US relations in the last decade have been marked by tensions, crises and mutual distrust, which is unprecedented in the framework of bilateral relations. Besides international systemic variables, domestic ones are also crucial in Turkey’s current foreign policy. Therefore, in order to fully consider the ongoing transformations in the field of foreign policy and for a more comprehensive coverage of the existing tensions in Turkish-American relations, their grounds, it is necessary to explore domestic variables. In this case, we explore the impact of Turkish unit-level variables – ideological-identity and military transformations and their impact on Turkish-US relations.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45708001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2130674
M. Berkowitz
Abstract What should be the role of military power in addressing challenges to U.S. national security interests? Should it just be used to deter armed attack by rival states? Or should military power be employed to achieve broader national objectives? The rise of great powers, global climate change, pandemic disease, and other factors and trends in the international security environment have prompted debate about the role of military power in U.S. grand strategy. This article addresses these questions by exploring the concepts of dominance and deterrence in international relations, ongoing security challenges and associated requirements for armed forces, and how military power can be integrated with other instruments of statecraft to protect and advance U.S. national interests.
{"title":"Dominance or deterrence? The role of military power in addressing challenges to U.S. national security interests","authors":"M. Berkowitz","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2130674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2130674","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract What should be the role of military power in addressing challenges to U.S. national security interests? Should it just be used to deter armed attack by rival states? Or should military power be employed to achieve broader national objectives? The rise of great powers, global climate change, pandemic disease, and other factors and trends in the international security environment have prompted debate about the role of military power in U.S. grand strategy. This article addresses these questions by exploring the concepts of dominance and deterrence in international relations, ongoing security challenges and associated requirements for armed forces, and how military power can be integrated with other instruments of statecraft to protect and advance U.S. national interests.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46462425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-06DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2111916
Šárka Zoulová, Veronika Čáslavová
Abstract Based on Terrence Lyon’s concepts, the article identifies crucial steps and key points in the evolution of a rebel group that leads to its successful transformation into a political party. The processes leading to such transformation are described and compared on two cases—Rwandan RPF and Colombian FARC. While the groups had a lot of in common in the means of achieving their goals (combination of political and military means), it was found that it is the difference in their internal structures that caused the achievement of RPF’s transformation and FARC’s failure. These differences are related to the movements’ unity, local support and the perception of movement’s victory.
{"title":"Transformation of an insurgent group into a political party: Case study of RPF and FARC","authors":"Šárka Zoulová, Veronika Čáslavová","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2111916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2111916","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Based on Terrence Lyon’s concepts, the article identifies crucial steps and key points in the evolution of a rebel group that leads to its successful transformation into a political party. The processes leading to such transformation are described and compared on two cases—Rwandan RPF and Colombian FARC. While the groups had a lot of in common in the means of achieving their goals (combination of political and military means), it was found that it is the difference in their internal structures that caused the achievement of RPF’s transformation and FARC’s failure. These differences are related to the movements’ unity, local support and the perception of movement’s victory.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48663700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-25DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2111917
C. Walton
{"title":"Kevin Rudd, The avoidable war: The dangers of a catastrophic conflict between the US and Xi Jinping’s China","authors":"C. Walton","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2111917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2111917","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48238230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-24DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2111908
Eray Alim
Abstract Although strategic hedging has attracted increasing scholarly attention in the study of how secondary states manage their relations with a neighboring great power, existing works on the subject suffer from a serious defect: privileging unit-level variables over structural determinants and security imperatives. The crux of secondary state hedging, however, is to manage the power imbalance against a local great power and security requirements must therefore be considered as the prime determinant behind decisions to embrace hedging strategies. I shall examine this hypothesis against the empirical evidence provided by the case of Turkey and Russia in the Black Sea region.
{"title":"Strategic hedging in the Black Sea: The case of Turkey versus Russia","authors":"Eray Alim","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2111908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2111908","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although strategic hedging has attracted increasing scholarly attention in the study of how secondary states manage their relations with a neighboring great power, existing works on the subject suffer from a serious defect: privileging unit-level variables over structural determinants and security imperatives. The crux of secondary state hedging, however, is to manage the power imbalance against a local great power and security requirements must therefore be considered as the prime determinant behind decisions to embrace hedging strategies. I shall examine this hypothesis against the empirical evidence provided by the case of Turkey and Russia in the Black Sea region.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44393399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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