Abstract:This article analyzes how khipus, Andean knotted cords for communication, indicated their subject matter. Spanish chroniclers attested to the existence of different genres of khipus; however, scholars have not known how or if khipus indicated the genre of data they stored. Ethnographic testimony reveals that needlework bundles—kaytes—attached to primary cords served as subject indicators. This article surveys post-Inka kaytes, examining one from colonial Huarochirí through an interdisciplinary methodology that provides a model for kayte interpretation. This new evidence about subject indicators supports the hypothesis that khipus encoded information through hierarchical levels of significance, and furthers decipherment.
{"title":"Subject Indicators and the Decipherment of Genre on Andean Khipus","authors":"S. Hyland","doi":"10.1353/anl.2020.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2020.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article analyzes how khipus, Andean knotted cords for communication, indicated their subject matter. Spanish chroniclers attested to the existence of different genres of khipus; however, scholars have not known how or if khipus indicated the genre of data they stored. Ethnographic testimony reveals that needlework bundles—kaytes—attached to primary cords served as subject indicators. This article surveys post-Inka kaytes, examining one from colonial Huarochirí through an interdisciplinary methodology that provides a model for kayte interpretation. This new evidence about subject indicators supports the hypothesis that khipus encoded information through hierarchical levels of significance, and furthers decipherment.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45208316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:I examine language samples recorded by the Scottish explorer Alexander Mackenzie, who established contact with local people in the Shuswap–Carrier–Bella Coola macroregion in 1793. The first short word list he presents affords proof of drag chain sound shifts in Carrier and lexical changes in a northwestern Shuswap dialect, and the second one illustrates the shift of *...an# to ...a# in Bella Coola. Together with Mackenzie’s data, Daniel Harmon’s 1820 Carrier word list provides a time line for completion of certain sound shifts in Carrier. Additionally, the Shuswap dialect observed by Mackenzie clearly differed from current Shuswap dialects on the lexical level.
{"title":"Old Records of Three Contiguous Pacific Northwest Languages: Bella Coola, Carrier, Shuswap","authors":"H. Nater","doi":"10.1353/anl.2020.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2020.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:I examine language samples recorded by the Scottish explorer Alexander Mackenzie, who established contact with local people in the Shuswap–Carrier–Bella Coola macroregion in 1793. The first short word list he presents affords proof of drag chain sound shifts in Carrier and lexical changes in a northwestern Shuswap dialect, and the second one illustrates the shift of *...an# to ...a# in Bella Coola. Together with Mackenzie’s data, Daniel Harmon’s 1820 Carrier word list provides a time line for completion of certain sound shifts in Carrier. Additionally, the Shuswap dialect observed by Mackenzie clearly differed from current Shuswap dialects on the lexical level.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43667347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Dogon NPs divide modifiers into two opposing supercategories defined by convergent semantic and tonosyntactic properties. Dogon verbs undergo various tonal overlays controlled by tense-aspect-mood-polarity suffixes. One Dogon language, Jamsay, similarly systematized tonal patterns in verbal inflection. The tonosyntactically active elements are reference restrictors in NPs and negative suffixes in verbs; these combine to constitute a language-specific “superdupercategory,” for which a set-theoretic semantics is proposed. “Super-dupercategories” appear also in the neighboring isolate Bangime and parallels to the diachrony of supercategories in Wubuy (Australia). Binary supercategories are simultaneously systematic and language-specific, hence cultural, but index or affect nothing outside of language. They fit into no contemporary theory of language, but recall early and mid-twentieth century ideas about the enchantment of formal patterns.
{"title":"Converging Tonosyntactic Supercategories: Crossing the Noun-Verb Barrier in Jamsay","authors":"J. Heath","doi":"10.1353/anl.2020.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2020.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Dogon NPs divide modifiers into two opposing supercategories defined by convergent semantic and tonosyntactic properties. Dogon verbs undergo various tonal overlays controlled by tense-aspect-mood-polarity suffixes. One Dogon language, Jamsay, similarly systematized tonal patterns in verbal inflection. The tonosyntactically active elements are reference restrictors in NPs and negative suffixes in verbs; these combine to constitute a language-specific “superdupercategory,” for which a set-theoretic semantics is proposed. “Super-dupercategories” appear also in the neighboring isolate Bangime and parallels to the diachrony of supercategories in Wubuy (Australia). Binary supercategories are simultaneously systematic and language-specific, hence cultural, but index or affect nothing outside of language. They fit into no contemporary theory of language, but recall early and mid-twentieth century ideas about the enchantment of formal patterns.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46050870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This study examines the language ideologies behind the shift away from the use of Upper Necaxa Totonac, an indigenous language of Mexico. Five themes characterize the discourses of the first generation of parents who socialized their children to use Spanish, the majority language, as the everyday language of communication: preoccupation with their children’s future, an unfavorable view of indigenous identity, the association of the past with suffering, concern about their children’s proficiency in Spanish, and the inability to force children to learn the indigenous language. These discourses reveal an ideology that views being indigenous as inferior, leading parents to eschew the transmission of their language.
{"title":"“I Don’t Want Them to Be like Me”: Discourses of Inferiority and Language Shift in Upper Necaxa Totonac","authors":"Yvonne Lam","doi":"10.1353/anl.2020.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2020.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This study examines the language ideologies behind the shift away from the use of Upper Necaxa Totonac, an indigenous language of Mexico. Five themes characterize the discourses of the first generation of parents who socialized their children to use Spanish, the majority language, as the everyday language of communication: preoccupation with their children’s future, an unfavorable view of indigenous identity, the association of the past with suffering, concern about their children’s proficiency in Spanish, and the inability to force children to learn the indigenous language. These discourses reveal an ideology that views being indigenous as inferior, leading parents to eschew the transmission of their language.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46907756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Retelling Trickster in Naapi’s Language by Nimachia Howe (review)","authors":"P. Bakker","doi":"10.1353/anl.2020.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2020.0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45644512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:A comparison of two large oral corpora, one Nigerian Arabic, one Egyptian, show a massive expansion, both quantitative and structural-functional, of the demonstrative in Nigerian Arabic. Contact with other languages of the Lake Chad area, into which Arabic speakers began to move about 1215 ce, explains the innovations in the use of the Nigerian Arabic demonstrative. Straightforward comparison of corpora offers lucid insights into basic historical linguistic questions such as contact-based vs. internal change, the relation between contact and simplification, and how contact-induced changes integrate into inherited systems. Because of its extensive linguistic history and wide dispersion, Arabic is particularly well suited to such investigations.
{"title":"Contemporaneous Comparative Corpora and Historical Linguistic Reconstruction","authors":"J. Owens","doi":"10.1353/anl.2020.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2020.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:A comparison of two large oral corpora, one Nigerian Arabic, one Egyptian, show a massive expansion, both quantitative and structural-functional, of the demonstrative in Nigerian Arabic. Contact with other languages of the Lake Chad area, into which Arabic speakers began to move about 1215 ce, explains the innovations in the use of the Nigerian Arabic demonstrative. Straightforward comparison of corpora offers lucid insights into basic historical linguistic questions such as contact-based vs. internal change, the relation between contact and simplification, and how contact-induced changes integrate into inherited systems. Because of its extensive linguistic history and wide dispersion, Arabic is particularly well suited to such investigations.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46957037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Instrumental phonetic study of Salish languages (Pacific Northwest) has primarily been conducted in the Interior branch of the family. Here, the acoustic properties of vowels in Lushootseed, a language of the Coast Salish branch, are examined, with particular attention to the effects of uvular consonants. Generally in line with what has been found for other languages, Lushootseed vowels adjacent to uvular consonants, including open central a, show an increase in the first formant and a decrease in the second formant (corresponding to lowering and backing, respectively, in articulatory terms).
{"title":"Effects of Uvular Consonants on Vowel Quality in Lushootseed","authors":"Ted K. Kye","doi":"10.1121/10.0007651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0007651","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Instrumental phonetic study of Salish languages (Pacific Northwest) has primarily been conducted in the Interior branch of the family. Here, the acoustic properties of vowels in Lushootseed, a language of the Coast Salish branch, are examined, with particular attention to the effects of uvular consonants. Generally in line with what has been found for other languages, Lushootseed vowels adjacent to uvular consonants, including open central a, show an increase in the first formant and a decrease in the second formant (corresponding to lowering and backing, respectively, in articulatory terms).","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46830319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Drawing on an important and newly accessed early twentieth-century manuscript from the highland Lima village of San Pedro de Casta, this article explores the linguistic landscape within which the text—an internal set of irrigation ritual regulations based on Inca precepts—emerged, and offers a highly contextualized analysis of the Quechua word waqay, which features in this predominantly Spanish-language text. The term is central to Andean conceptualizations of landscape, spirituality, and communication. In the local context, agro-pastoral production and community well-being hinge on the deliverance of this word in the annual canal-cleaning ritual.
{"title":"Waqay: A Word about Water and the Andean World in a Twentieth-Century Spanish Manuscript from Huarochirí (Peru)","authors":"Sarah Bennison","doi":"10.1353/anl.2019.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2019.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Drawing on an important and newly accessed early twentieth-century manuscript from the highland Lima village of San Pedro de Casta, this article explores the linguistic landscape within which the text—an internal set of irrigation ritual regulations based on Inca precepts—emerged, and offers a highly contextualized analysis of the Quechua word waqay, which features in this predominantly Spanish-language text. The term is central to Andean conceptualizations of landscape, spirituality, and communication. In the local context, agro-pastoral production and community well-being hinge on the deliverance of this word in the annual canal-cleaning ritual.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45239475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Caddo Language: A Grammar, Texts, and Dictionary Based on Materials Collected by the Author in Oklahoma between 1960 and 1970 by Wallace Chafe (review)","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/anl.2019.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2019.0025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45908921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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