Abstract:Research on documents composed by Maya communities during the mid-sixteenth to seventeenth centuries has been largely limited to basic transcriptions, translations, and ethnohistorical analysis, particularly for those whose textual contents are political in nature. This analysis focuses instead on grammatical errors in a Spanish-language título from the K'iche' Maya region of the western Guatemalan Highlands. I argue that the patterned gender and number disagreement indicates that the scribe was a native K'iche' speaker who was not fully bilingual in Spanish. This case study illustrates the sociolinguistic potential of colonial-era indigenous sources when examined from a paleographic and linguistic perspective.
{"title":"More than Mistakes: Grammatical Errors and Sociolinguistic Identity in a Colonial-Era K'iche' Maya Manuscript","authors":"Mallory E. Matsumoto","doi":"10.1353/anl.2018.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2018.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Research on documents composed by Maya communities during the mid-sixteenth to seventeenth centuries has been largely limited to basic transcriptions, translations, and ethnohistorical analysis, particularly for those whose textual contents are political in nature. This analysis focuses instead on grammatical errors in a Spanish-language título from the K'iche' Maya region of the western Guatemalan Highlands. I argue that the patterned gender and number disagreement indicates that the scribe was a native K'iche' speaker who was not fully bilingual in Spanish. This case study illustrates the sociolinguistic potential of colonial-era indigenous sources when examined from a paleographic and linguistic perspective.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/anl.2018.0000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44838814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Between the Andes and the Amazon: Language and Social Meaning in Bolivia by Anna M. Babel (review)","authors":"Nicholas Q. Emlen","doi":"10.1353/ANL.2017.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ANL.2017.0018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ANL.2017.0018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41553403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paul V. Kroskrity and Anthony K. Webster assemble a sophisticated review of the latecareer work of linguist, folklorist, and anthropologist Dell Hymes based on a joint American Anthropological Association session in 2010, a year after Hymes’s death. The commentators (Richard Bauman and Charles Briggs) and each of the eight contributors record a personal relationship to Hymes as integral to their own career trajectory and professional identity. Taken together, the papers document Hymes’s role in the emergence of Americanist anthropology and its contemporary possibilities as envisioned by his immediate successors. Each author adapts Hymes’s ethnopoetic method to their own texts, thus providing a series of specific exemplars for the intersection of ethnopoetics, narrative inequality, and voice that suggest tantalizing potential generalizations across Native American linguistic and cultural diversity. These include Robert Moore on Kiksht (Wasco-Wishram Chinookan), the language of Hymes’s own primary fieldwork, Alexander King on Koryak, M. Eleanor Nevins on Apache, Anthony Webster on Navajo, Paul Kroskrity on Mono and Yokuts, Gerald Carr and Barbara Meek on four Yukon languages, Sean O’Neill on northern California, and David Samuels on San Carlos Apache. Each paper explores culture-specific analytic problems consistent with the Americanist tradition’s emphasis on the uniqueness of local ethnographic and linguistic patterning. Moore examines four versions of “the same” Kiksht Coyote story recorded by Mrs. Lucinda Smith on different occasions to different ethnographers for different audiences and contexts. He employs the ethnopoetic formats proposed by Hymes and Dennis Tedlock, then offers a third contrapuntal model with three tiers of indentation to reflect a metadiscourse of contrasting speech event modalities: Mrs. Smith and Moore; the third person plot; direct quotation. For Mrs. Smith, these are “stories” rather than “myths”: she focuses on the moral character of Coyote. Because she never lived on the land, she does not localize her narrative on the Columbia River as male narrators do. King’s anthropological philology reworks century-old Koryak wax cylinders recorded by Waldemar Jochelson for the Jesup North Pacific Expedition alongside contemporary acoustic data. What Boas called “text-artifacts” documented linguistic structures and satisfied his scientific and political goals simultaneously by revealing the complexity of patterned creativity among so-called primitive peoples (pp. 41—42) (foreshadowing Hymes’s politics of linguistic inequality). An ethnographic custom text contrasts with an experiential performance of giving birth that produces a “somatic index” of voice and gesture in a full “storyworld” (p. 42). An activist politics is implicit in the differing contexts and narrative strategies. Building on a lineage of empiricism and relativity extending from Boas to Sapir to Hymes, Nevins emphasizes the “dialogic relations hidden in the docume
{"title":"The Legacy of Dell Hymes: Ethnopoetics, Narrative Inequality, and Voice ed. by Paul V. Kroskrity, Anthony K. Webster (review)","authors":"R. Darnell","doi":"10.1353/ANL.2017.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ANL.2017.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Paul V. Kroskrity and Anthony K. Webster assemble a sophisticated review of the latecareer work of linguist, folklorist, and anthropologist Dell Hymes based on a joint American Anthropological Association session in 2010, a year after Hymes’s death. The commentators (Richard Bauman and Charles Briggs) and each of the eight contributors record a personal relationship to Hymes as integral to their own career trajectory and professional identity. Taken together, the papers document Hymes’s role in the emergence of Americanist anthropology and its contemporary possibilities as envisioned by his immediate successors. Each author adapts Hymes’s ethnopoetic method to their own texts, thus providing a series of specific exemplars for the intersection of ethnopoetics, narrative inequality, and voice that suggest tantalizing potential generalizations across Native American linguistic and cultural diversity. These include Robert Moore on Kiksht (Wasco-Wishram Chinookan), the language of Hymes’s own primary fieldwork, Alexander King on Koryak, M. Eleanor Nevins on Apache, Anthony Webster on Navajo, Paul Kroskrity on Mono and Yokuts, Gerald Carr and Barbara Meek on four Yukon languages, Sean O’Neill on northern California, and David Samuels on San Carlos Apache. Each paper explores culture-specific analytic problems consistent with the Americanist tradition’s emphasis on the uniqueness of local ethnographic and linguistic patterning. Moore examines four versions of “the same” Kiksht Coyote story recorded by Mrs. Lucinda Smith on different occasions to different ethnographers for different audiences and contexts. He employs the ethnopoetic formats proposed by Hymes and Dennis Tedlock, then offers a third contrapuntal model with three tiers of indentation to reflect a metadiscourse of contrasting speech event modalities: Mrs. Smith and Moore; the third person plot; direct quotation. For Mrs. Smith, these are “stories” rather than “myths”: she focuses on the moral character of Coyote. Because she never lived on the land, she does not localize her narrative on the Columbia River as male narrators do. King’s anthropological philology reworks century-old Koryak wax cylinders recorded by Waldemar Jochelson for the Jesup North Pacific Expedition alongside contemporary acoustic data. What Boas called “text-artifacts” documented linguistic structures and satisfied his scientific and political goals simultaneously by revealing the complexity of patterned creativity among so-called primitive peoples (pp. 41—42) (foreshadowing Hymes’s politics of linguistic inequality). An ethnographic custom text contrasts with an experiential performance of giving birth that produces a “somatic index” of voice and gesture in a full “storyworld” (p. 42). An activist politics is implicit in the differing contexts and narrative strategies. Building on a lineage of empiricism and relativity extending from Boas to Sapir to Hymes, Nevins emphasizes the “dialogic relations hidden in the docume","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ANL.2017.0017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47667011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Among rural youth in southern Cross River State, southeastern Nigeria, proverbial nicknames foreground dimensions of power relations, especially hegemonic masculinity, tell stories about past exploits, and accentuate locally relevant values that emphasize conformity to societal norms. Indexical and emblematic meanings of nicknames in the social contexts where they are given and used are investigated, as are the sources, social significance, and perception of these names with reference to Paul Leslie and James Skipper’s claim that nicknames reflect processes of social action that provide meaning and guide the transmission of cultural knowledge. Nicknames are not ordinary social emblems of identity, solidarity, and group dynamics; they also mirror cultural assumptions and reflect a wide range of value categories and moral codes in the rural space.
{"title":"Proverbial Nicknames among Rural Youth in Nigeria","authors":"Eyo O. Mensah","doi":"10.1353/ANL.2017.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ANL.2017.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Among rural youth in southern Cross River State, southeastern Nigeria, proverbial nicknames foreground dimensions of power relations, especially hegemonic masculinity, tell stories about past exploits, and accentuate locally relevant values that emphasize conformity to societal norms. Indexical and emblematic meanings of nicknames in the social contexts where they are given and used are investigated, as are the sources, social significance, and perception of these names with reference to Paul Leslie and James Skipper’s claim that nicknames reflect processes of social action that provide meaning and guide the transmission of cultural knowledge. Nicknames are not ordinary social emblems of identity, solidarity, and group dynamics; they also mirror cultural assumptions and reflect a wide range of value categories and moral codes in the rural space.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ANL.2017.0016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49361718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Miami-Illinois is a nonconfigurational language with what is often described as free word order. Word order is not used to distinguish subjects and objects; topical information is preverbal, while nontopical or backgrounded information is postverbal. Moreover, certain other grammatical categories almost always occur preverbally, other elements usually occur postverbally, and discontinuous constituents are common. Additionally, significant variation in word order is seen among the different speakers and time periods of the language. Taken together, these facts indicate that the concept of “basic word order” as it is applied to configurational languages is not useful in describing Miami-Illinois word order.
{"title":"Miami-Illinois Word Order: Basic Constituent Order","authors":"David J. Costa","doi":"10.1353/ANL.2017.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ANL.2017.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Miami-Illinois is a nonconfigurational language with what is often described as free word order. Word order is not used to distinguish subjects and objects; topical information is preverbal, while nontopical or backgrounded information is postverbal. Moreover, certain other grammatical categories almost always occur preverbally, other elements usually occur postverbally, and discontinuous constituents are common. Additionally, significant variation in word order is seen among the different speakers and time periods of the language. Taken together, these facts indicate that the concept of “basic word order” as it is applied to configurational languages is not useful in describing Miami-Illinois word order.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ANL.2017.0014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41591911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Urban youth language in Africa is increasingly present in various public and family contexts, rather than being limited to marginalized urban identities—new contexts associated less with resistance than with openness, unboundedness, and inclusion. This implies changes of style, exclusiveness, identity marking, and domains of usage. Analysis of Yanké in Kinshasa and Yarada K’wank’wa in Addis Ababa shows that new unbounded identities of youth language speakers are associated with more fluid and accessible communities of practice, reflecting new modes of regulating ingroup boundaries and conveying language rights to outsiders (including older people from all social strata). This accompanies new developments in speakers’ ideologies and constructions of identity.
{"title":"From the Hood to Public Discourse: The Social Spread of African Youth Languages","authors":"A. Hollington, Nico Nassenstein","doi":"10.1353/ANL.2017.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ANL.2017.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Urban youth language in Africa is increasingly present in various public and family contexts, rather than being limited to marginalized urban identities—new contexts associated less with resistance than with openness, unboundedness, and inclusion. This implies changes of style, exclusiveness, identity marking, and domains of usage. Analysis of Yanké in Kinshasa and Yarada K’wank’wa in Addis Ababa shows that new unbounded identities of youth language speakers are associated with more fluid and accessible communities of practice, reflecting new modes of regulating ingroup boundaries and conveying language rights to outsiders (including older people from all social strata). This accompanies new developments in speakers’ ideologies and constructions of identity.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ANL.2017.0015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47686494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Book-length case studies of prosody in individual language are relatively rare. Even sparser are comprehensive treatments of prosody in American Indian languages of the type found in Hiroto Uchihara’s penetrating account of the fascinatingly complex tone and accentual system found in the Oklahoma variety of Cherokee, the lone member of the Southern Iroquoian branch of Iroquoian. Cherokee prosody has long been the subject of intense interest both among scholars of Iroquoian (and more broadly American Indian languages) and among phonologists and phoneticians due to its intricate tone system, which stands as an outlier in an Iroquoian language family characterized primarily by accentual (or stress) systems rather than tone. Uchihara’s study thus provides the perfect complement to the existing literature on the prosodic structure of the larger Northern Iroquoian branch, most thoroughly explicated in Karin Michelson’s (1988) definitive treatise. Drawing on a combination of published material, recordings made by other scholars and his own fieldwork on the language, Uchihara’s book provides a thorough account of all aspects of word-level prosody in Oklahoma Cherokee, considerably outstripping in coverage and depth the abundant but far less comprehensive literature on Cherokee prosody. Uchihara does a masterful job both of contextualizing his analysis relative to previous work and of providing enough background on the phonology and morphology of the language for the reader to appreciate the salient role of both systems in shaping the complex tonal phenomena operative in Cherokee. The first three chapters of the book introduce Cherokee segmental phonology, syllable structure, and morphology, providing an essential backdrop for the coverage of tone and accent in the remaining eight chapters. A virtue of the introductory chapter is their substantial attention to the various orthographic and transcription systems found in the literature, which are quite divergent, particularly in the sphere of tonal representations. A notable feature of the book is its use of the Cherokee data to address several broader theoretical issues, including the representation of syllable weight, the characterization of tonal processes, and metrical stress theory. The final chapter provides an excellent discussion of the position of Cherokee tone and accent within the typology of prosodic systems. Cherokee is an informative case study in the ongoing debate about prosodic taxonomy, since it not only possesses lexical tone but also provides compelling evidence for the role of metrical structure in predicting certain distributional facts about tone. These include the domain of rightward high tone spreading from pre-pronominal prefixes, which Uchihara attributes to morphologically projected iambic foot structure, and the positioning of the superhigh tone, analyzed by the author as the reflex of a leftheaded (i.e., trochaic) quantity-sensitive unbounded foot. On the other hand, the metric
{"title":"Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee by Hiroto Uchihara (review)","authors":"M. Gordon","doi":"10.1353/ANL.2017.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ANL.2017.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Book-length case studies of prosody in individual language are relatively rare. Even sparser are comprehensive treatments of prosody in American Indian languages of the type found in Hiroto Uchihara’s penetrating account of the fascinatingly complex tone and accentual system found in the Oklahoma variety of Cherokee, the lone member of the Southern Iroquoian branch of Iroquoian. Cherokee prosody has long been the subject of intense interest both among scholars of Iroquoian (and more broadly American Indian languages) and among phonologists and phoneticians due to its intricate tone system, which stands as an outlier in an Iroquoian language family characterized primarily by accentual (or stress) systems rather than tone. Uchihara’s study thus provides the perfect complement to the existing literature on the prosodic structure of the larger Northern Iroquoian branch, most thoroughly explicated in Karin Michelson’s (1988) definitive treatise. Drawing on a combination of published material, recordings made by other scholars and his own fieldwork on the language, Uchihara’s book provides a thorough account of all aspects of word-level prosody in Oklahoma Cherokee, considerably outstripping in coverage and depth the abundant but far less comprehensive literature on Cherokee prosody. Uchihara does a masterful job both of contextualizing his analysis relative to previous work and of providing enough background on the phonology and morphology of the language for the reader to appreciate the salient role of both systems in shaping the complex tonal phenomena operative in Cherokee. The first three chapters of the book introduce Cherokee segmental phonology, syllable structure, and morphology, providing an essential backdrop for the coverage of tone and accent in the remaining eight chapters. A virtue of the introductory chapter is their substantial attention to the various orthographic and transcription systems found in the literature, which are quite divergent, particularly in the sphere of tonal representations. A notable feature of the book is its use of the Cherokee data to address several broader theoretical issues, including the representation of syllable weight, the characterization of tonal processes, and metrical stress theory. The final chapter provides an excellent discussion of the position of Cherokee tone and accent within the typology of prosodic systems. Cherokee is an informative case study in the ongoing debate about prosodic taxonomy, since it not only possesses lexical tone but also provides compelling evidence for the role of metrical structure in predicting certain distributional facts about tone. These include the domain of rightward high tone spreading from pre-pronominal prefixes, which Uchihara attributes to morphologically projected iambic foot structure, and the positioning of the superhigh tone, analyzed by the author as the reflex of a leftheaded (i.e., trochaic) quantity-sensitive unbounded foot. On the other hand, the metric","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ANL.2017.0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43357591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mayan Literacy Reinvention in Guatemala by Mary J. Holbrock (review)","authors":"Walter E. Little","doi":"10.1353/ANL.2017.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ANL.2017.0013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ANL.2017.0013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48830615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article reflects on the controversy in the Navajo Nation of changing the name of Kit Carson Drive to the Navajo place name Tséhootsooí. I outline the structure and use of traditional Navajo place names and then show that Navajo place names have had a renaissance in signage for shopping centers and elsewhere. I then detail the controversy over a proposal to change a street name in Fort Defiance. Place names are not neutral, but fully implicated in concerns about who has and does not have the right (and power) to name. In debates about linguistic relativity, questions of the inequalities of language need to be engaged.
{"title":"Why Tséhootsooí Does Not Equal “Kit Carson Drive”: Reflections on Navajo Place Names and the Inequalities of Language","authors":"Anthony K. Webster","doi":"10.1353/ANL.2017.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ANL.2017.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article reflects on the controversy in the Navajo Nation of changing the name of Kit Carson Drive to the Navajo place name Tséhootsooí. I outline the structure and use of traditional Navajo place names and then show that Navajo place names have had a renaissance in signage for shopping centers and elsewhere. I then detail the controversy over a proposal to change a street name in Fort Defiance. Place names are not neutral, but fully implicated in concerns about who has and does not have the right (and power) to name. In debates about linguistic relativity, questions of the inequalities of language need to be engaged.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ANL.2017.0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47163967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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