Abstract One of the problems that may arise when conducting long-term monitoring of bird populations in forest landscapes may be discrepancies between data obtained by different researchers. Using acoustic monitoring may solve this problem. To establish the suitability of the acoustic method for monitoring the state of forest ecosystems, studies were conducted in May and June 2018 on seven plots different from each other by stand age and species composition in a maple-linden-oak forest in northeastern Ukraine. The species composition of birds, the structure and composition of the stand and the values of six acoustic indices were calculated. Differences were found in all acoustic indices at different sites. The smallest values of the indices were noted in the overgrown clear-cut. Four acoustic indices in the May survey and five of the six in the June survey show significant correlations with the species richness of birds. All indices correlate with the values of several stand variables, which characterize the size and species composition of the stand, understorey and field vegetation, the closeness of various vegetation tiers, and with the distance to the edges and the nearest populated areas. The results suggest the possibility of using an acoustic approach to monitoring the bird population and the state of forest ecosystems.
{"title":"Impact of stand variables on characteristics of avian soundscape in common oak (Quercus robur L.) forests","authors":"A. Atemasov, T. Atemasova","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2019-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2019-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One of the problems that may arise when conducting long-term monitoring of bird populations in forest landscapes may be discrepancies between data obtained by different researchers. Using acoustic monitoring may solve this problem. To establish the suitability of the acoustic method for monitoring the state of forest ecosystems, studies were conducted in May and June 2018 on seven plots different from each other by stand age and species composition in a maple-linden-oak forest in northeastern Ukraine. The species composition of birds, the structure and composition of the stand and the values of six acoustic indices were calculated. Differences were found in all acoustic indices at different sites. The smallest values of the indices were noted in the overgrown clear-cut. Four acoustic indices in the May survey and five of the six in the June survey show significant correlations with the species richness of birds. All indices correlate with the values of several stand variables, which characterize the size and species composition of the stand, understorey and field vegetation, the closeness of various vegetation tiers, and with the distance to the edges and the nearest populated areas. The results suggest the possibility of using an acoustic approach to monitoring the bird population and the state of forest ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89321476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Peedosaar, Eneli Põldveer, Joonas Kollo, A. Kangur
Abstract With the rapid development in data acquisition and presentation, there is a growing interest in virtual forests and computer visualization tools. Forest owners have become more aware about their property and are interested in applying different forest management methods and silvicultural techniques. The tools are also applicable in assessment of the changes to the landscape as a result of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Virtual reality offers a good opportunity to test and compare different management options before implementing decisions which can lead to irreversible consequences. Advances in spatial and temporal data collection enable new and practical solutions for analysis and visualization of long-term natural processes with new forestry applications. In the near future, forest owners and managers will have the possibility to make management decisions without the direct need to exit the office. Furthermore, the learning process is more enthralling and also more profound through augmented reality, helping to foster better working practices even before starting a job in the forest sector.
{"title":"A narrative of virtual and augmented reality in the forest sector","authors":"Laura Peedosaar, Eneli Põldveer, Joonas Kollo, A. Kangur","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2019-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2019-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract With the rapid development in data acquisition and presentation, there is a growing interest in virtual forests and computer visualization tools. Forest owners have become more aware about their property and are interested in applying different forest management methods and silvicultural techniques. The tools are also applicable in assessment of the changes to the landscape as a result of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Virtual reality offers a good opportunity to test and compare different management options before implementing decisions which can lead to irreversible consequences. Advances in spatial and temporal data collection enable new and practical solutions for analysis and visualization of long-term natural processes with new forestry applications. In the near future, forest owners and managers will have the possibility to make management decisions without the direct need to exit the office. Furthermore, the learning process is more enthralling and also more profound through augmented reality, helping to foster better working practices even before starting a job in the forest sector.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91263411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Hemispherical photography provides permanent records of forest canopy structure. We analysed digital hemispherical images taken during the period of 2007–2018 in a mature silver birch stand located in Järvselja, Estonia. The stand was thinned in 2004. Understory trees were removed in the spring of 2018. Images were processed using the LinearRatioSC method. Effective plant area index Leff during the leafless phenophase increased as a result of tree growth from 0.92 to 1.24 and understory cutting was not detectable. During the full foliage condition Leff increased from 3.6 in 2008 to 5.8 in 2017. After removal of understory trees from the stand Leff decreased, and repeated measurements in the summer of 2018 estimated the plant area index range 4.5 < Leff < 4.8. The results are in agreement with the expected changes following forest growth and demonstrate that LinearRatioSC is a suitable method for the estimation and long-term monitoring of forest canopy properties from digital hemispherical images.
{"title":"Tracking the long-term structure changes of a mature deciduous broadleaf forest stand using digital hemispherical photography","authors":"Mait Lang, J. Pisek","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2019-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2019-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hemispherical photography provides permanent records of forest canopy structure. We analysed digital hemispherical images taken during the period of 2007–2018 in a mature silver birch stand located in Järvselja, Estonia. The stand was thinned in 2004. Understory trees were removed in the spring of 2018. Images were processed using the LinearRatioSC method. Effective plant area index Leff during the leafless phenophase increased as a result of tree growth from 0.92 to 1.24 and understory cutting was not detectable. During the full foliage condition Leff increased from 3.6 in 2008 to 5.8 in 2017. After removal of understory trees from the stand Leff decreased, and repeated measurements in the summer of 2018 estimated the plant area index range 4.5 < Leff < 4.8. The results are in agreement with the expected changes following forest growth and demonstrate that LinearRatioSC is a suitable method for the estimation and long-term monitoring of forest canopy properties from digital hemispherical images.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78422945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Stem form is the short name of the tree trunk shape. Stem form determines the quantity and quality of trunk volume, and affects forest timber volume and stand merchantable volume. Based on Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. in the Dongting Lake region of Hunan Province in China, changes in the breast-height form factor (f1.3) and experimental form factor (fa) under different waterlogging durations and stand ages were analyzed using the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the differences in waterlogging duration for f1.3 were not significant, but were significant for fa. Tree age has significant effects on f1.3 and fa. In addition, the fa of P. deltoides grown in stands with a waterlogging duration of 24 days and 33 days were slightly larger than the other three 50, 64, 86 days, which indicated that trees grown in these stands (24, 33 days) had larger tree volumes. In addition, the waterlogging duration of longer than 86 days was not suitable for the growth of P. deltoides.
{"title":"Effects of tree age and waterlogging duration on the form factors of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.)","authors":"Zheng Song","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2019-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2019-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Stem form is the short name of the tree trunk shape. Stem form determines the quantity and quality of trunk volume, and affects forest timber volume and stand merchantable volume. Based on Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. in the Dongting Lake region of Hunan Province in China, changes in the breast-height form factor (f1.3) and experimental form factor (fa) under different waterlogging durations and stand ages were analyzed using the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the differences in waterlogging duration for f1.3 were not significant, but were significant for fa. Tree age has significant effects on f1.3 and fa. In addition, the fa of P. deltoides grown in stands with a waterlogging duration of 24 days and 33 days were slightly larger than the other three 50, 64, 86 days, which indicated that trees grown in these stands (24, 33 days) had larger tree volumes. In addition, the waterlogging duration of longer than 86 days was not suitable for the growth of P. deltoides.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87835550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Incursions of Mimosa pigra L., a super-invasive plant, were detected in Hoa Vang district, Da Nang city, Vietnam. This invasive species posed threats to the local agricultural and natural areas, especially to Ba Na - Nui Chua Nature Reserve located in the district. In this study, a habitat model was developed to predict potential areas for the upcoming occurrences of the plant. Detected locations of the species were analyzed in association with seven environmental layers (15 m spatial resolution), which characterized the habitat conditions facilitating the plant incursion, to calculate a multivariate statistic, Mahalanobis distance (D2). Mimosa occurrences were divided into subsets of modelling (for model construction) and validating data (for selecting the best model from replicate runs). The model performance was tested using a null model of 1,000 random points and indicated a significant relationship between D2 values and mimosa occurrence. The D2 model performed markedly better than the random model. The null model in combination with the entire dataset of mimosa locations was also used to identify the threshold D2 value. Using that threshold value, 99.5% of existing mimosa locations were detected and 20.3% of the study area was determined as high-risk areas for mimosa occurrence. These identified high risk areas would make an important contribution to the local alien invasive species management. Given the potential threats to these species from illegal harvesting, that information may serve as an important benchmark for future habitat and population assessments. The spatial modelling techniques in this study can easily be applied to other species and areas.
{"title":"GIS-based habitat model to predict potential areas for the upcoming occurrences of an alien invasive plant, Mimosa pigra L.","authors":"T. Le, P. T. K. Thoa, N. Tuan","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2019-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2019-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Incursions of Mimosa pigra L., a super-invasive plant, were detected in Hoa Vang district, Da Nang city, Vietnam. This invasive species posed threats to the local agricultural and natural areas, especially to Ba Na - Nui Chua Nature Reserve located in the district. In this study, a habitat model was developed to predict potential areas for the upcoming occurrences of the plant. Detected locations of the species were analyzed in association with seven environmental layers (15 m spatial resolution), which characterized the habitat conditions facilitating the plant incursion, to calculate a multivariate statistic, Mahalanobis distance (D2). Mimosa occurrences were divided into subsets of modelling (for model construction) and validating data (for selecting the best model from replicate runs). The model performance was tested using a null model of 1,000 random points and indicated a significant relationship between D2 values and mimosa occurrence. The D2 model performed markedly better than the random model. The null model in combination with the entire dataset of mimosa locations was also used to identify the threshold D2 value. Using that threshold value, 99.5% of existing mimosa locations were detected and 20.3% of the study area was determined as high-risk areas for mimosa occurrence. These identified high risk areas would make an important contribution to the local alien invasive species management. Given the potential threats to these species from illegal harvesting, that information may serve as an important benchmark for future habitat and population assessments. The spatial modelling techniques in this study can easily be applied to other species and areas.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87065799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Fern-rich forest communities are presented in Estonia in mesic or moderately humid nutrient-rich habitats, in areas of drained mire forests, on floodplains and lower parts of talus slopes of the North-Estonian limestone escarpment (klint). In the recent official forest typology only one site type has been distinguished and labelled by the ferns: the Dryopteris site type in the scope of boreo-nemoral forests. The aims of the current study were (i) to clarify whether distinguishing between two fern-rich forest site types, one among the full-drained forests group and another in the boreo-nemoral forests group, is reasonable, and if so, then (ii) what the main characteristics of both considered forest site types are, (iii) what the main environmental factors determining the structure of these communities are, and (iv) what the mutual relationship between those forests and other fern-rich forest communities is. Our results asserted a distinct difference between the full-drained and undrained Dryopteris site type forests distinguished by the former scholars. The undrained boreo-nemoral fern-rich stands have developed in the same place in harmony with habitat conditions, while drained forests have significantly changed. It seems that despite some vagueness due to long-lasting post-drainage succession, it is nevertheless justified to recognise the fern-rich drained stands in Estonian forest typology as representing an autonomous forest site type in the group of full-drained forests. To avoid confusion in nomenclature, in the future, the undrained fern-rich boreo-nemoral forests site type could be named according to the most conspicuous indicator species as the Athyrium (filix-femina) site type and fern-rich stands on full-drained peat soils as the Dryopteris (expansa) site type.
{"title":"On Dryopteris site type forests in Estonia","authors":"J. Paal, Iti Jürjendal","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2019-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2019-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fern-rich forest communities are presented in Estonia in mesic or moderately humid nutrient-rich habitats, in areas of drained mire forests, on floodplains and lower parts of talus slopes of the North-Estonian limestone escarpment (klint). In the recent official forest typology only one site type has been distinguished and labelled by the ferns: the Dryopteris site type in the scope of boreo-nemoral forests. The aims of the current study were (i) to clarify whether distinguishing between two fern-rich forest site types, one among the full-drained forests group and another in the boreo-nemoral forests group, is reasonable, and if so, then (ii) what the main characteristics of both considered forest site types are, (iii) what the main environmental factors determining the structure of these communities are, and (iv) what the mutual relationship between those forests and other fern-rich forest communities is. Our results asserted a distinct difference between the full-drained and undrained Dryopteris site type forests distinguished by the former scholars. The undrained boreo-nemoral fern-rich stands have developed in the same place in harmony with habitat conditions, while drained forests have significantly changed. It seems that despite some vagueness due to long-lasting post-drainage succession, it is nevertheless justified to recognise the fern-rich drained stands in Estonian forest typology as representing an autonomous forest site type in the group of full-drained forests. To avoid confusion in nomenclature, in the future, the undrained fern-rich boreo-nemoral forests site type could be named according to the most conspicuous indicator species as the Athyrium (filix-femina) site type and fern-rich stands on full-drained peat soils as the Dryopteris (expansa) site type.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79253172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Songbirds are facing rapid population declines in Connecticut due to habitat loss. Man-made habitats such as powerline corridors are one of the few remaining ideal habitats for songbirds in the state. This study aims to determine if the abundance and variety of song-birds in four selected forests (i.e. Naugatuck State Forest, Sharon Audubon Society, Miles Wildlife Sanctuary, and Great Mountain Forest Species Variety) in Connecticut show patterns of decline from 2005 to 2014. This study also compares the physical condition of songbirds captured along a powerline corridor in the Naugatuck State Forest with those captured in the rest three non-fragmented forests in Northwestern Connecticut using Mann-Whitney U tests. Weight and wingspan are used as indicators of bird physical condition. The results demonstrate that the three non-fragmented forests experienced a steady decline in the variety of songbirds between 2005 and 2014. In addition, songbirds’ abundance decreased steadily during the same period, except that of the ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla) and wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) in Miles Wildlife Sanctuary. The results from the Mann-Whitney U test have shown that after sex- and age-controlled features, the physical conditions of the three selective songbirds – veery (Catharus fuscescens), ovenbird, and wood thrush – tend to be better in the Naugatuck State Forest than in the three non-fragmented forests – Sharon Audubon Society, Miles Wildlife Sanctuary, and Great Mountain Forest Species Variety. Given are recommendations on how to protect the shrubland habitat along powerline corridors and how to create the shrubland habitat in non-fragmented forests.
{"title":"The changing trend in songbirds’ abundance, variety and physical condition in Connecticut’s forestry habitat","authors":"K. Lawlor, Yu-Huan Meng","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2019-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2019-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Songbirds are facing rapid population declines in Connecticut due to habitat loss. Man-made habitats such as powerline corridors are one of the few remaining ideal habitats for songbirds in the state. This study aims to determine if the abundance and variety of song-birds in four selected forests (i.e. Naugatuck State Forest, Sharon Audubon Society, Miles Wildlife Sanctuary, and Great Mountain Forest Species Variety) in Connecticut show patterns of decline from 2005 to 2014. This study also compares the physical condition of songbirds captured along a powerline corridor in the Naugatuck State Forest with those captured in the rest three non-fragmented forests in Northwestern Connecticut using Mann-Whitney U tests. Weight and wingspan are used as indicators of bird physical condition. The results demonstrate that the three non-fragmented forests experienced a steady decline in the variety of songbirds between 2005 and 2014. In addition, songbirds’ abundance decreased steadily during the same period, except that of the ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla) and wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) in Miles Wildlife Sanctuary. The results from the Mann-Whitney U test have shown that after sex- and age-controlled features, the physical conditions of the three selective songbirds – veery (Catharus fuscescens), ovenbird, and wood thrush – tend to be better in the Naugatuck State Forest than in the three non-fragmented forests – Sharon Audubon Society, Miles Wildlife Sanctuary, and Great Mountain Forest Species Variety. Given are recommendations on how to protect the shrubland habitat along powerline corridors and how to create the shrubland habitat in non-fragmented forests.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78285216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study assessed the potential of natural regeneration (NR) of forests in Western Siberia, dominated by Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.) and damaged due to the invasion of the four-eyed fir bark beetle (Polygraphus proximus Blandf.). The leading methods for investigating this problem are the sample plot method and the transect method, which allow revealing the features of NR, their morphological structure and spatial distribution. Analysis of the occurrence and structure of NR revealed a correlation between the degree of stand damage and sapling state. The spatial structure was highly heterogeneous, testifying the group location of NR and the variable density. For 63% of the sample plots, a decrease in saplings was recorded as a result of the impact of the four-eysouthern ed fir bark beetle. Most of the dead saplings were large (95%), and dead saplings accounted for 10–50%. A positive correlation was found between the decrease in saplings and the state of the fir forest. The number of saplings varied from 1,233 to 19,200 plants ha−1, with fir being the dominant species. Fir forests of Western Siberia, damaged by the four-eyed fir bark beetle, have the potential for regeneration.
{"title":"Natural regeneration in Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.) forests subjected to invasion of the four-eyed fir bark beetle (Polygraphus proximus Blandf.)","authors":"N. Debkov","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2019-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2019-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study assessed the potential of natural regeneration (NR) of forests in Western Siberia, dominated by Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.) and damaged due to the invasion of the four-eyed fir bark beetle (Polygraphus proximus Blandf.). The leading methods for investigating this problem are the sample plot method and the transect method, which allow revealing the features of NR, their morphological structure and spatial distribution. Analysis of the occurrence and structure of NR revealed a correlation between the degree of stand damage and sapling state. The spatial structure was highly heterogeneous, testifying the group location of NR and the variable density. For 63% of the sample plots, a decrease in saplings was recorded as a result of the impact of the four-eysouthern ed fir bark beetle. Most of the dead saplings were large (95%), and dead saplings accounted for 10–50%. A positive correlation was found between the decrease in saplings and the state of the fir forest. The number of saplings varied from 1,233 to 19,200 plants ha−1, with fir being the dominant species. Fir forests of Western Siberia, damaged by the four-eyed fir bark beetle, have the potential for regeneration.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74114379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Paluots, J. Franklin, L. Maamets, D. Laarmann, A. Kangur, H. Korjus
Abstract Diverse structural elements play an important role in sustaining biodiversity in old-growth forests. Therefore, it is important to have thorough knowledge about these habitats and their condition in protected areas. Metsakorralduse Büroo OÜ conducted a large-scale Natura 2000 forest habitat inventory that covered 60% of Lahemaa National Park (LNP) area. Western taiga habitat data (7,191 ha) from this inventory was used for analysis of forest stages. The data was grouped according to stand classes by total area and these classes were compared by deadwood occurrence and relative density. For more precise evaluation of coarse woody debris (CWD) we used 27 sample plots from the Estonian Network of Forest Research Plots (ENFRP) located in LNP. The biggest areas of Western taiga habitat were covered by mature and old stages. CWD occurrence (over 5 m3ha−1 of snags and logs) by habitat representativeness is higher in old and natural forest classes. This logical result is overshadowed by the outcome that the CWD was not substantially present on 32% of the area in the old-growth forest class. This indicates that these areas lack the potential of biological legacies to provide critical niche habitats for different species. The study shows that the CWD quantity in Estonian conditions is similar to that reported in previous studies in this region, but because many of the older forest stage classes do not have any CWD present, these areas should include ecological restoration practices in their conservation planning. By creating snags, logs and gaps in these areas, we are able to create better structural variability and include wood into different decay processes.
不同的结构要素在维持原生林生物多样性中起着重要作用。因此，全面了解这些栖息地及其在保护区内的状况是很重要的。Metsakorralduse b roo OÜ对Lahemaa国家公园(LNP) 60%的区域进行了大规模的自然2000森林栖息地调查。西部针叶林生境数据(7191公顷)用于森林分期分析。将资料按林分的总面积进行分组，并以枯木发生率和相对密度进行比较。为了更精确地评估粗木屑(CWD)，我们使用了位于LNP的爱沙尼亚森林研究样地网络(ENFRP)中的27个样地。西部针叶林栖息地的最大区域被成熟和老阶段所覆盖。按生境代表性计算，CWD发生率(超过5 m3ha−1的树枝和原木)在古林和天然林类别中较高。这一合乎逻辑的结果被结果所掩盖，即CWD在32%的原生林类区域中并未实质性存在。这表明这些地区缺乏为不同物种提供关键生态位栖息地的生物遗产潜力。研究表明，爱沙尼亚条件下的CWD数量与该地区以前研究报告的CWD数量相似，但由于许多较老的森林阶段没有CWD存在，这些地区应在其保护规划中包括生态恢复措施。通过在这些区域制造障碍、原木和缝隙，我们能够创造更好的结构可变性，并将木材纳入不同的腐烂过程。
{"title":"Assessment of Western taiga habitat in Lahemaa National Park, Estonia","authors":"T. Paluots, J. Franklin, L. Maamets, D. Laarmann, A. Kangur, H. Korjus","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2018-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2018-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Diverse structural elements play an important role in sustaining biodiversity in old-growth forests. Therefore, it is important to have thorough knowledge about these habitats and their condition in protected areas. Metsakorralduse Büroo OÜ conducted a large-scale Natura 2000 forest habitat inventory that covered 60% of Lahemaa National Park (LNP) area. Western taiga habitat data (7,191 ha) from this inventory was used for analysis of forest stages. The data was grouped according to stand classes by total area and these classes were compared by deadwood occurrence and relative density. For more precise evaluation of coarse woody debris (CWD) we used 27 sample plots from the Estonian Network of Forest Research Plots (ENFRP) located in LNP. The biggest areas of Western taiga habitat were covered by mature and old stages. CWD occurrence (over 5 m3ha−1 of snags and logs) by habitat representativeness is higher in old and natural forest classes. This logical result is overshadowed by the outcome that the CWD was not substantially present on 32% of the area in the old-growth forest class. This indicates that these areas lack the potential of biological legacies to provide critical niche habitats for different species. The study shows that the CWD quantity in Estonian conditions is similar to that reported in previous studies in this region, but because many of the older forest stage classes do not have any CWD present, these areas should include ecological restoration practices in their conservation planning. By creating snags, logs and gaps in these areas, we are able to create better structural variability and include wood into different decay processes.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80348059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Rumiantsev, V. Luk’yanets, S. Musienko, A. Mostepanyuk, Iryna Obolonyk
Abstract The literature review article sums up research experiences in natural seed regeneration in oak forests. In the past, the natural habitat for pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) was considerably wider than now. The downward trend in the area of oak stands is observed both in Ukraine and other European countries. In Ukraine, the area of natural oak stands of seed origin is decreasing by 2.0 thousand hectares each year. The most significant environmental factor in the emergence and normal growth of young oaks of seed origin is the light amount, which should reach at least 20% of the full sunlight. In addition to the light, the main factors contributing to the emergence of oak seedlings under forest canopies and in cutting areas are the oak fruiting and the litter and soil moisture. On the contrary, the excessive development of forest live cover with sedge and cereal vegetation, root competition from the parent trees, and a dense undergrowth were the hindering factors. In the forests of Ukraine, the largest number of natural seed reproduction of oak (more than 100 thousand stems ha−1) after the harvest year was recorded under the canopy of mature and overmature oak forests with a stocking of 0.6–0.7 and with 70 oaks in the stand species composition, growing in conditions of fresh and moist oak forests of Polissya and Forest-Steppe zones. Scientific and methodical guidelines for using natural reproduction of valuable species during the natural seed regeneration of oak stands were improved.
{"title":"Main problems in natural seed regeneration of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) stands in Ukraine","authors":"M. Rumiantsev, V. Luk’yanets, S. Musienko, A. Mostepanyuk, Iryna Obolonyk","doi":"10.2478/fsmu-2018-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2018-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The literature review article sums up research experiences in natural seed regeneration in oak forests. In the past, the natural habitat for pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) was considerably wider than now. The downward trend in the area of oak stands is observed both in Ukraine and other European countries. In Ukraine, the area of natural oak stands of seed origin is decreasing by 2.0 thousand hectares each year. The most significant environmental factor in the emergence and normal growth of young oaks of seed origin is the light amount, which should reach at least 20% of the full sunlight. In addition to the light, the main factors contributing to the emergence of oak seedlings under forest canopies and in cutting areas are the oak fruiting and the litter and soil moisture. On the contrary, the excessive development of forest live cover with sedge and cereal vegetation, root competition from the parent trees, and a dense undergrowth were the hindering factors. In the forests of Ukraine, the largest number of natural seed reproduction of oak (more than 100 thousand stems ha−1) after the harvest year was recorded under the canopy of mature and overmature oak forests with a stocking of 0.6–0.7 and with 70 oaks in the stand species composition, growing in conditions of fresh and moist oak forests of Polissya and Forest-Steppe zones. Scientific and methodical guidelines for using natural reproduction of valuable species during the natural seed regeneration of oak stands were improved.","PeriodicalId":35353,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74109795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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