The first Westerners to learn and describe Cantonese were Protestant missionaries who arrived in China in the 19th century. Given the almost total lack of local linguistic tools, they began to present Cantonese in grammars, dictionaries, primers and phrasebooks, also devising Romanization systems to transcribe its sounds. The first attempt at describing Cantonese grammar was made by Robert Morrison in a section of his Grammar of the Chinese Language (1815). Many other works followed, compiled also by Catholic missionaries or lay scholars, and dedicated to the analysis and pedagogy of Cantonese. This paper will firstly offer an overview of the very early impressions of the language carried out by Westerners; it will then show how their analyses evolved, becoming more refined and detailed, and eventually − with to the work of T. O’Melia − grew more conscious and independent from the analyses of Mandarin, contributing ante litteram at debunking the myth of “one universal Chinese grammar”.
第一批学习和描述广东话的西方人是19世纪抵达中国的新教传教士。由于几乎完全缺乏当地的语言工具，他们开始在语法、字典、入门读物和短语书中介绍广东话，还设计了罗马化系统来转录粤语的发音。马礼逊在他的《汉语语法》(1815年)中首次尝试描述粤语语法。许多其他的作品，也由天主教传教士或世俗学者汇编，并致力于分析和广东话的教学。本文首先概述了西方人对英语的早期印象;然后，它将展示他们的分析是如何演变的，变得更加精细和详细，并最终——在T. O 'Melia的工作下——变得更加有意识和独立于普通话的分析，为揭穿“一种通用的汉语语法”的神话做出贡献。
{"title":"Shaping Cantonese Grammar – Early Western Contribution","authors":"L. Paternicò","doi":"10.1051/HEL/2019006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/HEL/2019006","url":null,"abstract":"The first Westerners to learn and describe Cantonese were Protestant missionaries who arrived in China in the 19th century. Given the almost total lack of local linguistic tools, they began to present Cantonese in grammars, dictionaries, primers and phrasebooks, also devising Romanization systems to transcribe its sounds. The first attempt at describing Cantonese grammar was made by Robert Morrison in a section of his Grammar of the Chinese Language (1815). Many other works followed, compiled also by Catholic missionaries or lay scholars, and dedicated to the analysis and pedagogy of Cantonese. This paper will firstly offer an overview of the very early impressions of the language carried out by Westerners; it will then show how their analyses evolved, becoming more refined and detailed, and eventually − with to the work of T. O’Melia − grew more conscious and independent from the analyses of Mandarin, contributing ante litteram at debunking the myth of “one universal Chinese grammar”.","PeriodicalId":35179,"journal":{"name":"Histoire Epistemologie Langage","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57882717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bien que le langage intérieur soit une donnée fondamentale de la vie de l’esprit et malgré le fait que la recherche expérimentale sur le langage intérieur et ses fonctions devienne de plus en plus sophistiquée, la philosophie de l’esprit a rarement pris au sérieux le caractère langagier de la conscience et, dans le débat philosophique le plus récent sur le « mind-body problem » et le « hard problem of consciousness », la référence au langage, et en particulier au langage intérieur, n’est pas mobilisée sauf sous la forme du « language of thought ». Toutefois, l’étude philosophique d’un tel phénomène pourrait permettre de surmonter les limites des deux options qui se partagent le champ théorique, à savoir le physicalisme et le dualisme, et ainsi d’expliquer dialectiquement les spécificités de la cognition humaine. Dans les pages qui suivent, nous examinerons le cas de la réflexion philosophique de Tran Duc Thao (1917-1993) sur le langage intérieur dans ses Recherches sur l’origine du langage et de la conscience (1973), où l’auteur reconnait au langage et à son intériorisation un rôle central dans la formation de la conscience.
{"title":"Langage intérieur et origine de la conscience : le cas de Tran Duc Thao","authors":"Jacopo D’Alonzo","doi":"10.1051/HEL/2019008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/HEL/2019008","url":null,"abstract":"Bien que le langage intérieur soit une donnée fondamentale de la vie de l’esprit et malgré le fait que la recherche expérimentale sur le langage intérieur et ses fonctions devienne de plus en plus sophistiquée, la philosophie de l’esprit a rarement pris au sérieux le caractère langagier de la conscience et, dans le débat philosophique le plus récent sur le « mind-body problem » et le « hard problem of consciousness », la référence au langage, et en particulier au langage intérieur, n’est pas mobilisée sauf sous la forme du « language of thought ». Toutefois, l’étude philosophique d’un tel phénomène pourrait permettre de surmonter les limites des deux options qui se partagent le champ théorique, à savoir le physicalisme et le dualisme, et ainsi d’expliquer dialectiquement les spécificités de la cognition humaine. Dans les pages qui suivent, nous examinerons le cas de la réflexion philosophique de Tran Duc Thao (1917-1993) sur le langage intérieur dans ses Recherches sur l’origine du langage et de la conscience (1973), où l’auteur reconnait au langage et à son intériorisation un rôle central dans la formation de la conscience.","PeriodicalId":35179,"journal":{"name":"Histoire Epistemologie Langage","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57882751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On se représente souvent la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle, en raison de l’importance de ses propositions prescriptives, comme un moment où les discours tenus ont été acceptés et suivis d’effet. C’est au volet « limites » que nous nous intéressons dans cette contribution. Après avoir apporté quelques précisions terminologiques sur ce que l’on peut appeler normes et prescriptions, nous revenons sur les fondements de l’« anti-prescriptivisme » au XVIIe siècle, notamment dans l’espace des « remarques sur la langue », et nous montrons comment ce courant de résistance aux prescriptions a été repris par la culture mondaine de la fin du siècle. Au total, nous considérons que, loin de pouvoir être considérée seulement comme une période de « réglage », la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle peut être vue au contraire comme un moment conflictuel et polémique, caractérisé par une altération de la normativité traditionnelle de la grammaire et par l’installation de régimes sociaux d’opposition qui rendent difficile tout établissement d’une norme unique adossée à une prescription claire.
{"title":"Ambiguïtés de la norme et réticences face à la prescription à la fin du XVIIe siècle en France","authors":"Gilles Siouffi","doi":"10.1051/hel/2019019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/hel/2019019","url":null,"abstract":"On se représente souvent la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle, en raison de l’importance de ses propositions prescriptives, comme un moment où les discours tenus ont été acceptés et suivis d’effet. C’est au volet « limites » que nous nous intéressons dans cette contribution. Après avoir apporté quelques précisions terminologiques sur ce que l’on peut appeler normes et prescriptions, nous revenons sur les fondements de l’« anti-prescriptivisme » au XVIIe siècle, notamment dans l’espace des « remarques sur la langue », et nous montrons comment ce courant de résistance aux prescriptions a été repris par la culture mondaine de la fin du siècle. Au total, nous considérons que, loin de pouvoir être considérée seulement comme une période de « réglage », la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle peut être vue au contraire comme un moment conflictuel et polémique, caractérisé par une altération de la normativité traditionnelle de la grammaire et par l’installation de régimes sociaux d’opposition qui rendent difficile tout établissement d’une norme unique adossée à une prescription claire.","PeriodicalId":35179,"journal":{"name":"Histoire Epistemologie Langage","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57882922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.
{"title":"Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty","authors":"Takashi Takekoshi","doi":"10.1051/HEL/2019004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/HEL/2019004","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.","PeriodicalId":35179,"journal":{"name":"Histoire Epistemologie Langage","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57882657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the first half of the 19th century, Protestant missionaries based in China started teaching some English to the students attending their schools; in the second half of the century Chinese scholars opened their own language schools and wrote their grammarbooks of English.This contribution describes four of the grammarbooks for English that marked milestones in that period: Morrison’sA Grammar of the English Language(1823), Lobscheid’sChinese-English grammar(1864), Cáo Xiāng’sYīngzìrùmén(1874), and Wāng Fèngzǎo’sYīngwén jǔyú(1878). Its aim is to sketch the lines of the introduction of some of the key terms for grammar, within the theoretical framework of the phenomenon of grammatization of Chinese: the mutual influence from contemporary grammatical studies of Chinese and other languages will be highlighted.
{"title":"The introduction of English grammar studies into China in the 19thcentury","authors":"Tommaso Pellin","doi":"10.1051/HEL/2019007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/HEL/2019007","url":null,"abstract":"During the first half of the 19th century, Protestant missionaries based in China started teaching some English to the students attending their schools; in the second half of the century Chinese scholars opened their own language schools and wrote their grammarbooks of English.This contribution describes four of the grammarbooks for English that marked milestones in that period: Morrison’sA Grammar of the English Language(1823), Lobscheid’sChinese-English grammar(1864), Cáo Xiāng’sYīngzìrùmén(1874), and Wāng Fèngzǎo’sYīngwén jǔyú(1878). Its aim is to sketch the lines of the introduction of some of the key terms for grammar, within the theoretical framework of the phenomenon of grammatization of Chinese: the mutual influence from contemporary grammatical studies of Chinese and other languages will be highlighted.","PeriodicalId":35179,"journal":{"name":"Histoire Epistemologie Langage","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57882726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
À l’occasion du centième anniversaire de la publication de la première édition (1918) des Langues dans l’Europe nouvelle d’Antoine Meillet, cet article aimerait, d’une part, revenir, à partir de documents d’archives, sur l’histoire de cet ouvrage important dans la carrière de Meillet et, d’autre part, s’intéresser plus précisément à la façon dont Les langues dans l’Europe nouvelle fut reçu par les adeptes des différentes langues internationales auxiliaires qui existaient à l’époque, compte tenu du fait que, dans son ouvrage, Meillet s’était exprimé positivement sur le sujet.
{"title":"Autour des Langues dans l’Europe nouvelle \u0000Une réception de Meillet par les adeptes des langues artificielles","authors":"S. Moret","doi":"10.1051/hel/2019023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/hel/2019023","url":null,"abstract":"À l’occasion du centième anniversaire de la publication de la première édition (1918) des Langues dans l’Europe nouvelle d’Antoine Meillet, cet article aimerait, d’une part, revenir, à partir de documents d’archives, sur l’histoire de cet ouvrage important dans la carrière de Meillet et, d’autre part, s’intéresser plus précisément à la façon dont Les langues dans l’Europe nouvelle fut reçu par les adeptes des différentes langues internationales auxiliaires qui existaient à l’époque, compte tenu du fait que, dans son ouvrage, Meillet s’était exprimé positivement sur le sujet.","PeriodicalId":35179,"journal":{"name":"Histoire Epistemologie Langage","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57882561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nous donnons dans cet article une présentation des récentes lois adoptées en Russie (lois de 2005 et 2014 particulièrement) qui visent à protéger et promouvoir la langue russe, langue officielle de la Fédération de Russie. Le souci de l’État pour la langue nationale aboutit à mêler, en une même loi, obligation d’utilisation de la langue russe dans une série de domaines et protection d’une langue normée, châtiée. Nous montrons en quoi cet amalgame, qui va aujourd’hui jusqu’à la limitation de la liberté d’expression dans les manifestations et les lieux publics, prend sa source dans l’histoire des représentations de la langue russe au xxe siècle et notamment dans la notion de « culture linguistique », telle qu’elle s’est développée après la révolution de 1917.
{"title":"Légiférer sur la langue russe","authors":"S. Archaimbault","doi":"10.1051/hel/2019013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/hel/2019013","url":null,"abstract":"Nous donnons dans cet article une présentation des récentes lois adoptées en Russie (lois de 2005 et 2014 particulièrement) qui visent à protéger et promouvoir la langue russe, langue officielle de la Fédération de Russie. Le souci de l’État pour la langue nationale aboutit à mêler, en une même loi, obligation d’utilisation de la langue russe dans une série de domaines et protection d’une langue normée, châtiée. Nous montrons en quoi cet amalgame, qui va aujourd’hui jusqu’à la limitation de la liberté d’expression dans les manifestations et les lieux publics, prend sa source dans l’histoire des représentations de la langue russe au xxe siècle et notamment dans la notion de « culture linguistique », telle qu’elle s’est développée après la révolution de 1917.","PeriodicalId":35179,"journal":{"name":"Histoire Epistemologie Langage","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57882792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We define prescription as any intervention in the way another person speaks. Long excluded from linguistics as unscientific, prescription is in fact a natural part of linguistic behavior. We seek to understand the logic and method of prescriptivism through the study of usage manuals: their authors, sources and audience; their social context; the categories of “errors” targeted; the justification for correction; the phrasing of prescription; the relationship between demonstrated usage and the usage prescribed; the effect of the prescription. Our corpus is a collection of about 30 usage manuals in the French tradition. Eventually we hope to create a database permitting easy comparison of these features.
{"title":"Understanding prescription in language. A corpus-based approach","authors":"D. Kibbee, Alan B. Craig","doi":"10.1051/hel/2019017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/hel/2019017","url":null,"abstract":"We define prescription as any intervention in the way another person speaks. Long excluded from linguistics as unscientific, prescription is in fact a natural part of linguistic behavior. We seek to understand the logic and method of prescriptivism through the study of usage manuals: their authors, sources and audience; their social context; the categories of “errors” targeted; the justification for correction; the phrasing of prescription; the relationship between demonstrated usage and the usage prescribed; the effect of the prescription. Our corpus is a collection of about 30 usage manuals in the French tradition. Eventually we hope to create a database permitting easy comparison of these features.","PeriodicalId":35179,"journal":{"name":"Histoire Epistemologie Langage","volume":"482 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57882904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author of the passage hereabove is Joshua Marshman (1768–1837), an English Protestant missionary to India who in 1814 published Clavis Sinica, a work on the Chinese language, including a presentation of the elements of Chinese grammar. Marshman was, undoubtedly, a pioneer of the study of Chinese grammar: his Clavis Sinica was one of the earliest grammars of Chinese and his research provided a very deep insight into the matter. Therefore, he is usually included among the scholars who contributed most to the development of studies of Chinese grammar. Yet from his words it can be assumed that he had no knowledge of native Chinese grammar studies and therefore, as far as this linguistic branch was concerned, he flatly dismissed Chinese traditional linguistic research: grammar studies, as Marshman puts it, simply do not exist in China. While in 17th and 18th century essays on the Chinese language, written by European missionaries, Chinese was described as radically diverse, diametrically opposed, and the nature of grammatical studies in traditional China was not a matter of debate, the cliché of the absence of grammar studies in China began to
{"title":"Introduction − Aspects of the grammatization of the chinese language","authors":"Tommaso Pellin","doi":"10.1051/HEL/2019010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/HEL/2019010","url":null,"abstract":"The author of the passage hereabove is Joshua Marshman (1768–1837), an English Protestant missionary to India who in 1814 published Clavis Sinica, a work on the Chinese language, including a presentation of the elements of Chinese grammar. Marshman was, undoubtedly, a pioneer of the study of Chinese grammar: his Clavis Sinica was one of the earliest grammars of Chinese and his research provided a very deep insight into the matter. Therefore, he is usually included among the scholars who contributed most to the development of studies of Chinese grammar. Yet from his words it can be assumed that he had no knowledge of native Chinese grammar studies and therefore, as far as this linguistic branch was concerned, he flatly dismissed Chinese traditional linguistic research: grammar studies, as Marshman puts it, simply do not exist in China. While in 17th and 18th century essays on the Chinese language, written by European missionaries, Chinese was described as radically diverse, diametrically opposed, and the nature of grammatical studies in traditional China was not a matter of debate, the cliché of the absence of grammar studies in China began to","PeriodicalId":35179,"journal":{"name":"Histoire Epistemologie Langage","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57882771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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