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Probabilistic assessment of geogenic arsenic distributions for risk management in the Kwu Tung North New Development Area 古洞北新发展区地质成因砷分布风险管理的概率评估
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.33430/v29n3thie-2021-0024
C. Lo, A. L. Leung, Wenfei Liu, Daniel C W Tsang, C. Poon, Man Tat Leung, Wing Hong Chung
In the search for new sources of land supply, difficult ground or contamination issues may be encountered with potentially harmful trace elements existing in subsurface soils. On many occasions, these substances are naturally occurring and are not the result of anthropogenic contamination. This paper presents the multi-disciplinary efforts in characterising the spatial variability and evaluating the distributions of arsenic in the Kwu Tung North New Development Area (KTN NDA), and the soil stabilisation/solidification (S/S) works to further mitigate the associated health risks. Arsenic is a naturally occurring trace element that may pose a threat to human health and the ecosystem, and it is found in large variations of concentration at the KTN NDA. Based on data from over 1,300 samples obtained across the site, probabilistic estimates were made regarding the distributions of arsenic-containing soil, and soil volumes that may require S/S treatment. Through this probabilistic approach, the volume estimates are presented with various levels of confidence, and subsequent S/S treatment works can be planned in a time-efficient and cost-effective way according to the tolerable risk levels and availability of resources. Successful application of the approach at the KTN NDA demonstrates its applicability for other projects with geogenic trace elements in soil.
在寻找新的土地供应来源时,地下土壤中存在潜在有害微量元素,可能会遇到困难的地面或污染问题。在许多情况下,这些物质是自然产生的,不是人为污染的结果。本文介绍了多学科在描述古洞北部新开发区(KTN NDA)的空间变异性和评估砷分布方面所做的努力,以及为进一步减轻相关健康风险而进行的土壤稳定/固化工作。砷是一种天然存在的微量元素,可能对人类健康和生态系统构成威胁,在KTN NDA的浓度变化很大。根据现场获得的1300多个样本的数据,对含砷土壤的分布以及可能需要S/S处理的土壤体积进行了概率估计。通过这种概率方法,以不同的置信水平提供了容量估计,并且可以根据可容忍的风险水平和资源的可用性,以时间高效和成本效益高的方式规划后续S/S处理工程。该方法在KTN NDA的成功应用表明,它适用于土壤中含有地质微量元素的其他项目。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of Micronutrient Technique (MNT) for biosolids reduction in wastewater treatment plants 微量营养素技术(MNT)对废水处理厂减少生物固体的影响
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.33430/v29n1thie-2020-0041
Anthony See-Yuen To, A. Lau
Over the last two decades, the wastewater treatment industry has faced a recurring issue: an overwhelming amount of biosolid (sludge) yield, high power consumption and foul odour due to its anoxic treatment procedures. Engineers in China and Canada have experimented with a different approach, using facultative anaerobic digestion, called the Micronutrient Technique (MNT). This biochemical technique mixes essential growth elements, namely amino acids, vitamins, purine, pyrimidine and minerals, to create MNT mixtures for the WWTP industries. The specific MNT mixture is based on gas detection on-site, the principle of bacterial anoxic reaction. Dosage with MNT has enhanced bioremediation and degradation of pollutants. In the experiment and case studies, it was found that in typical city and some industrial WWTPs, MNT offered a low-cost alternative with encouraging sludge yield and odour control.
在过去的二十年里,废水处理行业面临着一个反复出现的问题:大量的生物固体(污泥)产量、高功耗和由于缺氧处理程序而产生的臭味。中国和加拿大的工程师已经试验了一种不同的方法,使用兼性厌氧消化,称为微量营养素技术(MNT)。这种生物化学技术混合了必需的生长元素,即氨基酸、维生素、嘌呤、嘧啶和矿物质,为污水处理厂工业生产MNT混合物。具体的MNT混合物是基于气体现场检测,细菌缺氧反应的原理。MNT的剂量增强了污染物的生物修复和降解。在实验和案例研究中,发现在典型的城市和一些工业污水处理厂中,MNT提供了一种低成本的替代方案,可以提高污泥产量和控制气味。
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引用次数: 0
Benchmarking site-plant resource matching performance of ready-mixed concrete delivery and placing 对预拌混凝土输送和浇筑的场厂资源匹配性能进行标杆
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.33430/v29n1thie-2021-0021
Francis Siu, Anson Kwun Wang Wong, M. Anson
Since on-time concrete delivery is important to both contractors and suppliers, performance benchmarking of the concrete delivery process, as actually achieved in practice, is a worthwhile undertaking of potential benefit to the construction industry. However, there has been no thorough such benchmarking in Hong Kong for 20 years, since the study by Anson et al. (2002). This research study has provided an up-to-date benchmark of the site/supplier resource matching, or coordination, performance for big building superstructure pours, based on study of the records of 77 pours placed on five buildings under construction in Hong Kong. This research study also aimed to assess whether there was any evidence to suggest that site/ plant coordination performance has improved since 2000, not least due to the adoption of advanced technologies, which nowadays monitor the locations of truckmixers in real time throughout the day. Of great importance to the industry, however, and the most significant finding arising from this study, is that there is no support for the proposition that site/supplier resource coordination has improved over that 20-year interval. Truckmixer position tracking systems need to be capitalised upon with the introduction of data analysis simulation software and optimising scheduling applied in real time.
由于按时交付混凝土对承建商和供应商都很重要,因此对混凝土交付过程的表现进行基准测试是一项有价值的工作,对建造业有潜在的好处。然而,自Anson et al.(2002)的研究以来,香港已有20年没有进行过彻底的基准测试。这项研究是根据香港五座在建建筑物的77次泼水记录,为大型建筑物上部结构泼水的场地/供应商资源匹配或协调表现提供最新基准。本研究还旨在评估是否有任何证据表明,自2000年以来,现场/工厂协调性能有所改善,尤其是由于采用了先进技术,现在可以全天实时监控卡车搅拌机的位置。然而,对该行业来说非常重要的是,这项研究得出的最重要的发现是,在这20年的时间间隔内,没有证据支持场地/供应商资源协调有所改善的主张。卡车搅拌机的位置跟踪系统需要引入数据分析仿真软件,并实时优化调度。
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引用次数: 0
Concrete placing crew and truckmixer productivities as affected by delivery scheduling policies 混凝土浇筑人员和卡车搅拌机的生产能力受到交货调度政策的影响
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.33430/v29n1thie-2021-0018
M. Anson, Francis Siu
When ready mixed concrete is placed in forms on site, the goal is to ensure that both the placing crew is never idle when waiting for a delivery of concrete and that concrete delivery truckmixers never have to wait in a queue to be unloaded. This situation is almost never achieved in practice for a routine pour. Usually, both crews and truckmixers have to wait for some of the time. To better understand the behavioural characteristics of the concreting system, in terms of crew idle time and truckmixer excess time on site, simulation experiments were carried out to compare the effects of two truckmixer plant dispatch policies. For larger pours in particular, a serial dispatch policy is found more wasteful of truckmixer time than circulating dispatch as long as the correct size of circulating fleet is chosen. In addition, for serial dispatch, due to the system flow parameter variabilities seen in real life, it is suggested that to choose the theoretically optimum dispatch interval at the plant is wasteful of truckmixer time and that better coordinated plant and site resource matching requires slightly greater choice over the length of intervals.
当准备好的混凝土在现场以形式放置时,目标是确保放置人员在等待混凝土交付时永远不会空闲,并且混凝土运输卡车搅拌车永远不会排队等待卸载。这种情况几乎从来没有在实践中实现的常规倒。通常,工作人员和卡车搅拌工都需要等待一段时间。为了更好地了解混凝土系统的行为特征,在现场工作人员空闲时间和卡车搅拌机超时时间方面,进行了模拟实验,以比较两种卡车搅拌机工厂调度策略的效果。特别是对于较大的浇注量,只要选择正确的循环车队规模,发现连续调度策略比循环调度更浪费卡车搅拌机的时间。此外,对于串行调度,由于实际生活中系统流量参数的可变性,建议在工厂选择理论上最优的调度间隔是浪费卡车搅拌机的时间,并且更好地协调工厂和现场资源匹配需要在间隔长度上进行更大的选择。
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引用次数: 0
Visual-optical positioning and configuration of non-identified electronic pricing tags on retail shelves 零售货架上非识别电子价格标签的光学定位与配置
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.33430/v29n1thie-2020-0002
Wai Tong Fung, Kin Man Lam
Firstly, a new positioning methodology for electronic pricing tags (EPTs) is proposed, performed by a Visual-Optical Mobile Module (VOMM) on the shelf. The module is composed of a monocular mobile camera and an infrared laser emitter built into a precise X-Y-Z angle divider driven by subdivision control of a stepping motor for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). The inter-tag distance between two EPTs can be down to a minimum of 2 mm. Secondly, the batteryoperated EPT consists of an infrared receiver and a low-cost MCU with LC-display. All EPTs can be positioned and automatically assigned to a specific ID. Hence, neither Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) nor a beacon is needed to tag the products. All the off-the-shelf products can be freely placed anywhere on the shelves. Thirdly, all individual EPTs can be auto-configured by a VOMM via Line-of-Sight (LoS) communication. The initial database simply records product identification and description, regular price, promotion price and sale period. Finally, the rotatable VOMM is installed on the ceiling, and a 3D floor plan can be generated to show the coordinates of products and EPTs. Shelves and zones can be generated automatically by using visual recognition and the information from the database according to the position of all EPTs on the shelves.
首先,提出了一种新的电子价格标签定位方法,该方法由货架上的可视光学移动模块(VOMM)执行。该模块由一台单目移动相机和一个红外激光发射器组成,该发射器内置于一个精确的X-Y-Z角度分配器中,由步进电机的细分控制驱动,用于同步定位和映射(SLAM)。两个EPT之间的标签间距离可以降到最小2mm。其次,电池供电的EPT由红外接收器和带LC显示器的低成本MCU组成。所有EPT都可以定位并自动分配给特定的ID。因此,不需要射频识别(RFID)或信标来标记产品。所有现成的产品都可以自由放置在货架上的任何地方。第三,VOMM可以通过视线(LoS)通信自动配置所有单独的EPT。初始数据库简单地记录产品标识和描述、常规价格、促销价格和销售周期。最后,将可旋转的VOMM安装在天花板上,可以生成3D平面图来显示产品和EPT的坐标。根据货架上所有EPT的位置,可以使用视觉识别和数据库中的信息自动生成货架和区域。
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引用次数: 0
A robust and efficient automated product recognition system based on scenario design methodology and computer vision techniques 基于场景设计方法和计算机视觉技术的鲁棒高效自动化产品识别系统
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.33430/v29n1thie-2020-0003
Wai Tong Fung, Kin Man Lam
Automated product recognition systems should minimise the online product verification time while keeping product recognition robust to human interventions, including misplaced products, rotated products and empty shelves. A predefined template of each product is generated offline, and scale and location invariant binary local features are employed for recognition. Three types of Sampling Bounding Mask (SBM) are defined and combined with RGB/LUV colour histograms, and matched with a planar level of a shelf by using the Earth Mover’s Distance, thereby reducing the computation time by 50%. Eight comprehensive product views are used to define five product scenarios on a shelf. The SBMs can be used to accurately distinguish the scenarios in a region at a level of shelf. By identifying four scenarios where a shopkeeper does not need to take any action to immediately reallocate misplaced products on shelves, the computation time is reduced by 80%. Six invariant keypoints and feature computation methods are compared for the recognition of product shelf items in different scenarios. The proposed approach speeds up the process by 200% to 300% for product matching. By integrating SBM view detection, the accuracy of product recognition in the front-view with rotations ranges from 90% to 95% using six different feature descriptors.
自动化产品识别系统应最大限度地减少在线产品验证时间,同时保持产品识别对人为干预的鲁棒性,包括放错位置的产品,旋转的产品和空货架。离线生成每个产品的预定义模板,并利用尺度和位置不变的二值局部特征进行识别。定义了三种采样边界蒙版(SBM),并将其与RGB/LUV颜色直方图相结合,利用地球移动距离与货架的平面水平相匹配,从而减少了50%的计算时间。8个综合产品视图用于定义货架上的5种产品场景。SBMs可用于在陆架水平上准确区分区域的情景。通过识别四种场景,店主不需要立即采取任何行动来重新分配货架上放错位置的产品,计算时间减少了80%。比较了六种不同场景下货架物品识别的不变关键点和特征计算方法。提出的方法将产品匹配的过程加快了200%到300%。通过集成SBM视图检测,使用6种不同的特征描述符对旋转前视的产品识别准确率在90% ~ 95%之间。
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引用次数: 0
Improvement of cable defect identification for power distribution networks 配电网电缆缺陷识别的改进
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.33430/v29n1thie-2021-0016
Ke Zhu, Ting Fat Ng
Power distribution networks are critical infrastructures that secure delivery of electricity in a power system. Since electricity is mainly distributed through underground 11 kV and 22 kV power cables on Hong Kong Island, the maintenance of underground power cables is one of the most challenging jobs that The Hongkong Electric Co., Ltd. (HK Electric) has to face. This is because excavation for repair and replacement is difficult and time-consuming due to busy traffic and congested underground conditions. In order to improve maintenance efficacy, this study puts forward a new method to screen and locate potential defective component(s) of underground power cables by collectively using online and offline partial discharge (PD) diagnosing methods. The study also introduces new evaluation metrics (standard deviation of mean tan delta, and delta of mean tan delta) to identify cables at risk of developing water trees inside the cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation. The effectiveness of these two proposed methods has been validated on its distribution network. These improved identification methods for detecting cable defects could further enhance the reliability and security of HK Electric’s power distribution system.
配电网是确保电力系统中电力输送的关键基础设施。由于香港岛的电力主要通过11千伏和22千伏的地下电缆进行分配,地下电缆的维护是有限公司(香港电气)面临的最具挑战性的工作之一。这是因为由于繁忙的交通和拥挤的地下条件,挖掘修复和更换既困难又耗时。为了提高维修效率,本研究提出了一种新的方法,通过在线和离线局部放电诊断方法来筛查和定位地下电力电缆的潜在缺陷部件。该研究还引入了新的评估指标(平均tan德尔塔的标准偏差和平均tan德尔特的德尔塔),以识别交联聚乙烯(XLPE)绝缘内部有水树风险的电缆。这两种方法的有效性已经在其分销网络上得到了验证。这些改进的电缆缺陷识别方法可以进一步提高香港电力配电系统的可靠性和安全性。
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引用次数: 0
Special Issue with Awarded and Shortlisted Papers from the HKIE Outstanding Paper Award for Young Engineers/Researchers 2021 特刊刊载香港工程师学会杰出论文奖青年工程师/研究人员得奖及入围论文
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.33430/v28n4
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引用次数: 0
Construction of the Tuen Mun–Chek Lap Kok Link Sub-sea Tunnels in Hong Kong 在香港兴建屯门至赤?角连接路海底隧道
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.33430/v28n3thie-2019-0043
Albert Chan, Charles H C Yeung, A. Westmoreland, S. W. Fok, C. Ng, F. Guedon
The entire Tuen Mun–Chek Lap Kok Link (TM-CLKL) was commissioned on 27 December 2020 and comprises a 9 km dual twolane carriageway between Tuen Mun and North Lantau, Hong Kong. The challenges for the construction of the TM-CLKL tunnels included sub-sea tunnelling up to 55 m below sea level in mixed ground geology that required replacement of tunnel boring machine (TBM) cutting tools at hyperbaric pressure up to 5.8 bars; replacement of worn TBM cutting tools in complicated ground conditions; construction of approach tunnels in newly reclaimed land subject to long-term consolidation; and construction of cross passages at 100-metre intervals between the two sub-sea tunnels with a risk of sea water ingress at 5.5 bars. This project has deployed sophisticated techniques to surmount the challenges encountered during construction of the five-kilometre-long sub-sea tunnels. These included the use of the world’s largest slurry-type Mixshield TBM, 17.63 m in diameter, for the construction of the northern approach tunnel, followed by two 14 m diameter slurry-type Mixshield TBMs for the construction of the sub-sea tunnels; use of saturation diving techniques for TBM cutterhead interventions up to 5.8 bars which was the first such works in Hong Kong and one of only a few uses of saturation diving in tunnelling worldwide; use of ground freezing techniques in complicated ground conditions for TBM interventions to change worn cutting tools at the TBM cutterhead; TBM tunnelling in newly reclaimed land at the northern landfall and the southern landfall; and the construction of cross passages by mini-TBM using pipe jacking methods between the two main tunnel tubes which was the first such works ever undertaken anywhere in the world. This paper introduces the successful implementation of these techniques for the satisfactory completion of the TM-CLKL sub-sea tunnels.
整个屯门至赤?角连接路于2020年12月27日启用,包括一条长9公里的双程双线行车线,连接香港屯门及北大屿山。TM-CLKL隧道施工面临的挑战包括:在混合地面地质条件下,在海平面以下55米处进行海底隧道施工,需要在高达5.8巴的高压下更换隧道掘进机(TBM)切割工具;在复杂的地面条件下更换磨损的TBM切割工具;在需要长期加固的新填海土地上修建引道隧道;以及在两条海底隧道之间以100米的间隔建造交叉通道,海水进入的风险为5.5巴。该项目采用了先进的技术来克服五公里长海底隧道施工过程中遇到的挑战。其中包括使用世界上最大的泥浆型Mixshield TBM,直径17.63米,用于建造北部引道隧道,然后使用两个直径14米的泥浆型混合盾构TBM,用于建造海底隧道;在高达5.8巴的TBM刀盘干预中使用饱和潜水技术,这是香港首次进行此类工程,也是全球隧道开挖中为数不多的饱和潜水使用之一;在复杂的地面条件下使用地面冻结技术进行TBM干预,以更换TBM刀盘磨损的刀具;TBM在北部登陆和南部登陆的新填海土地上进行隧道掘进;以及通过小型TBM在两个主隧道管之间使用顶管方法建造交叉通道,这是世界上第一次进行此类工程。本文介绍了这些技术的成功实施,使TM-CLKL海底隧道圆满完工。
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引用次数: 0
Construction dewatering in reclaimed land in Hong Kong — a review of best practices 香港填海土地的建筑脱水-最佳做法检讨
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.33430/v28n3thie-2020-0038
R. Laver
A sound understanding of groundwater engineering principles is a prerequisite for effective construction dewatering and the associated pumping tests. This paper makes practical recommendations to improve dewatering designs in reclaimed land in Hong Kong and the interpretation of groundwater monitoring data. The paper first introduces the reader to the hydrogeology of Hong Kong and its implications on dewatering. It then draws upon experiences in Hong Kong, reviewing and recommending best practices in groundwater monitoring, and the design of extraction and recharge wells.
对地下水工程原理的充分理解是有效施工排水和相关抽水试验的先决条件。本文对香港填海区排水设计的改进和地下水监测资料的解释提出了切实可行的建议。本文首先向读者介绍香港水文地质及其对降水的影响。然后,它借鉴香港的经验,审查和建议地下水监测的最佳做法,以及抽水井和补给井的设计。
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引用次数: 0
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Transactions Hong Kong Institution of Engineers
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