Abstract:The present issue contains selected papers from the Fifth Sociolinguistics of Language Endangerment (SoLE) Workshop held during the Twentieth International Congress of Linguists of the Comité International Permanent des Linguistes at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, on 5–6 July 2018. This collection focuses on sociolinguistic issues related to language endangerment in Africa and Asia, but, of course, similar processes are underway worldwide. I also discuss here in general terms the many factors leading to language endangerment and the range of possible community responses.
{"title":"Sociolinguistics of Language Endangerment in Africa and Asia","authors":"D. Bradley","doi":"10.1353/anl.2019.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2019.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The present issue contains selected papers from the Fifth Sociolinguistics of Language Endangerment (SoLE) Workshop held during the Twentieth International Congress of Linguists of the Comité International Permanent des Linguistes at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, on 5–6 July 2018. This collection focuses on sociolinguistic issues related to language endangerment in Africa and Asia, but, of course, similar processes are underway worldwide. I also discuss here in general terms the many factors leading to language endangerment and the range of possible community responses.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":"61 1","pages":"1 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/anl.2019.0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46041537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Dompo, spoken in the northwestern corner of the Bono Region in Ghana, is critically endangered. For several decades, the speakers of Dompo have not actively transmitted it to the next generation, but rather have adopted Nafaanra (believed to be originally from Kakala, Ivory Coast). As a result, there are only about six fluent speakers of Dompo, between the ages of forty-eight and ninety-six. Dompo history and their annual festival are also discussed in this article, which concludes with a discussion of why the language is now in a moribund state.
{"title":"On the Status of Dompo, a Critically Endangered Language in Ghana","authors":"E. Manu-Barfo","doi":"10.1353/anl.2019.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2019.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Dompo, spoken in the northwestern corner of the Bono Region in Ghana, is critically endangered. For several decades, the speakers of Dompo have not actively transmitted it to the next generation, but rather have adopted Nafaanra (believed to be originally from Kakala, Ivory Coast). As a result, there are only about six fluent speakers of Dompo, between the ages of forty-eight and ninety-six. Dompo history and their annual festival are also discussed in this article, which concludes with a discussion of why the language is now in a moribund state.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":"61 1","pages":"102 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/anl.2019.0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42348065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Studies of language maintenance and revitalization have often demonstrated an apparent paradox: even when people have positive attitudes towards a language, they may not engage in behaviors that support it. It has been suggested that contradictory ideas hinder language maintenance and revitalization, so that ideological clarification is required before beginning such programs. I question these claims through a case study of Manegacha, a minoritized language of Tibet. It seems that there is, in fact, no necessary link between contradictory attitudes and ideologies and language shift; what seems to be significant is the nature and intensity of contradiction, not its mere presence or absence.
{"title":"Does Ideological Clarification Help Language Maintenance? Exploring the Revitalization Paradox through the Case of Manegacha, a Tibetan Minority Language","authors":"G. Roche","doi":"10.1353/anl.2019.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2019.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Studies of language maintenance and revitalization have often demonstrated an apparent paradox: even when people have positive attitudes towards a language, they may not engage in behaviors that support it. It has been suggested that contradictory ideas hinder language maintenance and revitalization, so that ideological clarification is required before beginning such programs. I question these claims through a case study of Manegacha, a minoritized language of Tibet. It seems that there is, in fact, no necessary link between contradictory attitudes and ideologies and language shift; what seems to be significant is the nature and intensity of contradiction, not its mere presence or absence.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":"61 1","pages":"114 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/anl.2019.0013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45845908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:On the basis of a thorough study of all known sources, the processes are reconstructed by which Xri (Khoe, southern Africa) came to be spoken in an emergent multilingual and multiethnic society in the interior of the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and relations between Xri and the Griqua group to which many of its speakers have belonged are clarified. Linguistic pressure from Cape Dutch, territorial pressure from European settlers, and political pressure from the colonial government contributed to its eventual decline with speakers shifting to an Afrikaans variety over 150 years, although partial speakers still survive.
{"title":"The Rise and Fall of Xri: The History of a Completed Language Shift in the Northern Cape, South Africa","authors":"M. Mössmer","doi":"10.1353/anl.2019.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2019.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:On the basis of a thorough study of all known sources, the processes are reconstructed by which Xri (Khoe, southern Africa) came to be spoken in an emergent multilingual and multiethnic society in the interior of the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and relations between Xri and the Griqua group to which many of its speakers have belonged are clarified. Linguistic pressure from Cape Dutch, territorial pressure from European settlers, and political pressure from the colonial government contributed to its eventual decline with speakers shifting to an Afrikaans variety over 150 years, although partial speakers still survive.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":"61 1","pages":"44 - 74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/anl.2019.0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48275235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The Constitution of Botswana recognizes a monolithic, homogeneous Tswana state; the twenty-five or more non-Tswana groups are thus marginalized. This article traces the beginnings of this detrimental misconception and demonstrates how it has been perpetuated through other policies. (Se)Tswana language dominance and its use in the building of a Tswana nation state in the context of linguistic and cultural diversity are discussed, along with the role of the education system, and in particular, the language-in-education policy, in the building of a nation state. The dire consequences of this dominance are noted, and a survey of developments on marginalized languages in the country as a preservation and survival measure is presented.
{"title":"Setswana and the Building of a Nation State","authors":"K. Monaka, A. Chebanne","doi":"10.1353/anl.2019.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2019.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Constitution of Botswana recognizes a monolithic, homogeneous Tswana state; the twenty-five or more non-Tswana groups are thus marginalized. This article traces the beginnings of this detrimental misconception and demonstrates how it has been perpetuated through other policies. (Se)Tswana language dominance and its use in the building of a Tswana nation state in the context of linguistic and cultural diversity are discussed, along with the role of the education system, and in particular, the language-in-education policy, in the building of a nation state. The dire consequences of this dominance are noted, and a survey of developments on marginalized languages in the country as a preservation and survival measure is presented.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":"61 1","pages":"75 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/anl.2019.0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45240995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Describing culture-specific vocabulary is a rather challenging part of lexicographic work, especially in the case of languages considered to be endangered. As a rule, such languages are understudied and not sufficiently documented, which greatly complicates the presentation of ethnocultural realia in a dictionary. We describe the main problems related to presenting ethnocultural material encountered in the course of making the Comprehensive Dictionary of Ket, a highly endangered Yeniseian language. They include cultural differences in categorization of extralinguistic reality, the presentation of ethnocultural information in a dictionary entry, and the loss of ethnocultural knowledge in the language community.
{"title":"Preserving Endangered Knowledge in a Dictionary: The Case of Ket","authors":"E. Kotorova, A. Nefedov","doi":"10.1353/anl.2019.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2019.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Describing culture-specific vocabulary is a rather challenging part of lexicographic work, especially in the case of languages considered to be endangered. As a rule, such languages are understudied and not sufficiently documented, which greatly complicates the presentation of ethnocultural realia in a dictionary. We describe the main problems related to presenting ethnocultural material encountered in the course of making the Comprehensive Dictionary of Ket, a highly endangered Yeniseian language. They include cultural differences in categorization of extralinguistic reality, the presentation of ethnocultural information in a dictionary entry, and the loss of ethnocultural knowledge in the language community.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":"61 1","pages":"103 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/anl.2019.0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47970455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Miandianyu Fangyan Yanjiu [Burmese Dialect Research] by Wang Danian and Cai Xiangyang (review)","authors":"David Bradley","doi":"10.1353/anl.2019.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2019.0014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":"61 1","pages":"135 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/anl.2019.0014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47045504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The Xinkan languages have been described as exhibiting a unique type of vowel harmony within the Mesoamerican linguistic area. However, these analyses have not considered the phonologically complementary distribution of vowels, leading to proposals suggesting that two separate constraints are needed: lexical stipulation within morphemes and harmonic assimilation between morphemes. However, a more unified analysis of Xinkan vowel harmony is possible–one involving only four contrastive vowels and an extrasegmental feature [–high], rather than the six vowels posited previously.
{"title":"Xinkan Vowel Harmony Revisited","authors":"C. Rogers","doi":"10.1353/anl.2018.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2018.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Xinkan languages have been described as exhibiting a unique type of vowel harmony within the Mesoamerican linguistic area. However, these analyses have not considered the phonologically complementary distribution of vowels, leading to proposals suggesting that two separate constraints are needed: lexical stipulation within morphemes and harmonic assimilation between morphemes. However, a more unified analysis of Xinkan vowel harmony is possible–one involving only four contrastive vowels and an extrasegmental feature [–high], rather than the six vowels posited previously.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":"60 1","pages":"320 - 345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/anl.2018.0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48168026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Upper Necaxa Totonac has a system of numeral classifiers whose semantic categories include classes that select inherent properties of the noun (type of living being, shape, dimension, form) and classes contingent on configuration or arrangement of the nominal referent (roll, bunch, handful). This article explores the etymological origins of numeral classifiers in Upper Necaxa, and the morphosyntactic and semantic functions of the classifier system. The data show that while some classifiers are selected collocationally, the semantic contribution of the classifier morpheme to the noun phrase ranges from semantically adding to nominal reference to merely selecting a feature of the noun.
{"title":"Functions and Uses of Numeral Classifiers in Upper Necaxa Totonac","authors":"M. García-Vega","doi":"10.1353/anl.2018.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2018.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Upper Necaxa Totonac has a system of numeral classifiers whose semantic categories include classes that select inherent properties of the noun (type of living being, shape, dimension, form) and classes contingent on configuration or arrangement of the nominal referent (roll, bunch, handful). This article explores the etymological origins of numeral classifiers in Upper Necaxa, and the morphosyntactic and semantic functions of the classifier system. The data show that while some classifiers are selected collocationally, the semantic contribution of the classifier morpheme to the noun phrase ranges from semantically adding to nominal reference to merely selecting a feature of the noun.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":"60 1","pages":"346 - 385"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/anl.2018.0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48697293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Although there is widespread agreement that metaphor and metonymy play an important part in naming body parts crosslinguistically, many of the accepted claims regarding body part naming strategies in the world's languages come from unbalanced language samples; the most frequently referenced studies include few, if any, indigenous languages from South America. Focusing on terms for the upper and lower limbs, this article reexamines some crosslinguistic tendencies proposed by David P. Wilkins and Elaine S. Andersen with data from twenty-six language families and isolates spoken across South America; my analysis shows differences in the distribution and examples of the proposed patterns.
{"title":"Limb Term Naming Patterns in South American Languages","authors":"Kelsie E. Pattillo","doi":"10.1353/anl.2018.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2018.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Although there is widespread agreement that metaphor and metonymy play an important part in naming body parts crosslinguistically, many of the accepted claims regarding body part naming strategies in the world's languages come from unbalanced language samples; the most frequently referenced studies include few, if any, indigenous languages from South America. Focusing on terms for the upper and lower limbs, this article reexamines some crosslinguistic tendencies proposed by David P. Wilkins and Elaine S. Andersen with data from twenty-six language families and isolates spoken across South America; my analysis shows differences in the distribution and examples of the proposed patterns.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":"60 1","pages":"295 - 319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/anl.2018.0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45485202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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