Genus最新文献

英文中文

Spatial and temporal disparities in air pollution exposure at Italian schools 意大利学校空气污染暴露的时空差异

Q1 Social Sciences

Genus

Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1186/s41118-023-00206-9

Risto Conte Keivabu

引用次数: 0

Congressional Symmetry: Years Remaining Mirror Years Served in the U.S. House and Senate. 国会对称:在美国众议院和参议院任职的剩余年数

Q1 Social Sciences

Genus

Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-13 DOI: 10.1186/s41118-023-00183-z

James R Carey, Brinsley Eriksen, Arni S R Srinivasa Rao

Our overarching goal in this paper was to both test and identify applications for a fundamental theorem of replacement-level populations known as the Stationary Population Identity (SPI), a mathematical model that equates the fraction of a population age x and the fraction with x years to live. Since true stationarity is virtually non-existent in human populations as well as in populations of non-human species, we used historical data on the memberships in both chambers of the U.S. Congress as population proxies. We conceived their fixed numbers (e.g., 100 Senators; 435 Representatives) as stationary populations, and their years served and years remaining as the equivalent of life lived and life remaining. Our main result was the affirmation of the mathematical prediction-i.e., the robust symmetry of years served and years remaining in Congress over the approximately 230 years of its existence (1789-2022). A number of applications emerged from this regularity and the distributional patterns therein including (1) new metrics such as Congressional half-life and other quantiles (e.g., 95% turnover); (2) predictability of the distribution of member's years remaining; (3) the extraordinary information content of a single number-the mean number of years served [i.e., derive birth (b) and death (d) rates; use of d as exponential rate parameter for model life tables]; (4) the concept of and metrics associated with period-specific populations (Congress); (5) Congressional life cycle concept with Formation, Growth, Senescence and Extinction Phases; and (6) longitudinal party transition rates for 100% Life Cycle turnover (Democrat/Republican) i.e., each seat from predecessor party-to-incumbent party and from incumbent party-to-successor party. Although our focus is on the use of historical data for Congressional members, we believe that most of the results are general and thus both relevant and applicable to most types of stationary or quasi-stationary populations including to the future world of zero population growth (ZPG).

我们在本文中的首要目标是测试和确定一个被称为 "静态人口特征"（SPI）的替代级人口基本定理的应用，该定理是一个数学模型，它将人口中 x 岁的人口比例与 x 年的人口比例等同起来。由于真正的固定性在人类种群和非人类物种种群中几乎不存在，因此我们使用美国国会两院议员的历史数据作为种群替代物。我们将他们的固定人数（如 100 名参议员；435 名众议员）视为静态种群，将他们的任职年数和剩余年数等同于在世年数和剩余年数。我们的主要结果是证实了数学预测，即在国会存在的大约 230 年里（1789-2022 年），任职年数和剩余年数具有稳健的对称性。这种规律性及其分布模式产生了许多应用，包括：(1) 国会半衰期和其他定量指标（如 95% 的更替率）；(2) 议员剩余年数分布的可预测性；(3) 单个数字--平均任职年数--的非凡信息含量[即：(a) 平均任职年数；(b) 平均任职年数；(c) 平均任职年数；(d) 平均任职年数；(e) 平均任职年数；(f) 平均任职年数、得出出生率（b）和死亡率（d）；使用 d 作为模型生命表的指数率参数]；(4) 特定时期人群（国会）的概念和相关指标；(5) 国会生命周期概念，包括形成期、成长期、衰老期和消亡期；(6) 100%生命周期更替的纵向政党更替率（民主党/共和党），即每个席位从前任党派到现任党派，以及从现任党派到继任党派。虽然我们的重点是使用国会成员的历史数据，但我们相信大多数结果都是通用的，因此与大多数类型的静态或准静态人口相关，并适用于未来的人口零增长（ZPG）世界。

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引用次数: 0

Access to formal childcare among families of newly arrived migrants from non-EU countries in France 在法国，来自非欧盟国家的新移民家庭获得正规托儿服务的机会

Q1 Social Sciences

Genus

Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1186/s41118-023-00205-w

Tatiana Eremenko, Anne Unterreiner

Abstract Labour force participation of female migrants from non-EU countries, particularly recently arrived, is lower than among other groups and more affected by the presence of children. While care responsibilities are the primary reasons for this situation—immigrant families have a lower use of formal childcare services and less possibilities to receive informal support—the respective role of structural constraints and norms and preferences in this result still raises questions. In addition, families from non-EU countries may encounter greater difficulties in accessing public services, including formal childcare. We explore the determinants of participation in early childhood education (ECEC) among families of recently arrived migrants from outside of the EU in France. We use the Longitudinal Survey on the Integration of First-Time arrivals (Elipa 2) carried out among third country nationals receiving a first residence permit in France in 2018 and focus on their small age children (0–2 years). ECEC enrolment rates are lower than in the general population, and this appears to be primarily linked to these families’ disadvantaged socio-economic position in the destination country. However, families’ distinct socio-economic and cultural resources, as well as their origin, also shape their use of public services. These results contribute to a better understanding of the specific needs and obstacles faced by these families, and identify potential areas for policy actions.

来自非欧盟国家的女性移民，特别是最近抵达的女性移民，其劳动力参与率低于其他群体，并且更受儿童存在的影响。虽然照顾责任是造成这种情况的主要原因——移民家庭使用正规托儿服务的比例较低，接受非正式支持的可能性也较低——但结构约束、规范和偏好在这一结果中各自的作用仍然令人质疑。此外，来自非欧盟国家的家庭在获得公共服务方面可能会遇到更大的困难，包括正规的托儿服务。我们探讨参与幼儿教育(ECEC)的决定因素在最近抵达的移民家庭从欧盟以外的法国。我们使用了2018年在法国首次获得居留许可的第三国国民中进行的首次抵达者融入纵向调查(Elipa 2)，重点关注他们的幼儿(0-2岁)。幼儿教育中心的入学率低于一般人口，这似乎主要与这些家庭在目的地国的不利社会经济地位有关。然而，家庭独特的社会经济和文化资源及其出身也决定了他们对公共服务的使用。这些结果有助于更好地了解这些家庭的具体需求和面临的障碍，并确定政策行动的潜在领域。

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引用次数: 1

Introduction to the Thematic Series: Use and consequences of family policies among migrants and their descendants in Europe 专题系列导言:欧洲移民及其后代家庭政策的使用和后果

Q1 Social Sciences

Genus

Pub Date : 2023-10-26 DOI: 10.1186/s41118-023-00204-x

Eleonora Mussino, Elisabeth Kraus, Nadja Milewski

Abstract This article is the introduction to the Thematic Series Use and consequences of family policies among migrants and their descendants in Europe . The study contexts are countries in different Western European regions: Belgium, France, Germany, and Italy. Despite their differences with respect to welfare-state types in general and family policies in particular, these countries also vary when it comes to their immigration histories and current migrant populations. Yet, the fast-growing field of research on the effects of family polices on family and fertility behavior as well as work-family reconciliation has virtually overlooked migrants. To address this void in the existing literature, this Thematic Series raises two research questions: To what degree do family policies include, and are used by, migrants and their descendants? And, to what extent do such polices promote migrants’ integration into European societies? The collection contains six empirical articles investigating either eligibility or use and consequences of two specific family policy measures: parental leave and external childcare. Collectively, the studies show significant disadvantages among migrant groups in eligibility for family policy measures, and consequently in their use and impacts on further life-course patterns, compared to majority populations. They also demonstrate diverging patterns within migrant populations.

摘要本文介绍了欧洲移民及其后代家庭政策的使用和后果。研究背景是西欧不同地区的国家:比利时、法国、德国和意大利。尽管这些国家在福利国家类型、特别是家庭政策方面存在差异，但在移民历史和当前移民人口方面也存在差异。然而，关于家庭政策对家庭和生育行为以及工作-家庭和解的影响的快速发展的研究领域实际上忽略了移民。为了解决现有文献中的这一空白，本专题系列提出了两个研究问题:家庭政策在多大程度上包括移民及其后代，并被他们使用?这些政策在多大程度上促进了移民融入欧洲社会?该集合包含六个实证文章调查资格或使用和后果的两个具体的家庭政策措施:育婴假和外部托儿服务。总的来说，这些研究表明，与大多数人口相比，移徙群体在获得家庭政策措施的资格方面，因而在这些措施的使用和对今后生命历程模式的影响方面处于明显劣势。它们在移民人口中也显示出不同的模式。

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引用次数: 0

The transition from cohabitation to marriage in Spain: differences and determinants in same-sex and different-sex couples 西班牙从同居到婚姻的转变:同性和异性伴侣的差异和决定因素

Q1 Social Sciences

Genus

Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1186/s41118-023-00201-0

Anna Caprinali, Agnese Vitali, Clara Cortina

Abstract Same-sex households and non-heterosexual people’s living arrangements are an expanding area of research in family studies. This contribution focuses on the transition from cohabitation to marriage of same-sex couples in comparison to different-sex couples in Spain, i.e., one of the pioneer countries of same-sex marriage that was legalized in 2005. In this particular context, we investigate to what extent same-sex couples and different-sex couples present similar marriage risks. Employing Event History Analysis and using data from the 2018 Spanish Fertility Survey, we find that, overall, same-sex couples have a significantly lower hazard of transitioning from non-marital cohabitation to marriage than different-sex couples. When restricting the sample to currently co-residing couples, the difference in the hazard of marriage between the two couple types remains negative but becomes insignificant. We thus disprove that same-sex couples have a higher incentive for marriage. These results are discussed in light of the different composition of same-sex vs different-sex couples in terms of their socio-demographic profile and motivations for marriage.

同性家庭和非异性恋家庭的生活安排是家庭研究中一个不断扩大的研究领域。这篇文章的重点是比较西班牙同性伴侣从同居到婚姻的转变，即西班牙是2005年同性婚姻合法化的先驱国家之一。在这种特殊的背景下，我们调查了同性伴侣和异性伴侣在多大程度上存在相似的婚姻风险。利用事件历史分析和2018年西班牙生育调查数据，我们发现，总体而言，同性伴侣从非婚同居过渡到婚姻的风险明显低于异性伴侣。当将样本限制为目前共同居住的夫妇时，两种夫妇类型之间的婚姻风险差异仍然为负，但变得微不足道。因此，我们证明同性伴侣有更高的结婚动机。这些结果是根据同性和异性伴侣的不同组成，在他们的社会人口特征和结婚动机方面进行讨论的。

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引用次数: 0

From South Asia to Southern Europe: a comparative analysis of Sri Lankans’ residential segregation in the main Italian cities using high-resolution data on regular lattice geographies 从南亚到南欧:对斯里兰卡人在意大利主要城市的居住隔离进行比较分析，使用常规点阵地理的高分辨率数据

Q1 Social Sciences

Genus

Pub Date : 2023-09-21 DOI: 10.1186/s41118-023-00203-y

Francesca Bitonti, Federico Benassi, Angelo Mazza, Salvatore Strozza

Abstract The present work proposes a spatial analysis of the residential segregation and settlement models of Sri Lankans in the eight main Italian municipalities. Hosting more than half of the total Sri Lankan population residing in Italy, the selected urban areas allow Sri Lankans’ residential model to be globally framed across the country. The purpose of this work is threefold. First, it provides a general assessment of the allocation pattern of a foreign community that has seldom been studied and yet is characterized by peculiar settlement choices. Second, it attempts to compare the settlement patterns of Sri Lankans across different urban contexts. Third, it aims to detect the possible spatial polarization of Sri Lankans in specific neighbourhoods and to verify its spatial correlation with other key variables that constitute proxies of urban neighbourhoods’ socioeconomic inequalities. The study runs multiple aspatial linear models to assess the global variation in concentrations of Sri Lankans related to several socioeconomic predictors. Furthermore, it implements geographically weighted regressions to explicitly model the spatial dependence between Sri Lankans’ location quotients and several predictors. It refers all the considered variables to a single geographic reference grid, enabling the homogenization of different areal unit arrangements and comparisons across space. Except for Milan and Rome, the findings suggest that Sri Lankans tend to reside in central neighbourhoods characterized by a high foreign presence and a decreased trend of Italian population. Conversely, the impact of the cost of living and the state of the built environment is heterogeneous across space, with a sort of centre-periphery duality in Southern cities and more fragmented situations in the other urban contexts. This evidence proves the relevance of local scale analysis and the need to build up urban observatories on spatial inequalities and segregation processes.

摘要:本文对意大利八个主要城市中斯里兰卡人的居住隔离和定居模式进行了空间分析。超过一半的斯里兰卡人口居住在意大利，选定的城市地区允许斯里兰卡的居住模式在全国范围内进行全球框架。这项工作的目的有三个方面。首先，它提供了一个总体评估的外国社区的分配模式，很少被研究，但其特点是特殊的定居选择。其次，它试图比较斯里兰卡人在不同城市背景下的定居模式。第三，旨在检测特定社区中斯里兰卡人可能的空间极化，并验证其与构成城市社区社会经济不平等代理的其他关键变量的空间相关性。该研究运行了多个空间线性模型，以评估与几个社会经济预测因素相关的斯里兰卡人浓度的全球变化。此外，它实现了地理加权回归，以明确地模拟斯里兰卡人的位置商和几个预测因子之间的空间依赖性。它将所有考虑的变量引用到一个单一的地理参考网格中，从而实现了不同面积单位安排的同质化和跨空间的比较。除米兰和罗马外，调查结果表明，斯里兰卡人倾向于居住在外国人较多、意大利人口呈减少趋势的中心社区。相反，生活成本和建筑环境的影响在空间上是异质的，在南方城市有一种中心-边缘的二元性，而在其他城市环境中则更分散。这一证据证明了地方尺度分析的相关性，以及建立城市空间不平等和隔离过程观测站的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Cultural persistence or change? Gender differences in educational expectations of first and second-generation immigrants in Italy 文化的延续还是改变?意大利第一代和第二代移民教育期望的性别差异

Q1 Social Sciences

Genus

Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1186/s41118-023-00202-z

Giuseppina Autiero, Annamaria Nese

Abstract This paper analyzes whether cultural heritage determines gender differences in educational expectations to go to university of first- and second-generation immigrants in Italy. The analysis relies on the “Integration of Second-Generation Survey” (INTEG2GEN) carried out by the Italian Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) in 2015. INTEG2GEN is a national representative survey of students living in Italy and attending lower and upper secondary school. Our findings suggest that parents’ cultural background plays a non-negligible role for their daughters’ and sons’ expectations. Nevertheless, there is a gender difference in the way they react to it. Males are more sensitive to cultural orientations towards education. Females are more responsive to gender inequality issues and tend to conform to gender roles deemed appropriate according to their cultural tradition. Nevertheless, females seem more open to changes and opportunities they face in the new country.

摘要本文分析了文化遗产是否决定了意大利第一代和第二代移民对大学教育期望的性别差异。该分析基于意大利统计局(ISTAT)于2015年开展的“第二代调查整合”(INTEG2GEN)。INTEG2GEN是一项针对生活在意大利的初中和高中学生的全国代表性调查。我们的研究结果表明，父母的文化背景对其女儿和儿子的期望起着不可忽视的作用。然而，他们对它的反应方式存在性别差异。男性对教育的文化取向更敏感。女性对性别不平等问题的反应更积极，她们倾向于遵循根据她们的文化传统认为合适的性别角色。然而，女性似乎更愿意接受她们在这个新国家面临的变化和机会。

引用次数: 0

Are gender attitudes and gender division of housework and childcare related to fertility intentions in Kazakhstan? 在哈萨克斯坦，性别态度和家务和育儿的性别分工是否与生育意愿有关?

Q1 Social Sciences

Genus

Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1186/s41118-023-00200-1

Maxim Kan

Abstract Previous research has found evidence of positive associations between gender-egalitarian attitudes or more equal division of housework/childcare and short-term fertility intentions in developed countries of Europe and East Asia. This study extends the literature to the context of a developing country in the post-communist region—Kazakhstan, which has progressed well in public gender equality but may not have developed private gender equality to the same extent as more developed countries. The study explores how (1) gender attitudes, (2) gender behaviour (housework and childcare division), and (3) consistency between gender attitudes and gender behaviour are associated with fertility intentions in this country. Kazakhstan’s Generations and Gender Survey of 2020 was used for the analyses. The dependent variable was treated as an interval measure, where intentions move along a continuum of certainty. Linear regressions were employed to test the hypotheses. The results show that gender-egalitarian attitudes were negatively associated with short-term fertility intentions for women with two and more children. Likewise, a more equal division of housework was negatively associated with short-term fertility intentions for both women and men, whereas more equal sharing of childcare was negatively associated with men’s fertility intentions. Also, in contrast to studies in more developed contexts, an egalitarian match of gender attitudes and behaviour (either housework or childcare) was negatively associated with short-term childbearing intentions for both women and men. Overall, greater gender equality in the family has a negative relationship with short-term fertility intentions in Kazakhstan. The study provides new and compelling evidence about the relationship between gender equality and fertility in a context that has not previously been studied.

先前的研究发现，在欧洲和东亚发达国家，性别平等主义态度或更平等的家务/育儿分工与短期生育意愿之间存在正相关的证据。本研究将文献扩展到后共产主义地区的一个发展中国家——哈萨克斯坦的背景下，这个国家在公共性别平等方面取得了很好的进展，但在私人性别平等方面可能没有发展到与更发达国家相同的程度。该研究探讨了(1)性别态度，(2)性别行为(家务和育儿分工)，以及(3)性别态度和性别行为之间的一致性如何与该国的生育意愿相关联。分析使用了哈萨克斯坦2020年代际和性别调查。因变量被视为一个区间测量，其中意图沿着确定性的连续体移动。采用线性回归检验假设。结果表明，性别平等主义态度与有两个或两个以上孩子的妇女的短期生育意愿呈负相关。同样，更平等的家务分工与女性和男性的短期生育意愿呈负相关，而更平等的育儿分担与男性的生育意愿呈负相关。此外，与在更发达背景下的研究相比，性别态度和行为(无论是家务还是育儿)的平等匹配与女性和男性的短期生育意愿呈负相关。总体而言，在哈萨克斯坦，家庭中性别平等程度的提高与短期生育意愿呈负相关。这项研究为性别平等和生育率之间的关系提供了新的和令人信服的证据，这是以前没有研究过的。

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引用次数: 0

Parental leave policies, work (re)entry, and second birth: Do differences between migrants and non-migrants in Germany increase? 育儿假政策、工作（再）入境和二胎：德国移民和非移民之间的差异是否增加？

Q1 Social Sciences

Genus

Pub Date : 2023-08-24 DOI: 10.1186/s41118-023-00198-6

Nadja Milewski, U. Brehm

引用次数: 1

Will the gap ever be bridged? A cross-national comparison of non-native students’ educational achievements 这一差距会被弥合吗？非本土学生教育成就的跨国比较

Q1 Social Sciences

Genus

Pub Date : 2023-08-17 DOI: 10.1186/s41118-023-00199-5

M. Porcu, Isabella Sulis, Cristian Usala, F. Giambona

引用次数: 0

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