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Distributed Denial of Service Attacks: A Threat or Challenge 分布式拒绝服务攻击:威胁还是挑战
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13614576.2019.1611468
Jasmeen Kaur Chahal, A. Bhandari, Sunny Behal
ABSTRACT In today’s cyber world, the Internet has become a vital resource for providing a plethora of services. Unavailability of these services due to any reason leads to huge financial implications or even consequences on society. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have emerged as one of the most serious threats to the Internet whose aim is to completely deny the availability of different Internet based services to legitimate users. The attackers compromise a large number of Internet enabled devices and gain malicious control over them by exploiting their vulnerabilities. Simplicity of launching, traffic variety, IP spoofing, high volume traffic, involvement of numerous agent machines, and weak spots in Internet topology are important characteristics of DDoS attacks and makes its defense very challenging. This article provides a survey with the enhanced taxonomies of DDoS attacks and defense mechanisms. Additionally, we describe the timeline of DDoS attacks to date and attempt to discuss its impact according to various motivations. We highlighted the general issues, challenges, and current trends of DDoS attack technology. The aim of the article is to provide complete knowledge of DDoS attacks and defense mechanisms to the research community. This will, in turn, help to develop a powerful, effective, and efficient defense mechanism by filling the various research gaps addressed in already proposed defense mechanisms.
摘要在当今的网络世界中,互联网已经成为提供大量服务的重要资源。由于任何原因无法获得这些服务都会导致巨大的财务影响,甚至对社会造成后果。分布式拒绝服务(DDoS)攻击已成为对互联网最严重的威胁之一,其目的是完全拒绝合法用户使用不同的基于互联网的服务。攻击者破坏了大量支持互联网的设备,并利用其漏洞对其进行恶意控制。DDoS攻击的重要特点是发起简单、流量多样、IP欺骗、流量大、代理机众多、网络拓扑薄弱等,使其防御极具挑战性。本文介绍了DDoS攻击和防御机制的增强分类。此外,我们描述了迄今为止DDoS攻击的时间线,并试图根据各种动机讨论其影响。我们重点介绍了DDoS攻击技术的一般问题、挑战和当前趋势。本文的目的是为研究界提供DDoS攻击和防御机制的完整知识。这反过来将有助于通过填补已经提出的防御机制中的各种研究空白,开发一种强大、有效和高效的防御机制。
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引用次数: 20
Citizen Archive: My Precious Information 公民档案馆:我的宝贵信息
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-11-07 DOI: 10.1080/13614576.2018.1537800
Anssi Jääskeläinen, Liisa Uosukainen
ABSTRACT The trend toward personal archiving is rising, but no official archives are interested in the “precious” information possessed by average citizens. Consequently, citizen data is stored on cloud drives, USB devices, and optical media that cannot be considered to be reliable or trustworthy. This article describes the Citizen Archive solution, which aims to be the place where citizens can preserve their precious data. Furthermore, we discuss some previously implemented, functional, and tested solutions considering e-mail preservation workflow and PDF splitting workflow. The experiences from pilot users of the Citizen Archive are also reviewed in the text.
摘要个人档案的趋势正在上升,但没有一个官方档案馆对普通公民拥有的“珍贵”信息感兴趣。因此,公民数据存储在云驱动器、USB设备和光学介质上,这些数据不能被认为是可靠或值得信赖的。本文介绍了公民档案解决方案,该解决方案旨在成为公民可以保存其宝贵数据的地方。此外,我们还讨论了一些以前实现的、功能性的和经过测试的解决方案,这些解决方案考虑了电子邮件保存工作流和PDF拆分工作流。文中还回顾了公民档案试点用户的经验。
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引用次数: 1
The Application of E-ARK Tools for Archival Interoperability to Support a Long-term Sustainable Digital Single Market 档案互操作性E-ARK工具的应用,以支持长期可持续的数字单一市场
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-09-21 DOI: 10.1080/13614576.2021.1919396
Karin Bredenberg, K. Aas, David Anderson, J. Kaminski
ABSTRACT European Union support for the development of digital cross-border means for conducting business and running governments has fundamentally changed how public and private business is conducted. But this digital information has to remain available for long periods, often beyond the life expectancy of individual information systems or technological components. This poses a significant challenge for both the original data creators and digital archives that have to be capable of both dealing with the most current information technology, and with “saving” information from legacy systems. To deal with these challenges, it is necessary to bridge the gap between the methods used in digital preservation and content creation and introduce additional practical interoperability into the solutions used for a Digital Single Market and digital preservation infrastructures. The European Commission recognized the need in 2013 and funded the E-ARK project (2014–2017), which successfully delivered a set of principles, specifications and tools that provided an interoperable and international solution for the sustainable long-term availability of digital information. This paper describes the solutions developed by the E-ARK project, focusing on the SIP format, as well as the steps the European Commission is taking toward building a thriving digital preservation community around the E-ARK outcomes.
摘要欧盟对发展数字跨境商业和政府管理手段的支持从根本上改变了公共和私营企业的经营方式。但这些数字信息必须长期可用,通常超过单个信息系统或技术组件的预期寿命。这对原始数据创建者和数字档案馆都提出了重大挑战,他们必须既能处理最新的信息技术,又能“保存”遗留系统中的信息。为了应对这些挑战,有必要弥合数字保存和内容创建中使用的方法之间的差距,并在用于数字单一市场和数字保存基础设施的解决方案中引入额外的实际互操作性。欧盟委员会在2013年认识到了这一需求,并资助了E-ARK项目(2014-2017),该项目成功地提供了一套原则、规范和工具,为数字信息的可持续长期可用性提供了一个可互操作的国际解决方案。本文介绍了E-ARK项目开发的解决方案,重点是SIP格式,以及欧盟委员会为围绕E-ARK成果建立一个繁荣的数字保护社区而采取的步骤。
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引用次数: 0
IT Governance of Dutch Municipalities and Digital Information Management 荷兰市政当局的信息技术治理和数字信息管理
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13614576.2018.1537798
Jeanine de Gier
ABSTRACT Digitalization of information management has changed the archives sector in a short period of time and has significant implications for information processes within governmental organizations. In this article, the governance of such organizations is looked at from a business information technology (IT) alignment driven perspective, based on a case study conducted within two Dutch municipalities. The study shows that mature IT governance can have positive effects on digital document information management, because it leads to “desirable behavior in the use of IT.” Comparing the two municipalities, several findings become apparent. These concern effective management of input, for example through successful cooperation, and effective management of output of IT, for example by providing the needed digital services to citizens. Findings also are presented regarding the conjoint development of strategies by business and IT, mainly concerning the involvement of IT in decision making. Finally, findings surface concerning the positioning of decision-making authority, and whether that is clear to the personnel.
信息管理的数字化在短时间内改变了档案部门,并对政府组织的信息处理产生了重大影响。在本文中,基于在两个荷兰市政当局中进行的案例研究,从业务信息技术(IT)对齐驱动的角度来研究这类组织的治理。研究表明,成熟的IT治理可以对数字文档信息管理产生积极影响,因为它会导致“使用IT时的理想行为”。比较这两个城市,几个发现变得明显。这涉及有效管理投入,例如通过成功的合作,以及有效管理信息技术的产出,例如通过向公民提供所需的数字服务。研究结果还提出了关于业务和IT共同制定战略的问题,主要是关于IT参与决策的问题。最后,调查结果涉及决策权的定位,以及员工是否清楚这一点。
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引用次数: 3
Accelerating Records Management at CERN 加速CERN的记录管理
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13614576.2018.1537799
Andrew M. Short
ABSTRACT In 2015, CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) implemented a records management system to manage personnel records dating back to the mid-1950s. This article will look at the situation at CERN before a digital solution was available, what solution was chosen, what customisations were required, and the current situation. There is also some insight into the future direction of the project and remaining goals.
2015年,欧洲核子研究中心(CERN)实施了一个档案管理系统,管理可追溯到20世纪50年代中期的人事档案。本文将介绍在数字解决方案可用之前CERN的情况,选择了什么解决方案,需要哪些定制,以及当前的情况。还有一些关于项目未来方向和剩余目标的见解。
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引用次数: 1
Instrumenting an Agile Data Ecosystem for Intelligent Infrastructure Research, Education, and Development 为智能基础设施研究、教育和开发提供敏捷数据生态系统
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13614576.2018.1537801
Yi Shen
ABSTRACT This research investigated the transformative landscape of Virginia Tech in developing the “Beyond Boundaries” transdisciplinary area of Intelligent Infrastructure for Human Centered Communities. Situated within this ongoing innovation of academic enterprise, this study further explored how academic libraries should transform the data environments to develop an adaptive and integrative data ecosystem for intelligent infrastructure research, education, and development. It draws upon a mixed-methods approach combining ethnographic participant observation, document analysis, and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders. The findings present a system view and practical roadmap for engineering an organic and robust data ecosystem for both research and learning, from building a data system around intelligent infrastructure R&D outputs to fostering data exploration for academic-industrial collaborations, and from launching data challenges for hands-on, minds-on learning to embedding education of multiple and emergent literacies. Grounded in socio-technical framework and framed around the mutual shaping of human-technology interaction, the results provide and discuss practical implications and strategic actions for academic libraries that are determined to innovate in the age of “smartness.”
本研究调查了弗吉尼亚理工大学在发展以人为本的社区智能基础设施“超越边界”跨学科领域的变革景观。在学术企业不断创新的背景下,本研究进一步探讨了学术图书馆应如何转变数据环境,为智能基础设施的研究、教育和发展开发一个自适应和集成的数据生态系统。它借鉴了一种混合方法,结合了民族志参与者观察、文件分析和与关键利益相关者的半结构化访谈。研究结果提供了一个系统视图和实用路线图,为研究和学习设计一个有机的、强大的数据生态系统,从围绕智能基础设施研发产出构建数据系统,到促进学术-产业合作的数据探索,从发起数据挑战,以实现动手、专注的学习,到嵌入多种和新兴素养的教育。基于社会技术框架和围绕人与技术交互相互塑造的框架,研究结果为决心在“智能”时代创新的学术图书馆提供并讨论了实际意义和战略行动。
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引用次数: 4
Using Web Analytics to Assess Traffic to the Mandela Portal: The Case of African Countries 使用网络分析评估曼德拉门户网站的流量:以非洲国家为例
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13614576.2018.1523741
S. Katuu
ABSTRACT This article is a longitudinal assessment of the visitors to the Mandela Portal between 2009 and 2016. It is based on web analytics methodology that consists of a four-step process with the first and second steps using data collected by Google Analytics tool. The article outlines trends of global figures as well as specific trends within the top ten African countries. It further explored statistics from the top five African countries: South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Ghana. There are two main findings: those related to web traffic trends and those exploring the trustworthiness of Google Analytics data.
本文对2009年至2016年曼德拉门户网站的访问者进行了纵向评估。它基于web分析方法,包括四步过程,第一和第二步使用谷歌分析工具收集的数据。这篇文章概述了全球数字的趋势以及非洲前十大国家的具体趋势。它进一步研究了非洲五大国家的统计数据:南非、肯尼亚、尼日利亚、坦桑尼亚和加纳。有两个主要的发现:那些与网络流量趋势有关的发现,以及那些探索谷歌Analytics数据可信度的发现。
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引用次数: 2
Relative Advantages of Digital Preservation Management in Developing Countries 发展中国家数字保存管理的相对优势
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13614576.2018.1544088
E. Boamah
ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to explore stakeholders’ perspectives on the relative advances of digital preservation management over traditional heritage management approaches in developing countries, particularly in Africa. Specific examples from the context of Ghana are used to help understand the particular factors that influence the relative advantage of the digital preservation management innovation. The article is based on the findings of a PhD study that explored contextual factors influencing the management and preservation of digital cultural heritage resources in Ghana and it is underpinned by Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation model. An interpretive qualitative approach was employed to solicit the perspectives of 29 key stakeholders from 13 institutions in Ghana through semi-structure interviews. This was followed by an analysis of relevant literature to ascertain how the findings from the context of Ghana relate to other developing countries in Africa. Stakeholders perceive that the digital preservation management innovation has relative advantages over other traditional ways of managing and preserving heritage information in many ways, including; as an effective means to manage cultural heritage resources; enhancing collaboration and resource sharing; contributes to the building strong cultural institutions; leading to the establishment of a national digital memory for developing countries; as an effective means to preserve value of cultural identity for the long term into the digital future; and enabling research and advancement of cultural knowledge. Findings from the literature analysis also show that these relative advantages of the digital preservation management (DPM) innovation occur in similar forms in other developing countries in Africa. Further empirical studies in other developing countries are recommended to fully ascertain the main relative advantages of the DPM innovation over traditional approaches of heritage resources management and preservation.
本文的目的是探讨利益相关者对发展中国家,特别是非洲国家传统遗产管理方法中数字保存管理的相对进步的看法。从加纳的背景下具体的例子被用来帮助理解影响数字保存管理创新的相对优势的特定因素。这篇文章基于一项博士研究的结果,该研究探索了影响加纳数字文化遗产资源管理和保护的环境因素,并以罗杰斯的创新扩散模型为基础。采用解释性定性方法,通过半结构访谈征求来自加纳13个机构的29个关键利益相关者的观点。随后是对相关文献的分析,以确定加纳背景下的发现与非洲其他发展中国家的关系。利益相关者认为,与其他传统的遗产信息管理和保存方式相比,数字化保存管理创新在许多方面具有相对优势,包括:作为管理文化遗产资源的有效手段;加强协作和资源共享;有助于建立强大的文化机构;为发展中国家建立国家数字存储器;作为一种有效的手段,在数码未来长期保存文化身份的价值;促进文化知识的研究和进步。文献分析的结果还表明,数字保存管理(DPM)创新的这些相对优势在非洲其他发展中国家也以类似的形式出现。建议在其他发展中国家进行进一步的实证研究,以充分确定DPM创新相对于传统遗产资源管理和保护方法的主要相对优势。
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引用次数: 4
A Case Study: Management and Exploitation of the Nuclear Decommissioning Agency Geoscience Data Archive 案例研究:核退役机构地球科学数据档案的管理与利用
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13614576.2018.1544089
Jaana Pinnick, A. Riddick, Robert McLaverty, Garry Baker
ABSTRACT The British Geological Survey (BGS) is responsible for managing a major geoscience data archive on behalf of the UK Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA). Much of this geological data was captured during the 1990s and early 2000s using now obsolete software and data formats. This data asset remains an important resource for the NDA and the wider scientific community. The NDA wishes to ensure the data remain accessible and usable for many decades into the future. BGS has been working closely with Radioactive Waste Management (RWM), a wholly owned subsidiary of the NDA, on a program of data management and digital continuity measures to ensure the long-term usability of the data. This article describes some of the challenges and outlines the approaches we have taken to address these issues.
英国地质调查局(BGS)代表英国核退役管理局(NDA)负责管理一个主要的地球科学数据档案。这些地质数据大多是在20世纪90年代和21世纪初使用过时的软件和数据格式捕获的。这一数据资产仍然是NDA和更广泛的科学界的重要资源。NDA希望确保这些数据在未来几十年内仍然可以访问和使用。英国地质调查局一直与NDA的全资子公司放射性废物管理(RWM)密切合作,开展数据管理和数字连续性措施计划,以确保数据的长期可用性。本文描述了其中的一些挑战,并概述了我们为解决这些问题所采取的方法。
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引用次数: 0
E-ARK Knowledge Center: Supporting the Definition and Assessment of Information Governance Practices E-ARK知识中心:支持信息治理实践的定义和评估
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13614576.2018.1523742
D. Proença, Ricardo Vieira, A. Higgs, J. Borbinha
ABSTRACT This article presents the knowledge center service, an aggregator of services developed under the scope of the E-ARK Project. This aims to provide a comprehensive set of services that will allow users to understand, contribute to, and validate information governance good practices. The knowledge center comprises two main services. The resources center is where users can learn more about information governance terms, requirements, and practice. It is composed of the vocabulary manager service and the reference requirements management service. The assessment services allow users to assess their information governance practices. It is comprised of the MoReq schemas validator service, the MoReq assessment, and the information governance maturity assessment.
本文介绍了知识中心服务,它是在E-ARK项目范围内开发的服务的聚合器。这旨在提供一套全面的服务,使用户能够理解、促进和验证信息治理的良好做法。知识中心包括两个主要服务。资源中心是用户可以了解有关信息治理术语、要求和实践的更多信息的地方。它由词汇表管理器服务和参考需求管理服务组成。评估服务允许用户评估他们的信息治理实践。它由MoReq模式验证器服务、MoReq评估和信息治理成熟度评估组成。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
New Review of Information Networking
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