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Infertility places men and women in a state of considerable uncertainty, characterized by a heightened sense of unpredictability and loss of control. While the experience of such uncertainty might influence individuals' fertility desires and expectations, so far limited research has explored these relationships. Using longitudinal population-based survey data from Australia, this study examines whether dealing with the uncertainty of infertility prompts men and women to revise their pre-existing fertility preferences. Results indicate that infertility-related uncertainty is a meaningful phenomenon that can illuminate about individuals' changes in fertility preferences. While fertility expectations are more likely to be adjusted downward in the face of infertility, fertility desires tend to remain mostly unaffected by it in the short-term. The study reflects on the resilience of desires amidst the uncertainty of infertility and considers potential implications for quantitative research on fertility preferences.

This study utilizes prospective data from the Dutch Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences (LISS) panel to explore two research questions. First, can distinct trajectories of fertility expectations be identified among Dutch women and men in reproductive age (18 to 45/50) who do not have children? Second, do these trajectories differ in terms of self-reported societal pessimism at the start of that trajectory? We employed joint latent class analysis with Latent GOLD which allowed us to model the trajectories of fertility expectations while accounting for the fact that some of the respondents made the transition to parenthood during observation. The trajectories were estimated from entry into the panel until dropout, the end of the observation period (2022, or until reaching age 45 for women and 50 for men), or until the participant became a parent. For both women (n = 1,260) and men (n = 1,110), three similar classes emerged: 'committed to parenthood' (the largest class), 'uncertain' (24% of women and 22% of men), and 'early commitment to no expectation' (13.3% for women and 9.4% for men). In addition, a fourth class-'later arrivals to expectation of parenthood'-was identified among men. Bias-adjusted comparisons revealed significant differences only among women: those committed to parenthood exhibited the lowest levels of societal pessimism, while the 'uncertain' group reported the highest. These differences persisted even after adjusting for relevant control variables at the time when societal pessimism was captured, including depression levels, income satisfaction, partnership status, and education.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41118-025-00246-3.

In high-income countries, migrants tend to have lower mortality compared with natives. It is necessary to understand such a phenomenon, known as "the migrant mortality paradox", to design better social policies aimed at migrants. This paper aims to study the impact of the region of birth on the differences in migrant mortality advantage in Spain using data for the period 2002-2019. To do so, we estimated death rates by origin for ages 30-90 years, smoothed the crude curves using B-splines and compared the resulting temporary life expectancy. Results show a large mortality advantage for Asian and Latin American migrants (both men and women) over the Spanish native population. African males also have significant advantages, followed by North American males. African and North American females and European males and females show an overall disadvantage. Women benefit from a lower mortality advantage over their native counterparts, compared with male migrants from the same origin. In conclusion, the relatively higher advantage of migrants from low-income countries compared with migrants from industrialised countries is more likely due to differences in selection processes. The same appears to apply to the difference between men and women migrants; migrant men may be subject to more severe selection procedures compared with their accompanying women. Alternatively, women may encounter more discrimination than men during the migration process, particularly those from Africa.

Among the individual determinants of attitudes toward immigration, the liberalising role of education is well known-those with higher levels of education tend to be more in favour of immigration. However, recent socioeconomic changes and idiosyncratic differences between European countries prompt us to reassess the role of education, given these contextual differences. Does it still apply, and is it universal? Moreover, does this relationship apply to both cultural and economic attitudes toward immigration? Using data from the European Social Survey, we analyse the role of education and socioeconomic changes in shaping economic and cultural attitudes toward immigration in 15 European countries over 16 years using a hierarchical model with cross-classified random effects. In our analysis, we distinguish between Eastern European and non-Eastern European countries. Our results indicate a robust positive and significant association between higher levels of education and more tolerant attitudes toward immigration in both aspects. However, they also reveal that the strength of this relationship varies between the two attitudes by context and region. For example, higher migrant inflow rates attenuate education's liberalising and empowering role in shaping cultural attitudes in non-Eastern European countries but are not significant in Eastern European countries. Thus, our findings contribute to the literature examining the role of context in the established relationship between education and immigration attitudes while providing insights into regional differences.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41118-024-00238-9.

This contribution explores the division of paid and unpaid labour among same-sex couples in Italy relying on primary data collected via an online survey. The (non-probabilistic) sample consists of 190 respondents, mainly women (n = 138), in a co-residing same-sex couple at the survey date. Results from descriptive statistics reveal a general pattern of equal division of both paid and unpaid labour among the majority of couples in our sample-a result which aligns with previous research based on different countries. Same-sex partners in our sample tend to share domestic and childcare chores equally, even when paid labour is not equally shared. This result contrasts markedly with the gender division found among different-sex partners in Italy from existing empirical studies, especially among parents. Finally, we find that in those same-sex couples where the division of childcare is unbalanced, care tasks tend to be skewed towards the respondent irrespective of their relationship to the child, unlike prior international studies suggesting a higher involvement in care tasks for the birth or biological parent.

This study seeks to gain a better understanding of gender diversity and its implications for educational inequality research by exploring how different methods of gender categorization shape analytical outcomes. Using large-scale, nationally representative data from Mexico's National Survey on Sexual and Gender Diversity (ENDISEG), the study compares three gender categorization strategies: existing classifications of gender trajectories-cisgender, transgender, or something else-a binary/non-binary framework, and a multidimensional model that considers both gender trajectory and binary identification simultaneously. These two axes reflect key dimensions of gender normativity: alignment with sex assigned at birth and conformity to binary gender categories. Linear models are employed to assess disparities in post-secondary education completion. Results show that trans individuals face significant educational disadvantages, while non-binary identification alone appears unrelated to educational attainment. However, a more nuanced picture emerges when accounting for gender trajectory: trans non-binary individuals face the steepest penalties. These findings underline the complexity of gender categorization and the analytical value of a multidimensional approach when measuring gender diversity and understanding inequalities across gender categories.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41118-025-00271-2.

Parentalization, or becoming a parent and being legally and socially recognized as such, has long been constrained for sexual minorities. Although many studies have examined the outcomes of children of same-sex couples, relatively less attention has been paid to researching parents in same-sex unions themselves. In Sweden, changing policy and social contexts have successively eased many disparities in access to parenthood for sexual minorities. Analyzing 27 years of Swedish administrative register data starting from the legal recognition of same-sex unions in 1995, we examined time trends in the prevalence of parenthood (coresidence with children under 18) and the sociodemographic characteristics of people with versus without coresident children in same- versus different-sex legal unions. We expected to document considerable changes over time as policy contexts, parentalization disparities, and minority stressors evolved. Results show that parenting increased over time within same-sex legal unions, with women becoming much more likely to parent while parenting remained rare in male-male legal unions. Mothers in same-sex legal unions became more similar over time to mothers in different-sex marriages, whereas fathers in same-sex legal unions were a highly selected group relative to fathers in different-sex marriages, mothers in same- and different-sex legal unions, and people without coresident children in same-sex legal unions. Sex, parenthood, and especially their interaction are important for understanding the characteristics and family formation experiences of people in same-sex legal unions.

The Narratives of the Future (NofF) framework has drawn attention to the role of subjective well-being and uncertainty as key determinants of individual fertility intentions. We apply the NofF framework to the Traits-Desires-Intentions-Behavior (TDIB) model, arguing that perceptions of current and future well-being are aspects of traits and thus that desires-not intentions-would be most strongly related to perceptions. Further, although most research on subjective well-being and uncertainty has focused on economic aspects, a life course perspective suggests that other domains, such as health or relationship concerns, are also relevant. Finally, few studies consider the dyadic nature of fertility decision-making. We address these gaps by using the U.S.-based National Couples' Health and Time Study (NCHAT), collected during the COVID-19 pandemic, to investigate how subjective concerns across economic, health, and relational domains relate to American couples' agreement on wanting a(another) child and how men's and women's own fertility desires are related to their own stress and their partner's relative stress across different domains. We find that couples' higher levels of stress-across domains-is related to greater couple-level uncertainty and disagreement about fertility desires. Women's own fertility desires are associated with their partner's relative stress across domains, with less evidence that men's fertility desires are related to their partner's relative stress. Our findings point to the importance of considering stress and uncertainty across multiple domains, at least during the COVID-19 pandemic, as important for the formation of fertility desires as well as the need to incorporate both partners' experiences as key factors in fertility decision-making.

Background: Older adults face substantial sex gaps in health. In many contexts, females live longer than males, but their time spent with disability is also higher. Our study assesses (i) the sex gap (female-male) in health through life expectancy and healthy life expectancy and (ii) the morbidity-mortality paradox among older adults aged 60 and above in India and its states.

Methods: We utilized data on age-specific death rates obtained from the Sample Registration System and age-specific disability prevalence from the Longitudinal Ageing Survey (LASI) in India. We estimated abridged life tables between age groups 60-64 to 85 + using Greville's method. We then combined the disability data obtained from LASI with the constructed life tables using Sullivan's method to estimate disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) and life expectancy with disability (DLE). Finally, we decomposed the sex gap in DFLE and DLE into mortality and disability components using a stepwise replacement decomposition method.

Results: At the national level, life expectancy at age 60 for males were 17.4 years and for females 19.2 years, indicating a female mortality advantage of 1.8 years. At the state level, the sex gap ranged between 5.1 years in Jammu & Kashmir and -1.1 years in Jharkhand. The disability prevalence was higher among females compared to males at the national level and in all states. The decomposition result indicates that 98% of the mortality advantage of females at the national level was spent in disability. The disability disadvantage of females over their mortality advantage was highest in Uttar Pradesh; 93% of additional years of life were spent with disability. The disability disadvantage of females over their mortality advantage was lowest in Rajasthan where only 9% of additional years were spent in disability. Stepwise replacement decomposition of the sex gap in DFLE by age groups shows that as age increases, the contribution of mortality effects decreases, whereas disability effects increase.

Conclusions: We find evidence of a morbidity-mortality paradox in India nationally and sub-nationally. As the sex gap in health and its implications vary across the states of India, policies to address these inequities must also vary across the states.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41118-025-00247-2.