Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1080/08853908.2021.1962439
Z. El-Sahli
ABSTRACT The Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement (GAFTA) is a regional trade agreement among the Arab countries. We incorporate recent advances in the literature to investigate the partial and general equilibrium effects of GAFTA. The partial equilibrium estimates suggest that GAFTA had a positive and significant effect on bilateral trade of around 40% in 1998 and 61% after the phasing out of tariffs. The general equilibrium analysis suggests that the welfare effects of the agreement are mostly negligible. The results highlight that deeper integration among the Arab countries is imperative to bring about further welfare benefits to the member states.
{"title":"The Partial and General Equilibrium Effects of the Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement","authors":"Z. El-Sahli","doi":"10.1080/08853908.2021.1962439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2021.1962439","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement (GAFTA) is a regional trade agreement among the Arab countries. We incorporate recent advances in the literature to investigate the partial and general equilibrium effects of GAFTA. The partial equilibrium estimates suggest that GAFTA had a positive and significant effect on bilateral trade of around 40% in 1998 and 61% after the phasing out of tariffs. The general equilibrium analysis suggests that the welfare effects of the agreement are mostly negligible. The results highlight that deeper integration among the Arab countries is imperative to bring about further welfare benefits to the member states.","PeriodicalId":35638,"journal":{"name":"International Trade Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48993819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-18DOI: 10.1080/08853908.2021.1963888
C. Santhosh
ABSTRACT The main objective of this study is to analyze the export entrepreneurship determinants and performance achieved by 70 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the engineering industry of Bangalore in India. The results reveal that export entrepreneurship is influenced by CEOs who are young, have high entrepreneurial orientation, and possess export market knowledge. The study also shows that export entrepreneurship positively affects the performance of SMEs. These results extend the existing knowledge of how SMEs can strategize their international activities and performance by utilizing the CEO’s specific attributes.
{"title":"Export Entrepreneurship and SMEs: Determinants and Performance","authors":"C. Santhosh","doi":"10.1080/08853908.2021.1963888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2021.1963888","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The main objective of this study is to analyze the export entrepreneurship determinants and performance achieved by 70 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the engineering industry of Bangalore in India. The results reveal that export entrepreneurship is influenced by CEOs who are young, have high entrepreneurial orientation, and possess export market knowledge. The study also shows that export entrepreneurship positively affects the performance of SMEs. These results extend the existing knowledge of how SMEs can strategize their international activities and performance by utilizing the CEO’s specific attributes.","PeriodicalId":35638,"journal":{"name":"International Trade Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46249397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-18DOI: 10.1080/08853908.2021.1963889
Aya Elewa, Chahir Zaki
ABSTRACT Using firm-level data on Egyptian multi-product exporters, this article studies how firms respond to a larger market size and greater competition in the destination country through adjusting their choice of product scope. Our main findings show that market size has a negative impact on the within-firm concentration index, reflecting that firms diversify their product portfolio in larger destinations. Tougher competition induces firms to drop some products, and their product mix becomes more skewed, especially for large exporting firms who tend to concentrate on products where they have a comparative advantage. Our results are less robust for small exporting firms.
{"title":"Multi-product Firms and Export Skewness: Does Firm Size Matter?","authors":"Aya Elewa, Chahir Zaki","doi":"10.1080/08853908.2021.1963889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2021.1963889","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Using firm-level data on Egyptian multi-product exporters, this article studies how firms respond to a larger market size and greater competition in the destination country through adjusting their choice of product scope. Our main findings show that market size has a negative impact on the within-firm concentration index, reflecting that firms diversify their product portfolio in larger destinations. Tougher competition induces firms to drop some products, and their product mix becomes more skewed, especially for large exporting firms who tend to concentrate on products where they have a comparative advantage. Our results are less robust for small exporting firms.","PeriodicalId":35638,"journal":{"name":"International Trade Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46461803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-17DOI: 10.1080/08853908.2021.1952122
Deepti Kohli
ABSTRACT This article examines the impact of environmental stringency on the pattern of intra-industry trade (IIT) flows of four pollution-intensive industries, that is, pulp and waste paper, lime, cement, and construction materials, iron ore and concentrates, and dyeing and tanning extracts, by utilizing a balanced panel dataset comprising of 36 countries over the period 1990 to 2019. The environmental stringency variable has been estimated from the energy intensity of the trading countries. The results show that the environmental stringency coefficients are highly statistically significant, implying that environmental regulation emerges as an essential indicator of the IIT flows between two trading countries.
{"title":"Environmental Regulation and Intra-Industry Trade: An Empirical Analysis","authors":"Deepti Kohli","doi":"10.1080/08853908.2021.1952122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2021.1952122","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the impact of environmental stringency on the pattern of intra-industry trade (IIT) flows of four pollution-intensive industries, that is, pulp and waste paper, lime, cement, and construction materials, iron ore and concentrates, and dyeing and tanning extracts, by utilizing a balanced panel dataset comprising of 36 countries over the period 1990 to 2019. The environmental stringency variable has been estimated from the energy intensity of the trading countries. The results show that the environmental stringency coefficients are highly statistically significant, implying that environmental regulation emerges as an essential indicator of the IIT flows between two trading countries.","PeriodicalId":35638,"journal":{"name":"International Trade Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47591239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/08853908.2021.1940391
F. Benita
ABSTRACT We explore the impact of the global financial crisis on export trade flows among member countries of MERCOSUR, NAFTA, ASEAN, Maghreb, and SACU. The analysis also focuses on the role of political rights, exchange rate, and export diversification as control mechanisms during the economic crisis. The results show differentiated patterns of trade creation across regions. We found an annual reduction (increment) in the gains of MERCOSUR and ASEAN (NAFTA, Maghreb, and SACU) members during the years after the global financial crisis. We also found that export concentration was the sole robust mechanism enhancing the volume of exports.
{"title":"Regional Trade Agreements and Export Trade Flows: Developing Economies and the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 to 2009","authors":"F. Benita","doi":"10.1080/08853908.2021.1940391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2021.1940391","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We explore the impact of the global financial crisis on export trade flows among member countries of MERCOSUR, NAFTA, ASEAN, Maghreb, and SACU. The analysis also focuses on the role of political rights, exchange rate, and export diversification as control mechanisms during the economic crisis. The results show differentiated patterns of trade creation across regions. We found an annual reduction (increment) in the gains of MERCOSUR and ASEAN (NAFTA, Maghreb, and SACU) members during the years after the global financial crisis. We also found that export concentration was the sole robust mechanism enhancing the volume of exports.","PeriodicalId":35638,"journal":{"name":"International Trade Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08853908.2021.1940391","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49367923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-20DOI: 10.1080/08853908.2021.1937407
R. Ibrahim, K. Ajide
ABSTRACT This article investigates whether trade facilitation acts as a stimulus or deterrent for foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow to Africa by employing six key components relating to cross-border trading on a panel of 26 African countries over the period of 2004 to 2014. The study employs both the fixed effects model and difference-generalized method of moments. The empirical results show that trade facilitation significantly hinders FDI inflows both in the single (aggregated) and multiple (disaggregated) models. This apart, the critical roles of gross domestic product (GDP), infrastructural development (FST), inflation (INFL), and trade openness (TO) are equally affirmed.
{"title":"Is Trade Facilitation a Deterrent or Stimulus for Foreign Direct Investment in Africa?","authors":"R. Ibrahim, K. Ajide","doi":"10.1080/08853908.2021.1937407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2021.1937407","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article investigates whether trade facilitation acts as a stimulus or deterrent for foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow to Africa by employing six key components relating to cross-border trading on a panel of 26 African countries over the period of 2004 to 2014. The study employs both the fixed effects model and difference-generalized method of moments. The empirical results show that trade facilitation significantly hinders FDI inflows both in the single (aggregated) and multiple (disaggregated) models. This apart, the critical roles of gross domestic product (GDP), infrastructural development (FST), inflation (INFL), and trade openness (TO) are equally affirmed.","PeriodicalId":35638,"journal":{"name":"International Trade Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08853908.2021.1937407","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48541822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-19DOI: 10.1080/08853908.2021.1947923
Mohsen Bahmani‐Oskooee, H. Karamelikli
ABSTRACT We assess the response of trade flows between Britain and Germany to exchange rate volatility. When we estimated a linear model, we found short-run effects of volatility in 36 British exporting industries that lasted into the long run only in 23 industries. The comparable number for German exporting industries were 42 and 17, respectively. However, when we estimated a nonlinear model, we found short-run asymmetric effects of volatility in 54 British exporting industries that lasted into the long run in 38 industries. The comparable number for German exporting industries were 64 and 42, respectively. Almost all affected industries were small.
{"title":"U.K.-German Commodity Trade and Exchange-Rate Volatility: An Asymmetric Analysis","authors":"Mohsen Bahmani‐Oskooee, H. Karamelikli","doi":"10.1080/08853908.2021.1947923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2021.1947923","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We assess the response of trade flows between Britain and Germany to exchange rate volatility. When we estimated a linear model, we found short-run effects of volatility in 36 British exporting industries that lasted into the long run only in 23 industries. The comparable number for German exporting industries were 42 and 17, respectively. However, when we estimated a nonlinear model, we found short-run asymmetric effects of volatility in 54 British exporting industries that lasted into the long run in 38 industries. The comparable number for German exporting industries were 64 and 42, respectively. Almost all affected industries were small.","PeriodicalId":35638,"journal":{"name":"International Trade Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08853908.2021.1947923","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41254781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-05DOI: 10.1080/08853908.2021.1940392
Salah A. Nusair
ABSTRACT This article examines the asymmetric effects of real exchange rate changes on the domestic output of selected Asian countries. To account for asymmetries, we separate currency appreciation from depreciation and utilize the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. Employing annual data (1973 to 2018), we find evidence of short-run and long-run asymmetries in the effects of real exchange changes on the domestic output of all the countries. This means that currency appreciations have different effects from currency depreciations on the output of the countries. Overall, the results suggest that both currency appreciations and depreciations are contractionary in most cases.
{"title":"The Asymmetric Effects of Exchange Rate Changes on Output: Evidence from Asian Countries","authors":"Salah A. Nusair","doi":"10.1080/08853908.2021.1940392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2021.1940392","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the asymmetric effects of real exchange rate changes on the domestic output of selected Asian countries. To account for asymmetries, we separate currency appreciation from depreciation and utilize the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. Employing annual data (1973 to 2018), we find evidence of short-run and long-run asymmetries in the effects of real exchange changes on the domestic output of all the countries. This means that currency appreciations have different effects from currency depreciations on the output of the countries. Overall, the results suggest that both currency appreciations and depreciations are contractionary in most cases.","PeriodicalId":35638,"journal":{"name":"International Trade Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08853908.2021.1940392","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44927117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-04DOI: 10.1080/08853908.2020.1718567
L. Okafor
ABSTRACT This article explores whether the use of imported intermediates has a moderating impact on the productivity effects of export market destinations using data from Ghanaian manufacturing firms over the period of 1991 to 2002. The results show that the use of imported inputs in the production process helps firms that export outside Africa alone to enhance productivity compared to non-exporting firms. In contrast, firms that export outside Africa alone, but do not use imported inputs in the production process have lower productivity compared to non-exporting firms. Policies that promote trade in intermediate inputs across borders can help to enhance productivity.
{"title":"Export Market Destinations, Imported Intermediates, and Productivity: Firm-level Evidence from Ghana","authors":"L. Okafor","doi":"10.1080/08853908.2020.1718567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2020.1718567","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores whether the use of imported intermediates has a moderating impact on the productivity effects of export market destinations using data from Ghanaian manufacturing firms over the period of 1991 to 2002. The results show that the use of imported inputs in the production process helps firms that export outside Africa alone to enhance productivity compared to non-exporting firms. In contrast, firms that export outside Africa alone, but do not use imported inputs in the production process have lower productivity compared to non-exporting firms. Policies that promote trade in intermediate inputs across borders can help to enhance productivity.","PeriodicalId":35638,"journal":{"name":"International Trade Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08853908.2020.1718567","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47356977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.1080/08853908.2021.1943072
R. Soeng, L. Cuyvers
ABSTRACT The article examines the impact of ICT on Cambodia’s services export performance. In the econometric estimations, ICT is proxied by fixed telephone subscriptions, mobile cellular subscriptions, fixed broadband subscriptions, and internet users, and is introduced in the augmented gravity model with a panel data set available from 1995 to 2012. Estimations are carried out using the fixed-effects method. It is found that ICT variables are positively associated with Cambodia’s total services exports as well as exports of transport and travel services. Policy implications are provided in order to further develop Cambodia’s ICT infrastructure to enhance the country’s international trade.
{"title":"The Telecommunications Sector and Its Impact on Cambodia’s Services Export Performance","authors":"R. Soeng, L. Cuyvers","doi":"10.1080/08853908.2021.1943072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2021.1943072","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article examines the impact of ICT on Cambodia’s services export performance. In the econometric estimations, ICT is proxied by fixed telephone subscriptions, mobile cellular subscriptions, fixed broadband subscriptions, and internet users, and is introduced in the augmented gravity model with a panel data set available from 1995 to 2012. Estimations are carried out using the fixed-effects method. It is found that ICT variables are positively associated with Cambodia’s total services exports as well as exports of transport and travel services. Policy implications are provided in order to further develop Cambodia’s ICT infrastructure to enhance the country’s international trade.","PeriodicalId":35638,"journal":{"name":"International Trade Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08853908.2021.1943072","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42416434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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