Pub Date : 2006-12-04DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251594
T.B. Bailey
The issue to be discussed in this paper is how to configure the monitoring system in a DC power plant to deliver what is most beneficial to the user. As monitoring systems get more complex and offer more functionality, there is often confusion within the user community about what is necessary and useful. All too often these sophisticated systems are not used to a fraction of their capabilities. The thrust of this paper is to explore the various features of modern monitoring systems and the benefits they offer to the user. Today, DC power plants are often installed by third party installation vendors. When there are no specifics given in the scope of work, the installation vendor does precisely what he was contracted to do, install the monitor, not configure it. This paper will conclude with suggestions on how to define specific configuration parameters to be included in the scope of work
{"title":"DC Power Plant Monitor Configuration and Acceptance Testing","authors":"T.B. Bailey","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251594","url":null,"abstract":"The issue to be discussed in this paper is how to configure the monitoring system in a DC power plant to deliver what is most beneficial to the user. As monitoring systems get more complex and offer more functionality, there is often confusion within the user community about what is necessary and useful. All too often these sophisticated systems are not used to a fraction of their capabilities. The thrust of this paper is to explore the various features of modern monitoring systems and the benefits they offer to the user. Today, DC power plants are often installed by third party installation vendors. When there are no specifics given in the scope of work, the installation vendor does precisely what he was contracted to do, install the monitor, not configure it. This paper will conclude with suggestions on how to define specific configuration parameters to be included in the scope of work","PeriodicalId":356699,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 06 - Twenty-Eighth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129772613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-04DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251652
Meng Shi, J. Sun, P. Enjeti
This paper presents a dual-loop digital control approach for switching DC-DC converters. With an additional nonlinear control loop, the effect of inherent time delay of linear digital control loop on load transient response can be eliminated. Load transient response can be improved with reduced overshoot, undershoot and settling time. Simulation results based on a synchronous buck converter are shown to validate the proposed dual-loop digital control approach
{"title":"A Dual-loop Digital Controller for Switching DC-DC converters","authors":"Meng Shi, J. Sun, P. Enjeti","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251652","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a dual-loop digital control approach for switching DC-DC converters. With an additional nonlinear control loop, the effect of inherent time delay of linear digital control loop on load transient response can be eliminated. Load transient response can be improved with reduced overshoot, undershoot and settling time. Simulation results based on a synchronous buck converter are shown to validate the proposed dual-loop digital control approach","PeriodicalId":356699,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 06 - Twenty-Eighth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128661654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-04DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251640
T. Matsushima, T. Horie
Lithium-ion batteries are expected to contribute to miniaturizing power systems and prolonging backup times in telecommunications systems. From the viewpoint of maintenance, checking battery conditions automatically is desirable after the deployment of lithium-ion batteries to telecommunications systems. Estimating the residual capacity of backup batteries is one of our major concerns in maintaining them. To do this, we propose discharging lithium-ion batteries to an actual load for a short duration, measuring the voltages in this discharge, and estimating the capacity using the correlations between the voltages and residual capacities. We studied the fundamental correlations between the voltages during discharge and the residual capacities using trickle-charged single cells and a float-charged 14-cell series-connected battery in high-temperature acceleration tests. We found good correlations between the voltages and residual capacities in both the single cells and the battery. These correlations may be useful for estimating the residual capacities of float-charged lithium-ion batteries using brief discharges into actual loads
{"title":"Residual Capacity Estimation of Stationary Lithium-ion Secondary Cells in Telecommunications Systems Using a Brief Discharge","authors":"T. Matsushima, T. Horie","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251640","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium-ion batteries are expected to contribute to miniaturizing power systems and prolonging backup times in telecommunications systems. From the viewpoint of maintenance, checking battery conditions automatically is desirable after the deployment of lithium-ion batteries to telecommunications systems. Estimating the residual capacity of backup batteries is one of our major concerns in maintaining them. To do this, we propose discharging lithium-ion batteries to an actual load for a short duration, measuring the voltages in this discharge, and estimating the capacity using the correlations between the voltages and residual capacities. We studied the fundamental correlations between the voltages during discharge and the residual capacities using trickle-charged single cells and a float-charged 14-cell series-connected battery in high-temperature acceleration tests. We found good correlations between the voltages and residual capacities in both the single cells and the battery. These correlations may be useful for estimating the residual capacities of float-charged lithium-ion batteries using brief discharges into actual loads","PeriodicalId":356699,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 06 - Twenty-Eighth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130067774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-04DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251616
C. Ashton
Telephone companies have traditionally provided a minimum of 8 hours of battery backup at remote locations served by portable engine-alternators. In many areas, this is mandated by state law or other regulatory rules. For lifeline telephony service and 911 availability, this backup is critical. However, in the brave new world of data and video services, a TV signal is not critical for someone suffering from a heart attack. Cable TV and telephone companies provide different levels of battery backup (from none to a few hours) for data and video services. Rather than be driven by regulatory minimums, the backup is driven more by the market (the demands [real or perceived] and needs of the consumers). The closer the electronic equipment moves to the residential customer, the less important backup power becomes for video and data services (excluding plain old telephone service that may be derived from the same broadband pipe), since few residences have their own UPS systems to keep their TVs and computers working during commercial AC power outages. For example, in a fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) application, where the electronics are at the house, if the electronics lose power, it is highly likely the whole house (including the TV and the computer) has lost power. Qwest has pursued a policy of little to no battery backup for FTTC and FTTN video/data only architectures for the past 9 years. Equipment problems more than customer complaints have caused us to recently re-evaluate that decision and look to put in minimal backup. -48 VDC lead-acid and Li-ion battery systems have been evaluated, as well as traditional UPS systems, and supertrade or ultratrade capacitors. Tests have shown that over the expected lifetime of the field electronics, the capacitors may prove to be the most costly and reliable alternative for backup times of less than 1 minute. This paper will explore the equipment related problems associated with having no battery backup, and evaluate the performance, as well as initial and maintenance costs of both battery and capacitor solutions. The proper amount of backup time required will also be discussed in relation to average outage frequency and duration on the U.S. grid
{"title":"UltraTM Capacitors for Short Duration Backup of DSL Cabinets","authors":"C. Ashton","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251616","url":null,"abstract":"Telephone companies have traditionally provided a minimum of 8 hours of battery backup at remote locations served by portable engine-alternators. In many areas, this is mandated by state law or other regulatory rules. For lifeline telephony service and 911 availability, this backup is critical. However, in the brave new world of data and video services, a TV signal is not critical for someone suffering from a heart attack. Cable TV and telephone companies provide different levels of battery backup (from none to a few hours) for data and video services. Rather than be driven by regulatory minimums, the backup is driven more by the market (the demands [real or perceived] and needs of the consumers). The closer the electronic equipment moves to the residential customer, the less important backup power becomes for video and data services (excluding plain old telephone service that may be derived from the same broadband pipe), since few residences have their own UPS systems to keep their TVs and computers working during commercial AC power outages. For example, in a fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) application, where the electronics are at the house, if the electronics lose power, it is highly likely the whole house (including the TV and the computer) has lost power. Qwest has pursued a policy of little to no battery backup for FTTC and FTTN video/data only architectures for the past 9 years. Equipment problems more than customer complaints have caused us to recently re-evaluate that decision and look to put in minimal backup. -48 VDC lead-acid and Li-ion battery systems have been evaluated, as well as traditional UPS systems, and supertrade or ultratrade capacitors. Tests have shown that over the expected lifetime of the field electronics, the capacitors may prove to be the most costly and reliable alternative for backup times of less than 1 minute. This paper will explore the equipment related problems associated with having no battery backup, and evaluate the performance, as well as initial and maintenance costs of both battery and capacitor solutions. The proper amount of backup time required will also be discussed in relation to average outage frequency and duration on the U.S. grid","PeriodicalId":356699,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 06 - Twenty-Eighth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"50 23","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132060722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-04DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251629
I. Nishikawa, M. Ueno, Y. Ishizuka, M. Matsuo, J. Saito
From the perspective of good point-of-load (POL) designs, a fast response for load-change and high power efficiency are important factors. Pulse width modulation (PWM) control is a common control method for POL. Although this control method is very simple and stable for POL, the response for sudden load change is not so fast because of its fixed frequency. However, pulse rate control (PRC) is well suited to such applications. The PRC control method and its features are described, and advantages of PRC are revealed with the some simulated and experimental results
{"title":"Dynamic Characteristics of Pulse Rate Control of a POL Converter","authors":"I. Nishikawa, M. Ueno, Y. Ishizuka, M. Matsuo, J. Saito","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251629","url":null,"abstract":"From the perspective of good point-of-load (POL) designs, a fast response for load-change and high power efficiency are important factors. Pulse width modulation (PWM) control is a common control method for POL. Although this control method is very simple and stable for POL, the response for sudden load change is not so fast because of its fixed frequency. However, pulse rate control (PRC) is well suited to such applications. The PRC control method and its features are described, and advantages of PRC are revealed with the some simulated and experimental results","PeriodicalId":356699,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 06 - Twenty-Eighth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126742131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-04DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251671
M. Agamy, P. Jain
This paper presents a state space modeling approach for a single stage three level resonant power factor correction converter operating with variable frequency pulse width modulation control in discontinuous conduction mode. Modeling is achieved using a combined averaging and multiple-frequency approach. The model gives good prediction of both the transient and steady state operations of the converter. The dynamics of the output filter can also be represented as well as the influence of parasitic parameters such as the capacitor equivalent series resistance (ESR). This method also allows the separation of both the frequency and duty cycle as the control variables. All state variables are broken down into their frequency components, including high and low frequency components (the high frequency components being in the order of the switching frequency and the low frequency components being in the order of power line frequency) and the amplitudes of the frequency components are used as the new state variables. As a result a model is obtained that has the switching frequency as well as the required duty ratio for the pulse-width-modulation as separated control input variables, which facilitates controller design. The developed model is verified on a 2.3 kW, 48 V, input voltage 90-265 Vrms
{"title":"A State Space Modeling Approach of a Single-Stage Three Level Resonant AC/DC Converter Operating in Discontinuous Conduction Mode","authors":"M. Agamy, P. Jain","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251671","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a state space modeling approach for a single stage three level resonant power factor correction converter operating with variable frequency pulse width modulation control in discontinuous conduction mode. Modeling is achieved using a combined averaging and multiple-frequency approach. The model gives good prediction of both the transient and steady state operations of the converter. The dynamics of the output filter can also be represented as well as the influence of parasitic parameters such as the capacitor equivalent series resistance (ESR). This method also allows the separation of both the frequency and duty cycle as the control variables. All state variables are broken down into their frequency components, including high and low frequency components (the high frequency components being in the order of the switching frequency and the low frequency components being in the order of power line frequency) and the amplitudes of the frequency components are used as the new state variables. As a result a model is obtained that has the switching frequency as well as the required duty ratio for the pulse-width-modulation as separated control input variables, which facilitates controller design. The developed model is verified on a 2.3 kW, 48 V, input voltage 90-265 Vrms","PeriodicalId":356699,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 06 - Twenty-Eighth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133245869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-04DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251612
M. R. Moore
With recent advancements in densely packed switchmode -48 VDC rectifier designs, a new era of battery technologies such as lithium ion (LI) and lithium metal polymer (LMP), the rising cost of copper, high cost of capital and the latest National Electrical Code (NEC2005), it's time again to revisit the distributive vs. bulk question. The intent of this paper is to assist an end-user in determining which DC power plant architecture to select when designing a telecommunication equipment room layout. This paper will take into account the majority of considerations to be addressed when selecting an AC/DC power plant Architecture. The models will be presented by one (1) bulk solution and three (3) distributive solutions
{"title":"An End-User's Guide to Selecting AC/DC Power Plant Architecture. Bulk vs. Distributive","authors":"M. R. Moore","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251612","url":null,"abstract":"With recent advancements in densely packed switchmode -48 VDC rectifier designs, a new era of battery technologies such as lithium ion (LI) and lithium metal polymer (LMP), the rising cost of copper, high cost of capital and the latest National Electrical Code (NEC2005), it's time again to revisit the distributive vs. bulk question. The intent of this paper is to assist an end-user in determining which DC power plant architecture to select when designing a telecommunication equipment room layout. This paper will take into account the majority of considerations to be addressed when selecting an AC/DC power plant Architecture. The models will be presented by one (1) bulk solution and three (3) distributive solutions","PeriodicalId":356699,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 06 - Twenty-Eighth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134504798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-04DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251664
M. E. Jacobs
A new controller-filter structure for a switch-mode power converter is described. The controller produces a minimum-time control signal for step changes in output voltage or in load current by partitioning the state-vector plane for the converter's output filter with a simple curve. A companion filter estimates the state vector of the power converter by modeling the response of the power converter to the control signal. The controller, abandoning the traditional approach of producing duty cycle using a sawtooth waveform with an adjustable threshold, avoids the performance limitations ordinarily encountered with a linear feedback approach
{"title":"Optimal Feedback Control of Switch-Mode Power Converters","authors":"M. E. Jacobs","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251664","url":null,"abstract":"A new controller-filter structure for a switch-mode power converter is described. The controller produces a minimum-time control signal for step changes in output voltage or in load current by partitioning the state-vector plane for the converter's output filter with a simple curve. A companion filter estimates the state vector of the power converter by modeling the response of the power converter to the control signal. The controller, abandoning the traditional approach of producing duty cycle using a sawtooth waveform with an adjustable threshold, avoids the performance limitations ordinarily encountered with a linear feedback approach","PeriodicalId":356699,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 06 - Twenty-Eighth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115386300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-04DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251665
Min Chen, Wei Yao, Mingyong Li, Z. Qian, Xiaoming Yuan
This paper proposed a control strategy based on repetitive control and PI control strategy with double loop configuration. The insertion of the inner current loop relieves the burden of the stability requirement. The repetitive controller is added to conventional PI controller, which achieves zero steady-state error with good dynamic performance. Simulation and experimental results validated its performance
{"title":"Design and Analysis of High Performance Control Strategy for UPS with Repetitive Control","authors":"Min Chen, Wei Yao, Mingyong Li, Z. Qian, Xiaoming Yuan","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251665","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposed a control strategy based on repetitive control and PI control strategy with double loop configuration. The insertion of the inner current loop relieves the burden of the stability requirement. The repetitive controller is added to conventional PI controller, which achieves zero steady-state error with good dynamic performance. Simulation and experimental results validated its performance","PeriodicalId":356699,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 06 - Twenty-Eighth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128881684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-04DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251656
K. Fok
The tremendous growth of telecom services has resulted in an increased demand for backup power. Businesses and consumers are demanding continuous uptime and telecom companies must provide extended run time backup power on the order of hours and days. In addition, there is a growing need for power protection to cope with natural disasters and acts of terrorism. Conventional approaches using batteries have issues with life, footprint, maintenance, and weight. Similarly, diesel gensets have issues with startup, maintenance, noise, and emissions. As the backup power needs of telecom companies and their customers have grown, it has become evident that new backup power solutions need to be developed. Metal hydride fuel cells offer a fundamentally new approach to fuel cells that results in a practical, low cost technology with unique performance advantages, including intrinsic energy storage, instant start capability, good low temperature performance, and fuel "hot swap" capabilities. Metal hydride fuel cells use non-noble metal catalysts and can be manufactured using conventional processes similar to those used for manufacturing commercial batteries. This paper provides an overview of the current status and capabilities of metal hydride fuel cell technology, including performance, life, energy storage, and prototype hardware. The benefits of metal hydride fuel cells for uninterruptible power supply (UPS) and emergency power applications will also be detailed
{"title":"Metal Hydride Fuel Cells, A New and Practical Approach for Backup and Emergency Power Applications","authors":"K. Fok","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251656","url":null,"abstract":"The tremendous growth of telecom services has resulted in an increased demand for backup power. Businesses and consumers are demanding continuous uptime and telecom companies must provide extended run time backup power on the order of hours and days. In addition, there is a growing need for power protection to cope with natural disasters and acts of terrorism. Conventional approaches using batteries have issues with life, footprint, maintenance, and weight. Similarly, diesel gensets have issues with startup, maintenance, noise, and emissions. As the backup power needs of telecom companies and their customers have grown, it has become evident that new backup power solutions need to be developed. Metal hydride fuel cells offer a fundamentally new approach to fuel cells that results in a practical, low cost technology with unique performance advantages, including intrinsic energy storage, instant start capability, good low temperature performance, and fuel \"hot swap\" capabilities. Metal hydride fuel cells use non-noble metal catalysts and can be manufactured using conventional processes similar to those used for manufacturing commercial batteries. This paper provides an overview of the current status and capabilities of metal hydride fuel cell technology, including performance, life, energy storage, and prototype hardware. The benefits of metal hydride fuel cells for uninterruptible power supply (UPS) and emergency power applications will also be detailed","PeriodicalId":356699,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 06 - Twenty-Eighth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121349747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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