A field experiment was conducted during 2015–16 and 2016–17 at Instructional Farm (Agronomy), Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, to evaluate the effect of weed and nutrient-management on quality protein maize. The experiment consisting of 9 weed-management treatments, viz. weedy check, hand-weeding at 15 days after sowing (DAS) and 35 DAS, tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 20 DAS, alachlor 2 kg/ha as pre-emergence (PE) followed by (fb) hand-weeding at 35 DAS, atrazine 0.5 kg/ha as PE fb hand-weeding at 35 DAS, tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 20 DAS fb hand-weeding at 35 DAS, alachlor 2 kg/ha + atrazine 0.5 kg/ha as PE fb hand-weeding at 35 DAS, alachlor 2 kg/ha as PE fb tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 20 DAS and atrazine 0.5 kg/ha as PE fb tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 20 DAS with 3 nutrient-management treatments, viz. NPK, NPK + Zn and NPKS + Zn, were replicated thrice in a split-plot design. The maximum reduction of weed density (8.35) and dry-matter (133.6 g) was recorded with atrazine 0.5 kg/ha fb tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha. Atrazine 0.5 kg/ha fb tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha resulted in maximum number of grains/ cob (367.91), grain weight (82.79 g), 1,000-seed weight (212.03 g) and shelling % (76.58) and ensued significantly higher grain (4.5 t/ha) and stover (7.5 t/ha) yields. Application of NPKS + Zn showed significantly higher yield attributes as well as grain (4.3 t/ha) and stover (7.2 t/ha) yield.
{"title":"Weed dynamics, productivity and economics of quality protein maize (Zea mays) as affected by weed and nutrient-management","authors":"","doi":"10.59797/ija.v68i2.352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v68i2.352","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment was conducted during 2015–16 and 2016–17 at Instructional Farm (Agronomy), Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, to evaluate the effect of weed and nutrient-management on quality protein maize. The experiment consisting of 9 weed-management treatments, viz. weedy check, hand-weeding at 15 days after sowing (DAS) and 35 DAS, tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 20 DAS, alachlor 2 kg/ha as pre-emergence (PE) followed by (fb) hand-weeding at 35 DAS, atrazine 0.5 kg/ha as PE fb hand-weeding at 35 DAS, tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 20 DAS fb hand-weeding at 35 DAS, alachlor 2 kg/ha + atrazine 0.5 kg/ha as PE fb hand-weeding at 35 DAS, alachlor 2 kg/ha as PE fb tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 20 DAS and atrazine 0.5 kg/ha as PE fb tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha at 20 DAS with 3 nutrient-management treatments, viz. NPK, NPK + Zn and NPKS + Zn, were replicated thrice in a split-plot design. The maximum reduction of weed density (8.35) and dry-matter (133.6 g) was recorded with atrazine 0.5 kg/ha fb tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha. Atrazine 0.5 kg/ha fb tembotrione 0.125 kg/ha resulted in maximum number of grains/ cob (367.91), grain weight (82.79 g), 1,000-seed weight (212.03 g) and shelling % (76.58) and ensued significantly higher grain (4.5 t/ha) and stover (7.5 t/ha) yields. Application of NPKS + Zn showed significantly higher yield attributes as well as grain (4.3 t/ha) and stover (7.2 t/ha) yield.","PeriodicalId":35528,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45040760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2015–16 and 2016–17 at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, to study the effect of staggered sowing on growth indices, photosynthetic parameters and productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in relation to different cutting management. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with 3 sowing dates, viz. 15 October, 30 October and 15 November in main plots and 5 cutting management, viz. un-cut (control), cut at 50 days after sowing (DAS), cut at 60 DAS, cut at 50 DAS + additional 15 kg N/ha after cut (N15) and cut at 60 DAS + additional 15 kg N/ha after cut (N15)] in subplots, replicated 4 times. The results indicated that, the crop sown on 15 October registered the highest values of absolute growth rate (AGR) and crop growth rate (CGR) up to 120 days of crop-growth. Thereafter, crop sown on 15 November showed higher AGR and CGR values than that sown on 15 October and 30 October. Relative growth rate (RGR) was the highest in the crop sown on 15 October up to 30 days; 30 October up to 120 days and 15 November thereafter. Fodder cut at 50 DAS and cut at 50 DAS + N15 treatments resulted in the negative values of AGR, CGR and RGR during 30–60 DAS. Transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased significantly and progressively with each delay in sowing. Uncut crop recorded the highest transpiration rate (0.53 m mol/m2 /sec), whereas the crop cut at 60 DAS resulted in the lowest transpiration rate (0.26 m mol/m2 /sec). Crop sown on 15 October resulted in 11.9 and 47.9% more grain yield and 18.3 and 25.2% more fodder yield than that sown on 30 October and 15 November, respectively. Control and cutting for fodder at 50 DAS gave similar grain yields, but were significantly higher than the other cutting-management treatments.
2015–16年和2016–17年冬季（拉比），在卢迪亚纳旁遮普农业大学进行了一项田间试验，研究了交错播种对大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.）生长指数、光合参数和生产力的影响。试验采用3个播种日期的分块设计，即10月15日、10月30日和11月15日在主地块进行，5个扦插管理，即不扦插（对照）、播种后50天扦插（DAS）、60个DAS、50个DAS+扦插后额外15 kg N/ha（N15）和60个DAS+插后额外15公斤N/ha（N1 5）]在子地块进行，重复4次。结果表明，10月15日播种的作物在作物生长120天内的绝对生长率（AGR）和作物生长率（CGR）最高。此后，11月15日播种的作物的AGR和CGR值高于10月15日和10月30日播种的。10月15日至30天播种的作物的相对生长率最高；10月30日至120天，此后为11月15日。在30–60 DAS期间，50 DAS和50 DAS+N15处理的饲料切割导致AGR、CGR和RGR的负值。蒸腾速率和气孔导度随播种时间的延长而显著降低。未割作物的蒸腾速率最高（0.53 m mol/m2/秒），而在60DAS下割作物的蒸发速率最低（0.26 m mol/m2/秒）。10月15日播种的作物比10月30日和11月15日分别增产11.9%和47.9%，饲料产量分别增产18.3%和25.2%。50 DAS的饲料控制和切割产生了相似的粮食产量，但明显高于其他切割管理处理。
{"title":"Growth indices, photosynthetic parameters and productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare) as influenced by sowing dates and cutting management","authors":"","doi":"10.59797/ija.v68i2.349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v68i2.349","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2015–16 and 2016–17 at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, to study the effect of staggered sowing on growth indices, photosynthetic parameters and productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in relation to different cutting management. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with 3 sowing dates, viz. 15 October, 30 October and 15 November in main plots and 5 cutting management, viz. un-cut (control), cut at 50 days after sowing (DAS), cut at 60 DAS, cut at 50 DAS + additional 15 kg N/ha after cut (N15) and cut at 60 DAS + additional 15 kg N/ha after cut (N15)] in subplots, replicated 4 times. The results indicated that, the crop sown on 15 October registered the highest values of absolute growth rate (AGR) and crop growth rate (CGR) up to 120 days of crop-growth. Thereafter, crop sown on 15 November showed higher AGR and CGR values than that sown on 15 October and 30 October. Relative growth rate (RGR) was the highest in the crop sown on 15 October up to 30 days; 30 October up to 120 days and 15 November thereafter. Fodder cut at 50 DAS and cut at 50 DAS + N15 treatments resulted in the negative values of AGR, CGR and RGR during 30–60 DAS. Transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased significantly and progressively with each delay in sowing. Uncut crop recorded the highest transpiration rate (0.53 m mol/m2 /sec), whereas the crop cut at 60 DAS resulted in the lowest transpiration rate (0.26 m mol/m2 /sec). Crop sown on 15 October resulted in 11.9 and 47.9% more grain yield and 18.3 and 25.2% more fodder yield than that sown on 30 October and 15 November, respectively. Control and cutting for fodder at 50 DAS gave similar grain yields, but were significantly higher than the other cutting-management treatments.","PeriodicalId":35528,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42487419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the last half-century, global attention has focused on climate change, particularly changes in air temperature. Concerns about the sustainability of the Earth’s ecosystems and other human life on the land are increasing along with population growth, rising surface temperature, and higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Agriculture is responsible for ~18% of total GHG emissions. Therefore, mitigating the effects of climate change by reducing GHG emissions is essential and can be achieved by careful evaluation of the carbon footprint (CF). The goal of this study was to gain a better understanding of the changes in CF due to agricultural management practices. Carbon footprint is a popular concept in agro-environmental sciences owing to its role in the environmental impact assessments related to alternative solutions and global climate change. The CF of agricultural products is one of the most crucial indicators to assess the effectiveness and long-term viability of agricultural products. Soil-moisture content, soil temperature, porosity, and anoxic conditions are some of the soil properties directly related to GHG emissions. The GHG emissions are also affected by different land-use changes, soil types, and agricultural management practices. Globally, better soil-management techniques can alter atmospheric GHG emissions. Therefore, the relation between photosynthesis and GHG emissions is impacted by agricultural management practices, especially focusing on soil and related systems. When maximizing crop productivity, environmental factors, land use, and agricultural practices all should be considered in CF management. The current review highlights the importance of CF and its role in maintaining the sustainability of agricultural systems.
{"title":"Agro-tactics for reducing carbon footprint in agricultural production systems: A review","authors":"","doi":"10.59797/ija.v68i2.332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v68i2.332","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last half-century, global attention has focused on climate change, particularly changes in air temperature. Concerns about the sustainability of the Earth’s ecosystems and other human life on the land are increasing along with population growth, rising surface temperature, and higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Agriculture is responsible for ~18% of total GHG emissions. Therefore, mitigating the effects of climate change by reducing GHG emissions is essential and can be achieved by careful evaluation of the carbon footprint (CF). The goal of this study was to gain a better understanding of the changes in CF due to agricultural management practices. Carbon footprint is a popular concept in agro-environmental sciences owing to its role in the environmental impact assessments related to alternative solutions and global climate change. The CF of agricultural products is one of the most crucial indicators to assess the effectiveness and long-term viability of agricultural products. Soil-moisture content, soil temperature, porosity, and anoxic conditions are some of the soil properties directly related to GHG emissions. The GHG emissions are also affected by different land-use changes, soil types, and agricultural management practices. Globally, better soil-management techniques can alter atmospheric GHG emissions. Therefore, the relation between photosynthesis and GHG emissions is impacted by agricultural management practices, especially focusing on soil and related systems. When maximizing crop productivity, environmental factors, land use, and agricultural practices all should be considered in CF management. The current review highlights the importance of CF and its role in maintaining the sustainability of agricultural systems.","PeriodicalId":35528,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45451211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An experiment was conducted during the rainy (Kharif) season of 2020 at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Wadura Sopore, Jammu and Kashmir to evaluate the effect of age of seedling and sources of nutrients on dry-matter production of sweet corn (Zea mays L.). It was laid out in randomized complete-block design with factorial arrangement, replicated thrice. The age of seedling comprised of 12, 22 and 32 days old seedlings and sources of nutrients consisted of control, 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 50% RDF + FYM @ 12 t/ha, 50% RDF + vermicompost @ 4 t/ha and 50% RDF + poultry manure @ 2 t/ha. The findings of this study indicated that, age of seedling and sources of nutrients had a significant influence on dry-matter accumulation. Transplanting of 32 days old seedlings recorded significantly higher values for dry-matter accumulation up to 30 days after transplanting, but thereafter transplanting 22 days old seedlings was found superior up to the harvesting. With respect to sources of nutrients application of 50% RDF + poultry manure @ 2 t/ha registering significantly higher dry-matter accumulation.
{"title":"Dry-matter accumulation of sweet corn (Zea mays) under variable seedling age and integrated nutrient supply","authors":"","doi":"10.59797/ija.v68i2.365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v68i2.365","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was conducted during the rainy (Kharif) season of 2020 at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Wadura Sopore, Jammu and Kashmir to evaluate the effect of age of seedling and sources of nutrients on dry-matter production of sweet corn (Zea mays L.). It was laid out in randomized complete-block design with factorial arrangement, replicated thrice. The age of seedling comprised of 12, 22 and 32 days old seedlings and sources of nutrients consisted of control, 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 50% RDF + FYM @ 12 t/ha, 50% RDF + vermicompost @ 4 t/ha and 50% RDF + poultry manure @ 2 t/ha. The findings of this study indicated that, age of seedling and sources of nutrients had a significant influence on dry-matter accumulation. Transplanting of 32 days old seedlings recorded significantly higher values for dry-matter accumulation up to 30 days after transplanting, but thereafter transplanting 22 days old seedlings was found superior up to the harvesting. With respect to sources of nutrients application of 50% RDF + poultry manure @ 2 t/ha registering significantly higher dry-matter accumulation.","PeriodicalId":35528,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47166097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A field experiment was conducted during 2016–17 to 2017–18 at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to study the productivity and profitability of baby corn (Zea mays L.)-based cropping system under various cropping systems with different nutrient-management levels. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with 3 baby corn-based cropping systems (CSs) in main plots, viz. CS1 , rainy season baby corn-winter season baby corn-summer season baby corn (RBc – WBc – SBc); CS2 , RBc – WBc + vegetable fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) – summer season vegetable cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] (RBc – WBc + VFg – SCp); and CS3 , RBc – WBc + VFg – summer season sweet corn (RBc – WBc + VFg – SSc), and 5 nutrient-management levels, viz. N1 , 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through urea fertilizer (100% RDN – F); N2, 75% RDN – F + 25% RDN through FYM (75% RDN –F + 25% RDN – FYM); N3 , 75% RDN – F + 25% RDN through vermicompost (75% RDN – F + 25% RDN – VC); N4 , 75% N % RDN – F + 25% N through leaf compost (75% RDN – F + 25% RDN – LC); and N5 , microbial consortium of Rhizobium/Azotobacter + phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria + potassium-solubilizing bacteria (R/Azo + PSB + KSB), in subplots. The yield of different component crops converted and presented in terms baby corn-equivalent yield (BCEY) for better understanding. Among the cropping systems, the BCEY differed from 1.99 to 2.18 Mg/ha during the rainy season. Baby corn CSs intensified with vegetable fenugreek during the winter season, resulted in significantly higher BCEY (2.42–2.52 Mg/ha) with CS2 and CS3 than the sole baby corn (CS1 ). Similarly, during the summer season, significantly higher BCEY (3.03–3.07 Mg/ ha) was recorded with CS3 . The cropping system CS2 recorded significantly lowest BCEY during both the years. The net returns in all CSs during rainy season was not differed significantly. During the winter season, significantly higher net returns (130–142 × 103 `/ha) were recorded in both the intensified cropping systems (CS2 and CS3 ) than CS1 (95–98 × 103 `/ha). During the summer season, significantly higher net returns (~186 × 103 `/ha) were recorded in CS3 than both CSs. Among the nutrient-management levels, significantly higher BCEY and net returns were recorded with 75% RDN – F + 25% RDN – FYM, followed by 75% RDN – F + 25% RDN – VC during both the years.
{"title":"Productivity and profitability of baby corn (Zea mays)-based cropping systems under various nutrient-management practices","authors":"","doi":"10.59797/ija.v68i2.351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v68i2.351","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment was conducted during 2016–17 to 2017–18 at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to study the productivity and profitability of baby corn (Zea mays L.)-based cropping system under various cropping systems with different nutrient-management levels. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with 3 baby corn-based cropping systems (CSs) in main plots, viz. CS1 , rainy season baby corn-winter season baby corn-summer season baby corn (RBc – WBc – SBc); CS2 , RBc – WBc + vegetable fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) – summer season vegetable cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] (RBc – WBc + VFg – SCp); and CS3 , RBc – WBc + VFg – summer season sweet corn (RBc – WBc + VFg – SSc), and 5 nutrient-management levels, viz. N1 , 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through urea fertilizer (100% RDN – F); N2, 75% RDN – F + 25% RDN through FYM (75% RDN –F + 25% RDN – FYM); N3 , 75% RDN – F + 25% RDN through vermicompost (75% RDN – F + 25% RDN – VC); N4 , 75% N % RDN – F + 25% N through leaf compost (75% RDN – F + 25% RDN – LC); and N5 , microbial consortium of Rhizobium/Azotobacter + phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria + potassium-solubilizing bacteria (R/Azo + PSB + KSB), in subplots. The yield of different component crops converted and presented in terms baby corn-equivalent yield (BCEY) for better understanding. Among the cropping systems, the BCEY differed from 1.99 to 2.18 Mg/ha during the rainy season. Baby corn CSs intensified with vegetable fenugreek during the winter season, resulted in significantly higher BCEY (2.42–2.52 Mg/ha) with CS2 and CS3 than the sole baby corn (CS1 ). Similarly, during the summer season, significantly higher BCEY (3.03–3.07 Mg/ ha) was recorded with CS3 . The cropping system CS2 recorded significantly lowest BCEY during both the years. The net returns in all CSs during rainy season was not differed significantly. During the winter season, significantly higher net returns (130–142 × 103 `/ha) were recorded in both the intensified cropping systems (CS2 and CS3 ) than CS1 (95–98 × 103 `/ha). During the summer season, significantly higher net returns (~186 × 103 `/ha) were recorded in CS3 than both CSs. Among the nutrient-management levels, significantly higher BCEY and net returns were recorded with 75% RDN – F + 25% RDN – FYM, followed by 75% RDN – F + 25% RDN – VC during both the years.","PeriodicalId":35528,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44349981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2019–20 and 2020–21 at the Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda (Punjab), to study the effect of irrigation schedules on different growth, yieldattributing characters, yield, quality and water use in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] in relation to sowing time. Results revealed that, early-sown crop, i.e. 10 October, recorded the higher growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation, primary branches/plants, secondary branches/plant, and yield-attributing characters, viz. siliquae/plant, seeds/siliqua, siliqua length and 1,000-seed weight of Indian mustard. The crop sown on 10 October gave the highest seed yield (1449 kg/ha) which was significantly higher than the crop sown on 25 October (1,171 kg/ha) and 10 November (643 kg/ha). Oil yield, nitrogen content and protein content were also significantly higher in 10 October sown crop. Early-sown crop, i.e. 10 October, resulted in the 21.2 and 119.5% higher water-use efficiency (7.55 kg/ha/mm) than 25 October (6.23 kg/ha mm) and 10 November (3.44 kg/ha/mm) sown crop. Application of 3 irrigations, viz. at branching, flowering and siliqua-formation stages, resulted in higher plant height, dry matter, primary and secondary branches/plant, siliquae/plant, 1,000-seed weight, stover yield and harvest index in Indian mustard. Three irrigations at branching, flowering and siliqua-formation stages resulted in significantly higher seed yield (1,658 kg/ha), oil content (42.2%), oil yield (699.7 kg) and protein content (22.3%). This treatment resulted in the 23.3% higher water-use efficiency (6.50 kg/ha/mm) than the control (5.27 kg/ha/mm).
{"title":"Effect of irrigation schedules on productivity, quality and water use of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) under staggered sowing in Northwest India","authors":"","doi":"10.59797/ija.v68i2.355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v68i2.355","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2019–20 and 2020–21 at the Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda (Punjab), to study the effect of irrigation schedules on different growth, yieldattributing characters, yield, quality and water use in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] in relation to sowing time. Results revealed that, early-sown crop, i.e. 10 October, recorded the higher growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation, primary branches/plants, secondary branches/plant, and yield-attributing characters, viz. siliquae/plant, seeds/siliqua, siliqua length and 1,000-seed weight of Indian mustard. The crop sown on 10 October gave the highest seed yield (1449 kg/ha) which was significantly higher than the crop sown on 25 October (1,171 kg/ha) and 10 November (643 kg/ha). Oil yield, nitrogen content and protein content were also significantly higher in 10 October sown crop. Early-sown crop, i.e. 10 October, resulted in the 21.2 and 119.5% higher water-use efficiency (7.55 kg/ha/mm) than 25 October (6.23 kg/ha mm) and 10 November (3.44 kg/ha/mm) sown crop. Application of 3 irrigations, viz. at branching, flowering and siliqua-formation stages, resulted in higher plant height, dry matter, primary and secondary branches/plant, siliquae/plant, 1,000-seed weight, stover yield and harvest index in Indian mustard. Three irrigations at branching, flowering and siliqua-formation stages resulted in significantly higher seed yield (1,658 kg/ha), oil content (42.2%), oil yield (699.7 kg) and protein content (22.3%). This treatment resulted in the 23.3% higher water-use efficiency (6.50 kg/ha/mm) than the control (5.27 kg/ha/mm).","PeriodicalId":35528,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42133374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A study was carried out during the rainy (kharif) season of 2015 and 2016 at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, to evaluate the effect of 6 weed-management practices on growth, yield and soil microflora with 3 different direct-seeded upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. The percentage of grasses was higher, followed by broad leaf weeds in variety ‘Maizubiron’ followed by ‘Guni’ during the critical crop growth period. The lowest weed density as well as dry weight at 20, 40 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) was recorded in rice variety ‘Inglongkiri’ under integrated weed management of pretilachlor 1.5 kg/ha and mechanical weeding which resulted in higher weed-control efficiency (36.29 and 37.62%, respectively) at 20 DAS. The light transmission ratio was the lowest in ‘Inglongkiri’ followed by ‘Guni’. The fungal and bacterial populations were reduced at 25 days after herbicide application which gradually increased up to 50 days. Higher grain yield and harvest index among rice varieties were recorded in ‘Inglongkiri’ (1.98 t/ha and 43.09, respectively.) and application of pretilachlor 0.75 or 1.5 kg/ha combined with mechanical weeding 30 DAS resulted in the higher grain yield (1.95 t/ha) and harvest index (39.33%) over 2 years.
{"title":"Effect of integrated weed-management practices in direct-seeded autumn rice (Oryza sativa) on growth, yield and soil microflora","authors":"","doi":"10.59797/ija.v68i2.340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v68i2.340","url":null,"abstract":"A study was carried out during the rainy (kharif) season of 2015 and 2016 at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, to evaluate the effect of 6 weed-management practices on growth, yield and soil microflora with 3 different direct-seeded upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. The percentage of grasses was higher, followed by broad leaf weeds in variety ‘Maizubiron’ followed by ‘Guni’ during the critical crop growth period. The lowest weed density as well as dry weight at 20, 40 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) was recorded in rice variety ‘Inglongkiri’ under integrated weed management of pretilachlor 1.5 kg/ha and mechanical weeding which resulted in higher weed-control efficiency (36.29 and 37.62%, respectively) at 20 DAS. The light transmission ratio was the lowest in ‘Inglongkiri’ followed by ‘Guni’. The fungal and bacterial populations were reduced at 25 days after herbicide application which gradually increased up to 50 days. Higher grain yield and harvest index among rice varieties were recorded in ‘Inglongkiri’ (1.98 t/ha and 43.09, respectively.) and application of pretilachlor 0.75 or 1.5 kg/ha combined with mechanical weeding 30 DAS resulted in the higher grain yield (1.95 t/ha) and harvest index (39.33%) over 2 years.","PeriodicalId":35528,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42913143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2016–17, 2017–18 and 2018–19 at the Agriculture University, Kota, Rajasthan, to evaluate the effect of fertility levels and foliar nutrition on fieldpea (Pisum sativum L.). The experiment consisted of 3 recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) levels (75%, 100% and 125%) and 5 foliar sprays [water spray, neem-coated urea 2%, NPK (19 : 19 : 19) 0.5%, NPK (17 : 44 : 0) 0.5% and NPK (0 : 0 : 50) 0.5%] at pre-flowering and pod-initiation stages. Result revealed, that the maximum and significantly higher plant height (168.21 cm), branches/plant (3.12), nodule count (23.75), nodule dry weight (35.87 g/plant), pods/plant (61.90), seeds/pod (3.78), grain yield (2350 kg/ha), net returns (`52,889/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (3.02) were recorded with application of 125% RDF (25 kg N + 50 kg P + 25 kg K + 25 kg S + 6.25 kg Zn/ha) with 7.32, 10.64, 13.54, 11.40, 15.81, 12,17, 26.82, 32.18 and 16.60% increase over 75% RDF. Application of 125% RDF recorded the maximum nutrient content (N : P : K : S 3.30 : 0.54 : 1.18 : 0.40% in seed and 1.69 : 0.48 : 1.51 : 0.31% in straw) and uptake (N : P : K : S 77.57 : 12.59 : 27.68 : 9.42 kg/ha in seed and 58.14 : 16.35 : 51.99 : 10.67 kg/ha in straw) over the other treatments. Among foliar applications, NPK (19 : 19 : 19) @ 0.5% at pre-flowering and pod- initiation stage resulted in the maximum and significantly higher plant height (167.76 cm), branches/plant (3.14), nodule count (23.77), nodule dry weight (36.36 g/plant), pods/plant (63.43), seeds/pod (3.89), grain yield (2,250 kg/ha), net returns (`50,835/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (3.06) over rest of treatments with 9.69, 12.95, 8.69, 10.06, 23.38, 18.24, 12.84, 17.19 and 15.47% increase over the control; however, it recorded at par results with NPK (17 : 44 : 0) @ 0.5% at pre-flowering and pod-initiation stage. Similarly, higher NKS uptake in seed and straw was observed under foliar application of NPK (19 : 19 : 19) @ 0.5% and P uptake under NPK (17 : 44 : 0) @ 0.5% than the other treatments.
{"title":"Effect of fertility levels and foliar nutrition in fieldpea (Pisum sativum) under south - eastern Rajasthan","authors":"","doi":"10.59797/ija.v68i2.353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v68i2.353","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2016–17, 2017–18 and 2018–19 at the Agriculture University, Kota, Rajasthan, to evaluate the effect of fertility levels and foliar nutrition on fieldpea (Pisum sativum L.). The experiment consisted of 3 recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) levels (75%, 100% and 125%) and 5 foliar sprays [water spray, neem-coated urea 2%, NPK (19 : 19 : 19) 0.5%, NPK (17 : 44 : 0) 0.5% and NPK (0 : 0 : 50) 0.5%] at pre-flowering and pod-initiation stages. Result revealed, that the maximum and significantly higher plant height (168.21 cm), branches/plant (3.12), nodule count (23.75), nodule dry weight (35.87 g/plant), pods/plant (61.90), seeds/pod (3.78), grain yield (2350 kg/ha), net returns (`52,889/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (3.02) were recorded with application of 125% RDF (25 kg N + 50 kg P + 25 kg K + 25 kg S + 6.25 kg Zn/ha) with 7.32, 10.64, 13.54, 11.40, 15.81, 12,17, 26.82, 32.18 and 16.60% increase over 75% RDF. Application of 125% RDF recorded the maximum nutrient content (N : P : K : S 3.30 : 0.54 : 1.18 : 0.40% in seed and 1.69 : 0.48 : 1.51 : 0.31% in straw) and uptake (N : P : K : S 77.57 : 12.59 : 27.68 : 9.42 kg/ha in seed and 58.14 : 16.35 : 51.99 : 10.67 kg/ha in straw) over the other treatments. Among foliar applications, NPK (19 : 19 : 19) @ 0.5% at pre-flowering and pod- initiation stage resulted in the maximum and significantly higher plant height (167.76 cm), branches/plant (3.14), nodule count (23.77), nodule dry weight (36.36 g/plant), pods/plant (63.43), seeds/pod (3.89), grain yield (2,250 kg/ha), net returns (`50,835/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (3.06) over rest of treatments with 9.69, 12.95, 8.69, 10.06, 23.38, 18.24, 12.84, 17.19 and 15.47% increase over the control; however, it recorded at par results with NPK (17 : 44 : 0) @ 0.5% at pre-flowering and pod-initiation stage. Similarly, higher NKS uptake in seed and straw was observed under foliar application of NPK (19 : 19 : 19) @ 0.5% and P uptake under NPK (17 : 44 : 0) @ 0.5% than the other treatments.","PeriodicalId":35528,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47548123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2018 and 2019 at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to study the effect of crop-establishment methods and enriched organic nutrient sources on growth and productivity of ‘Pusa Basmati 1509’ rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment was laid out in splitplot design with 3 replications. The treatments comprised 2 main plot treatments, viz. aerobic rice (AR) and conventional transplanted (CT) rice, and 5 subplot treatments, viz. control (no fertilizer), 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)–100% mineral fertilization), 50% P through P enriched compost + 50% P through diammonium phosphate (DAP), 50% N through N-enriched compost + 50% N through urea and DAP and 100% organic (through N-enriched compost and P-enriched compost). The transplanted rice gave significantly higher grain yield (4.3 and 4.5 t/ha), straw yield (7.2 and 7.5 t/ha), plant height (97.8 and 99.1 cm), number of tillers (369.4 and 375.1), macro (1.4 and 1.3%-N, 0.14 and 0.15% -P, 0.27 and 0.28% K) and micro-nutrient concentration (70.5 and 76.8 ppm-Fe 22.2 and 22.9 ppm-Mn 24.1 and 24.7 ppm-Zn 10.1 and 10.5 ppm-Cu) in grain compared to aerobic rice. Enriched N compost having 50% N through N-enriched compost + 50% N through urea and DAP resulted in significantly higher grain yield (4.85 and 5.13 t/ha) than the other treatments except enriched P compost including 50% P through P-enriched compost + 50% P through DAP and these 2 treatments were at par in both the years. The 100% RDF resulted in more grain yield than 100% organic treatment, though differences were nonsignificant in both the years. Treatment of 50% N through N-enriched compost + 50% N through urea and DAP also resulted in taller plants, more tillers/m2 , higher macro and micro-nutrient concentration in grain than the other treatments. Hence, conventional transplanting of rice along with integrated application of enriched compost and inorganic fertilizer may be recommended to farmers for getting higher growth, productivity and better nutritional security.
{"title":"Effect of enriched composts and establishment methods on crop growth and nutrient concentration of rice (Oryza sativa) in trans-Gangetic plains of India","authors":"","doi":"10.59797/ija.v68i2.335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v68i2.335","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2018 and 2019 at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to study the effect of crop-establishment methods and enriched organic nutrient sources on growth and productivity of ‘Pusa Basmati 1509’ rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment was laid out in splitplot design with 3 replications. The treatments comprised 2 main plot treatments, viz. aerobic rice (AR) and conventional transplanted (CT) rice, and 5 subplot treatments, viz. control (no fertilizer), 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)–100% mineral fertilization), 50% P through P enriched compost + 50% P through diammonium phosphate (DAP), 50% N through N-enriched compost + 50% N through urea and DAP and 100% organic (through N-enriched compost and P-enriched compost). The transplanted rice gave significantly higher grain yield (4.3 and 4.5 t/ha), straw yield (7.2 and 7.5 t/ha), plant height (97.8 and 99.1 cm), number of tillers (369.4 and 375.1), macro (1.4 and 1.3%-N, 0.14 and 0.15% -P, 0.27 and 0.28% K) and micro-nutrient concentration (70.5 and 76.8 ppm-Fe 22.2 and 22.9 ppm-Mn 24.1 and 24.7 ppm-Zn 10.1 and 10.5 ppm-Cu) in grain compared to aerobic rice. Enriched N compost having 50% N through N-enriched compost + 50% N through urea and DAP resulted in significantly higher grain yield (4.85 and 5.13 t/ha) than the other treatments except enriched P compost including 50% P through P-enriched compost + 50% P through DAP and these 2 treatments were at par in both the years. The 100% RDF resulted in more grain yield than 100% organic treatment, though differences were nonsignificant in both the years. Treatment of 50% N through N-enriched compost + 50% N through urea and DAP also resulted in taller plants, more tillers/m2 , higher macro and micro-nutrient concentration in grain than the other treatments. Hence, conventional transplanting of rice along with integrated application of enriched compost and inorganic fertilizer may be recommended to farmers for getting higher growth, productivity and better nutritional security.","PeriodicalId":35528,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48720879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) season of 2019–20, at research farm of the Afghanistan National Agricultural Sciences and Technology University (ANASTU), Kandahar, Afghanistan, in randomized complete-block design to find out the effect of zinc on growth, yield and yield-attributing characters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Results revealed that, plant height (100.3 cm), number of tillers/m2 [346 at 60 days after sowing (DAS) and 576 at 90 DAS], leaf-area index (1.98), dry-matter production (291 g/m2 ), number of spikes/m2 (319), spikelets/spike (20.7), grains/spike (51.1) and 1,000-grain weight (52.2 g) obtained with the application of 2.5 kg Zn/ha as basal + 2 foliar sprays @ 0.5% through ZnSO4 , were significantly higher over rest of the treatments. Grain yield (4.09 tonnes/ha), straw yield (6.39 tonne/ha), biological yields (10.2 tonne/ha) and harvest index (40%) too were recorded higher under the application of 2.5 kg Zn/ha as basal + 2 foliar sprays @ 0.5% through ZnSO4. Gross returns (147.23 × 103 `/ha), net returns (103.39 × 103 `/ha) and benefit: cost ratios (3.19) were also higher with the application of 2.5 kg Zn/ha as basal + 2 foliar sprays @ 0.5% through ZnSO4 . Overall, the soil application of 2.5 kg Zn/ha as basal through ZnSO4 + 2 foliar sprays of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% was best in terms of growth, yield and profitability of wheat.
{"title":"Productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) as influenced by zinc fertilization under semi-arid conditions of Kandahar, Afghanistan","authors":"","doi":"10.59797/ija.v68i2.363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59797/ija.v68i2.363","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) season of 2019–20, at research farm of the Afghanistan National Agricultural Sciences and Technology University (ANASTU), Kandahar, Afghanistan, in randomized complete-block design to find out the effect of zinc on growth, yield and yield-attributing characters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Results revealed that, plant height (100.3 cm), number of tillers/m2 [346 at 60 days after sowing (DAS) and 576 at 90 DAS], leaf-area index (1.98), dry-matter production (291 g/m2 ), number of spikes/m2 (319), spikelets/spike (20.7), grains/spike (51.1) and 1,000-grain weight (52.2 g) obtained with the application of 2.5 kg Zn/ha as basal + 2 foliar sprays @ 0.5% through ZnSO4 , were significantly higher over rest of the treatments. Grain yield (4.09 tonnes/ha), straw yield (6.39 tonne/ha), biological yields (10.2 tonne/ha) and harvest index (40%) too were recorded higher under the application of 2.5 kg Zn/ha as basal + 2 foliar sprays @ 0.5% through ZnSO4. Gross returns (147.23 × 103 `/ha), net returns (103.39 × 103 `/ha) and benefit: cost ratios (3.19) were also higher with the application of 2.5 kg Zn/ha as basal + 2 foliar sprays @ 0.5% through ZnSO4 . Overall, the soil application of 2.5 kg Zn/ha as basal through ZnSO4 + 2 foliar sprays of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% was best in terms of growth, yield and profitability of wheat.","PeriodicalId":35528,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45287649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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