Pub Date : 2022-03-29DOI: 10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8836
O. Vlasova
While interest towards Memory Studies has long been popular when it comes to studying cultural traditions and social groups, the field of science (scientific traditions) describes issues using the traditional language of history, philosophy and sociology of science. This happens despite Memory Studies potentially being a productive asset in this problem field. This paper brings together Memory Studies and R. Collins’ sociology of philosophy, while presenting a new strategy for problematization based on the history of philosophy. Memory Studies and sociology of philosophies are presented as two complementary approaches that have interdisciplinary prospects for understanding the methodological problems of the humanities in general and philosophy in particular. The foundations of the approaches are analyzed, a comparative analysis is conducted of the conceptual apparatus, examples of explication of sociological tools in the field of current philosophical discussions are considered. How does philosophy work with the past, how does the “past-present” dialectic unfold in the community of philosophers, how do mnemonic practices determine the lines of power in this field? How are “sacred texts” selected in academic communities, what role do mnemonic practices play when it comes to generational bonds? What sort of practices circulate in the community in terms of condemning or accepting figures from the past? All of these issues are analyzed in the study, based on the concepts of Memory Studies and sociology of philosophy while invoking the ideas of R. Collins’ critics, as well as methodological historical and philosophical works. The approach offered by the author makes it possible to expand Memory Studies and sociology of philosophy into the field of history of philosophy and lay the foundations for such studies in the history, sociology and philosophy of science.
{"title":"Methodologies of Memory Studies and Sociology of Philosophy in the Study of the History of Philosophy and Science","authors":"O. Vlasova","doi":"10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8836","url":null,"abstract":"While interest towards Memory Studies has long been popular when it comes to studying cultural traditions and social groups, the field of science (scientific traditions) describes issues using the traditional language of history, philosophy and sociology of science. This happens despite Memory Studies potentially being a productive asset in this problem field. This paper brings together Memory Studies and R. Collins’ sociology of philosophy, while presenting a new strategy for problematization based on the history of philosophy. Memory Studies and sociology of philosophies are presented as two complementary approaches that have interdisciplinary prospects for understanding the methodological problems of the humanities in general and philosophy in particular. The foundations of the approaches are analyzed, a comparative analysis is conducted of the conceptual apparatus, examples of explication of sociological tools in the field of current philosophical discussions are considered.\u0000How does philosophy work with the past, how does the “past-present” dialectic unfold in the community of philosophers, how do mnemonic practices determine the lines of power in this field? How are “sacred texts” selected in academic communities, what role do mnemonic practices play when it comes to generational bonds? What sort of practices circulate in the community in terms of condemning or accepting figures from the past? All of these issues are analyzed in the study, based on the concepts of Memory Studies and sociology of philosophy while invoking the ideas of R. Collins’ critics, as well as methodological historical and philosophical works. The approach offered by the author makes it possible to expand Memory Studies and sociology of philosophy into the field of history of philosophy and lay the foundations for such studies in the history, sociology and philosophy of science.","PeriodicalId":35261,"journal":{"name":"Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44696637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-29DOI: 10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8838
A. Temnitskiy
The paper details the results of a secondary analysis aimed at revealing the social role that self-affirmation values play for Russian workers. For this purpose, the specifics of the relationship between such values as “power-wealth” and “achievement” are successively compared with subjective well-being indicators pertinent to hired workers in Russia and their colleagues in other European countries. In addition to traditional indicators of subjective well-being (satisfaction with life and household income evaluation), the role of a worker’s motivational potential is also taken into account. The data produced by the European Social Survey (ESS) in 2006–2018 is used as the information base. The object of the study was workers who had paid jobs at the time of the survey. In contrast to the “scarcity” hypothesis proposed by R. Inglehart and C. Welzel, the “wealth fixation” hypothesis is substantiated in theory and empirically tested for Russian workers with high self-affirmation values. This hypothesis was confirmed: when family income reaches higher values and when subjective evaluations of such income are also high, self-affirmation values grow as well. The analysis showed that positive relations between subjective well-being indicators and self-affirmation values are one of the important distinguishing characteristics of Russian workers. The final conclusions allow for making the claim that the well-being of Russian workers mainly depends on their individual efforts and how they perform at work. The trend towards weakened relations between self-affirmation values and subjective well-being indicators noticed in Russian workers in the period between 2006 and 2018 are believed to be a sign of the decrease in Russian workers’ motivational potential that had emerged by 2018.
{"title":"The Role of Self-Affirmation Values in Achieving the Well-Being for Russian Workers","authors":"A. Temnitskiy","doi":"10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8838","url":null,"abstract":"The paper details the results of a secondary analysis aimed at revealing the social role that self-affirmation values play for Russian workers. For this purpose, the specifics of the relationship between such values as “power-wealth” and “achievement” are successively compared with subjective well-being indicators pertinent to hired workers in Russia and their colleagues in other European countries. In addition to traditional indicators of subjective well-being (satisfaction with life and household income evaluation), the role of a worker’s motivational potential is also taken into account.\u0000The data produced by the European Social Survey (ESS) in 2006–2018 is used as the information base. The object of the study was workers who had paid jobs at the time of the survey.\u0000In contrast to the “scarcity” hypothesis proposed by R. Inglehart and C. Welzel, the “wealth fixation” hypothesis is substantiated in theory and empirically tested for Russian workers with high self-affirmation values. This hypothesis was confirmed: when family income reaches higher values and when subjective evaluations of such income are also high, self-affirmation values grow as well. The analysis showed that positive relations between subjective well-being indicators and self-affirmation values are one of the important distinguishing characteristics of Russian workers.\u0000The final conclusions allow for making the claim that the well-being of Russian workers mainly depends on their individual efforts and how they perform at work. The trend towards weakened relations between self-affirmation values and subjective well-being indicators noticed in Russian workers in the period between 2006 and 2018 are believed to be a sign of the decrease in Russian workers’ motivational potential that had emerged by 2018.","PeriodicalId":35261,"journal":{"name":"Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47810725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-29DOI: 10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8884
V. Peshkova
Entrepreneurial activity of immigrants is a fairly new phenomenon for Russian reality which explains both the paucity of empirical works and the practically absence of a holistic view of theoretical and methodological foundations for such studies in Russian social science. The article aims to fill this gap and offer an analytical overview of the main foreign theoretical approaches to the immigrant entrepreneurship. The review is structured according to the main thematic issues in connection with which as a rule the peculiarities of immigrant entrepreneurship are discussed, which distinguish them from other types of entrepreneurship. The article sequentially examines approaches to the study of factors, group and individual characteristics of immigrants that promote or limit the development of their entrepreneurial activity; special attention is paid to the history of the study and (re)assessment of the role that ethnicity plays in migrant entrepreneurship; finally, the spatial aspect of the entrepreneurial activity of migrants is analyzed. Among the theoretical approaches special attention is paid to interactive theory, theory of mixed embeddedness, theory of ethnic economics, concepts of middleman, enclave economy, positioning, scaling and placement, as well as more modern concepts of glocalized networks, multifocality and transnational mixed embeddedness.
{"title":"Immigrants’ Entrepreneurship: Analytical Overview of Foreign Approaches","authors":"V. Peshkova","doi":"10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8884","url":null,"abstract":"Entrepreneurial activity of immigrants is a fairly new phenomenon for Russian reality which explains both the paucity of empirical works and the practically absence of a holistic view of theoretical and methodological foundations for such studies in Russian social science. The article aims to fill this gap and offer an analytical overview of the main foreign theoretical approaches to the immigrant entrepreneurship. The review is structured according to the main thematic issues in connection with which as a rule the peculiarities of immigrant entrepreneurship are discussed, which distinguish them from other types of entrepreneurship. The article sequentially examines approaches to the study of factors, group and individual characteristics of immigrants that promote or limit the development of their entrepreneurial activity; special attention is paid to the history of the study and (re)assessment of the role that ethnicity plays in migrant entrepreneurship; finally, the spatial aspect of the entrepreneurial activity of migrants is analyzed. Among the theoretical approaches special attention is paid to interactive theory, theory of mixed embeddedness, theory of ethnic economics, concepts of middleman, enclave economy, positioning, scaling and placement, as well as more modern concepts of glocalized networks, multifocality and transnational mixed embeddedness.","PeriodicalId":35261,"journal":{"name":"Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45017547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-29DOI: 10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8842
A. Malinkin
On the example of the article “Word in Life and Word in Poetry. On the Issues of Sociological Poetics” (1926), the author analyzes the sociological methodology used by V.N. Voloshinov (M.M. Bakhtin) in a number of publications in the 1920’s and first utilized in this article. The methodology is declared to be Marxist. It is proven that it cannot be unequivocally identified with the Marxist variety, since it does not fully correspond to the fundamental principles of the teachings of K. Marx and F. Engels. The Voloshinov-Bakhtin methodology reveals a conceptual and subject-thematic affinity with Max Scheler’s phenomenological sociology. The author believes that the article attempts to combine two philosophical methodologies within a single humanitarian-scientific study. A double comparative analysis is conducted by the author in the context of the results of researching the life and work of M.M. Bakhtin in order to expand the cultural and scientific research space in the history of Russian philosophical sociology.
{"title":"Phenomenological Enthymeme in V.N. Voloshinov’s Marxist Sociology of Poetics. Using the Example of an Article titled “Word in Life and Word in Poetry...”","authors":"A. Malinkin","doi":"10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8842","url":null,"abstract":"On the example of the article “Word in Life and Word in Poetry. On the Issues of Sociological Poetics” (1926), the author analyzes the sociological methodology used by V.N. Voloshinov (M.M. Bakhtin) in a number of publications in the 1920’s and first utilized in this article. The methodology is declared to be Marxist. It is proven that it cannot be unequivocally identified with the Marxist variety, since it does not fully correspond to the fundamental principles of the teachings of K. Marx and F. Engels. The Voloshinov-Bakhtin methodology reveals a conceptual and subject-thematic affinity with Max Scheler’s phenomenological sociology. The author believes that the article attempts to combine two philosophical methodologies within a single humanitarian-scientific study. A double comparative analysis is conducted by the author in the context of the results of researching the life and work of M.M. Bakhtin in order to expand the cultural and scientific research space in the history of Russian philosophical sociology.","PeriodicalId":35261,"journal":{"name":"Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46296113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-29DOI: 10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8839
N. Latova
The article analyzes the leisure preferences of Russian workers with an emphasis on specialists as a special professional group. Human potential theory is chosen as the main theoretical framework. Based on R. Stebbins’ concept, a typology of modern leisure practices in terms of their impact on human potential is offered. The analysis of data from the all-Russian survey conducted in October 2018 by the Institute of Sociology of FCTAS RAS leads to the conclusion that compared to other workers specialists more often and more fervently choose those types of leisure activities that contribute to the development of their human potential. At the same time, advanced leisure practices are more popular among specialists from the following subgroups: women, young people, city dwellers, and those who consider themselves to be in good health. In addition to these characteristics, external accessibility and internal demand for knowledge also have positive effects. When comparing data from 2018 and 2008, there are some apparent positive shifts in professionals’ leisure preferences. However, we also see a decrease in the rate of growth in professionals’ interest towards advanced leisure practices. In addition, by 2018, in terms of leisure time spent on education, specialists fell behind such groups as entrepreneurs, the self-employed and managers of various levels, who demonstrate a stronger focus on building human potential. Thus, Russian specialists are ahead of most Russians when it comes to the human potential criterion, but their involvement in educational activity in their leisure time (especially in health-preserving behavior) is lower than that of entrepreneurs/self-employed/managers. This calls into question whether this professional group’s characteristics are adequate for the current post-industrial trends.
{"title":"Leisure Preferences of Russian Specialists as a Factor of Human Potential Building","authors":"N. Latova","doi":"10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8839","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the leisure preferences of Russian workers with an emphasis on specialists as a special professional group. Human potential theory is chosen as the main theoretical framework. Based on R. Stebbins’ concept, a typology of modern leisure practices in terms of their impact on human potential is offered. The analysis of data from the all-Russian survey conducted in October 2018 by the Institute of Sociology of FCTAS RAS leads to the conclusion that compared to other workers specialists more often and more fervently choose those types of leisure activities that contribute to the development of their human potential. At the same time, advanced leisure practices are more popular among specialists from the following subgroups: women, young people, city dwellers, and those who consider themselves to be in good health. In addition to these characteristics, external accessibility and internal demand for knowledge also have positive effects. When comparing data from 2018 and 2008, there are some apparent positive shifts in professionals’ leisure preferences. However, we also see a decrease in the rate of growth in professionals’ interest towards advanced leisure practices. In addition, by 2018, in terms of leisure time spent on education, specialists fell behind such groups as entrepreneurs, the self-employed and managers of various levels, who demonstrate a stronger focus on building human potential. Thus, Russian specialists are ahead of most Russians when it comes to the human potential criterion, but their involvement in educational activity in their leisure time (especially in health-preserving behavior) is lower than that of entrepreneurs/self-employed/managers. This calls into question whether this professional group’s characteristics are adequate for the current post-industrial trends.","PeriodicalId":35261,"journal":{"name":"Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45340955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-29DOI: 10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8841
G. Zborovsky
The article examines Russian sociology as a whole and in one particular Russian region (the Ural) through the lens of several scientific approaches. The situation in modern Russian sociology is described as a crisis, and the science itself is in need of a new revival. The Great Sociological Ural is considered as an object of research. The subject of research is the main scientific approaches towards studying sociology in the region. Of special interest is the interpretation of the generational approach, which is considered as a tool for analyzing sociology in the region. The purpose of the article is to present the resurgence process, the formation and development of sociology in the region as a subject of research in the mirror of a number of scientific approaches with an emphasis on generational analysis. The author’s theoretical framework is based on the concept of generations in B.Z. Doktorov’s sociology, including his “ladder of generations”. A generational stratification of the sociological community in the Ural is provided, including seven generations — from the moment of the resurgence of sociology in the Ural (during late 1950’s – 1960’s) up to the present day. A characteristic for each of them is provided. The author’s methodology and methods of empirical research are shown. The main methods used were in-depth interviews, the biographical method, as well as the document research method.
{"title":"Sociology in a Region as a Subject of Scientific Research","authors":"G. Zborovsky","doi":"10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8841","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines Russian sociology as a whole and in one particular Russian region (the Ural) through the lens of several scientific approaches. The situation in modern Russian sociology is described as a crisis, and the science itself is in need of a new revival. The Great Sociological Ural is considered as an object of research. The subject of research is the main scientific approaches towards studying sociology in the region. Of special interest is the interpretation of the generational approach, which is considered as a tool for analyzing sociology in the region. The purpose of the article is to present the resurgence process, the formation and development of sociology in the region as a subject of research in the mirror of a number of scientific approaches with an emphasis on generational analysis. The author’s theoretical framework is based on the concept of generations in B.Z. Doktorov’s sociology, including his “ladder of generations”. A generational stratification of the sociological community in the Ural is provided, including seven generations — from the moment of the resurgence of sociology in the Ural (during late 1950’s – 1960’s) up to the present day. A characteristic for each of them is provided. The author’s methodology and methods of empirical research are shown. The main methods used were in-depth interviews, the biographical method, as well as the document research method.","PeriodicalId":35261,"journal":{"name":"Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47968737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-29DOI: 10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8837
M. Silva, Fernando Rodrigues, A. Fontes, A. Fontes
The authors summarize the origin and evolution of the urban “island” of BelaVista in Porto, Portugal, since the 19th century. Despite local residents mobilizing in the wake of the revolution of April 25th 1974 in the context of the urban housing and design initiative (Local Ambulatory Support Service — Serviço de Apoio Ambulatório Local, SAAL), they were unable to renovate the crumbling neighbourhood. The Residents’ Association, resisting the onslaught of demolition strategies that were driven by real estate interests, eventually managed, with the support from a technical team of architects, social scientists and activists, to mobilize residents and ensure the political commitment of an independent parliamentary candidate in order to rehabilitate the “island” of Bela Vista. The project was also subsequently supported by the Councillors of Culture and Urbanism. Though various quantitative (survey) and qualitative (interviews, life stories) methods were applied in the study, the article highlights and expands on the action-research method opposite to positivist assumptions.
作者总结了19世纪以来葡萄牙波尔图BelaVista城市“岛”的起源和演变。尽管当地居民在1974年4月25日的城市住房和设计倡议(当地流动支持服务- servio de Apoio Ambulatório local, SAAL)的背景下动员起来，但他们无法修复摇摇欲坠的社区。居民协会抵制了由房地产利益驱动的拆迁策略的冲击，最终在建筑师、社会科学家和活动家组成的技术团队的支持下，动员了居民，并确保了独立议会候选人的政治承诺，以恢复贝拉维斯塔的“岛屿”。该项目随后也得到了文化和城市主义委员会的支持。虽然在研究中应用了各种定量(调查)和定性(访谈，生活故事)方法，但文章强调并扩展了与实证主义假设相反的行动研究方法。
{"title":"Participatory Methods: the Exemplary Case of the Bela Vista “Island” in Porto (2013-2017)","authors":"M. Silva, Fernando Rodrigues, A. Fontes, A. Fontes","doi":"10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8837","url":null,"abstract":"The authors summarize the origin and evolution of the urban “island” of BelaVista in Porto, Portugal, since the 19th century. Despite local residents mobilizing in the wake of the revolution of April 25th 1974 in the context of the urban housing and design initiative (Local Ambulatory Support Service — Serviço de Apoio Ambulatório Local, SAAL), they were unable to renovate the crumbling neighbourhood. The Residents’ Association, resisting the onslaught of demolition strategies that were driven by real estate interests, eventually managed, with the support from a technical team of architects, social scientists and activists, to mobilize residents and ensure the political commitment of an independent parliamentary candidate in order to rehabilitate the “island” of Bela Vista. The project was also subsequently supported by the Councillors of Culture and Urbanism. Though various quantitative (survey) and qualitative (interviews, life stories) methods were applied in the study, the article highlights and expands on the action-research method opposite to positivist assumptions.","PeriodicalId":35261,"journal":{"name":"Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46165648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-29DOI: 10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8835
S. Naryan, A. Bykov
In the context of developing a new sociology of morality, the article examines such phenomena as moral agency and moral patiency, understood as an actor’s attributed ability to be seen as a subject or object of morally relevant actions. The authors analyze the concept of the “moral dyad” as the most popular general approach that addresses various aspects of attributing moral agency and patiency through mind ascription. We also examine the four key principles of the moral dyad concept: causing harm as a prerequisite for the moral relevance of the action, the inseparable link between mind ascription and moral agency/patiency, the phenomenon of moral typecasting, and the principle of the moral scheme’s completion being a necessity. Based on the criticisms of these basic principles, we consider the prospects for further research in the field of studying these moral qualities of actors of various types. For this purpose, we identify and discuss three key problems of the concept of the “moral dyad”, which, as we argue, should be addressed from a sociological perspective: explaining the moral status of actors in the case of pro-social actions, as well as the moral status of collective (groups, corporations, states, institutions) and non-human (robots, computer algorithms) actors. In conclusion we suggest that focusing on these problems in the context of actual social interactions can become one of the key research areas within the framework of the new sociology of morality.
{"title":"The Problem of Moral Agency: Prospects of the Sociological Approach in the Context of the “Moral Dyad” Theory","authors":"S. Naryan, A. Bykov","doi":"10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8835","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of developing a new sociology of morality, the article examines such phenomena as moral agency and moral patiency, understood as an actor’s attributed ability to be seen as a subject or object of morally relevant actions. The authors analyze the concept of the “moral dyad” as the most popular general approach that addresses various aspects of attributing moral agency and patiency through mind ascription. We also examine the four key principles of the moral dyad concept: causing harm as a prerequisite for the moral relevance of the action, the inseparable link between mind ascription and moral agency/patiency, the phenomenon of moral typecasting, and the principle of the moral scheme’s completion being a necessity. Based on the criticisms of these basic principles, we consider the prospects for further research in the field of studying these moral qualities of actors of various types. For this purpose, we identify and discuss three key problems of the concept of the “moral dyad”, which, as we argue, should be addressed from a sociological perspective: explaining the moral status of actors in the case of pro-social actions, as well as the moral status of collective (groups, corporations, states, institutions) and non-human (robots, computer algorithms) actors. In conclusion we suggest that focusing on these problems in the context of actual social interactions can become one of the key research areas within the framework of the new sociology of morality.","PeriodicalId":35261,"journal":{"name":"Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46572903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-29DOI: 10.19181/socjour.2022.28.1.8840
A. Kuchenkova
The article looks into age-related differences in the degree of employment precarization and in the nature of its relationship with the subjective well-being of workers, with the perception of unstable conditions of employment and labor activity. Based on data from the all-Russian survey of the working population, three worker age groups are compared: up to 29 years old, 30–49 years old, 50 years old and up. It is found that indicators of precarization are more common among young people, while being less often found among older people and middle-aged workers. These age groups go in the same order if they are ranked in descending order of employment precarization index values, which is a number constructed of those precarity indicators that an employee displays simultaneously. Age-related differences are also found in the specifics of the relationship between precarization and subjective assessments of the situation in the realm of work and life in general. Unstable employment hurts middle-aged workers the most: among them an increase in employment precarization is associated not just with a decrease in satisfaction with one’s job, wages and working conditions (that’s typical for all age categories), but also with increased concern over various problems at their place of work, social pessimism, dissatisfaction with life and the changes that have occurred in it. For young people and older workers only a few of these indicators (primarily those related to evaluations of working conditions and place of work) are associated with increased employment precarization.
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Pub Date : 2021-12-29DOI: 10.19181/socjour.2021.27.4.8649
K. Gavrilov, M. Butynko
This article presents the results of using the “psychometric paradigm” methodology (P. Slovic, B. Fischhoff, S. Lichtenstein and others) to study the perception of cyber risks and compare them to other risks designated as “traditional”. The respondents in an online survey were presented seven cyber risks (from computer games to hacker attacks and viruses) and 65 traditional risks (from natural disasters to nuclear power plants and terrorism), assessed based on 8 characteristics. As a result, computer games were perceived differently compared to other cyber risks: first of all, they do not induce fear. Other cyber risks are concentrated in an area of relatively obscure and moderately frightening risks, but they do not form a separate cluster. Radiation therapy, herbicides and pesticides are the closest to cyber risks in the two-dimensional space of risk perception. The results of this pilot survey may be considered a reflection of the sample used, where the main participants were active Internet users who were able to distinguish between the presented cyber risks.
{"title":"The Perception of Cyber and Traditional Risks: Experience of Using the Psychometric Paradigm Approach","authors":"K. Gavrilov, M. Butynko","doi":"10.19181/socjour.2021.27.4.8649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2021.27.4.8649","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the results of using the “psychometric paradigm” methodology (P. Slovic, B. Fischhoff, S. Lichtenstein and others) to study the perception of cyber risks and compare them to other risks designated as “traditional”. The respondents in an online survey were presented seven cyber risks (from computer games to hacker attacks and viruses) and 65 traditional risks (from natural disasters to nuclear power plants and terrorism), assessed based on 8 characteristics. As a result, computer games were perceived differently compared to other cyber risks: first of all, they do not induce fear. Other cyber risks are concentrated in an area of relatively obscure and moderately frightening risks, but they do not form a separate cluster. Radiation therapy, herbicides and pesticides are the closest to cyber risks in the two-dimensional space of risk perception. The results of this pilot survey may be considered a reflection of the sample used, where the main participants were active Internet users who were able to distinguish between the presented cyber risks.","PeriodicalId":35261,"journal":{"name":"Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43057432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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