{"title":"Zmiany właściwości gruntu w strefie aktywnej pęcznienia","authors":"M. Wszędyrówny-Nast, W. Tymiński","doi":"10.7306/2021.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/2021.53","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35787,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Geologiczny","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71110949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Analysis of the causes of the construction disaster in Pomeranian Dukes’ Castle in Szczecin – current state of investigation. Prz. Geol., 69: 884–898; doi: 10.7306/2021.50 A b s t r a c t. The Renaissance Pomeranian Dukes’Castle in Szczecin was built in the late 16 th century in place of older buildings. At that time, the construction, and in particular the foundation of buildings on non-diagenized sediments, was more of an art than a science, since soil mechanics was being born only in the 18 th and 19 th centuries. However, the experience and intuition of old building masters also allowed for the construction of monumental structures that could survive hundreds or thousands of years. Their walls looked solid, so there was no fear of making further renovations and rebuilding in the following centuries. Meanwhile, in 2017, the complex of columns supporting the ceilings of the three-story rooms and the basement in the northern wing of the castle collapsed underground. It happened around 430 years after the completion of construction. The article discusses the results of various types of geotechnical tests, the purpose of which was to determine the causes of the catastrophe. Thanks to the research, a complex of underground tunnels made mostly during World War II, but also previously suspected, was discovered and largely documented. The article summarizes the actual arrangements and describes geological and historical conditions regarding the course and causes of the Castle’s construction disaster in Szczecin. The knowledge resulting from these studies and analyses makes us approach with great caution any interference in the existing static system of seem-ingly powerful and indestructible historic buildings.
什切青波美拉尼亚公爵城堡建筑灾难原因分析——调查现状。Prz。Geol。，69:884–898；doi:10.7306/2021.50 A b s t r A c t。位于什切青的文艺复兴时期波美拉尼亚公爵城堡建于16世纪末，取代了旧建筑。当时，建筑，尤其是在未诊断沉积物上建造建筑物，与其说是一门科学，不如说是一种艺术，因为土壤力学只在18世纪和19世纪才诞生。然而，老建筑大师的经验和直觉也允许建造可以保存数百年或数千年的纪念性建筑。他们的墙壁看起来很坚固，所以在接下来的几个世纪里，他们不用担心进行进一步的翻新和重建。与此同时，2017年，支撑城堡北翼三层房间天花板和地下室的柱子群坍塌在地下。这件事发生在工程竣工430年后。本文讨论了各种类型的岩土工程试验的结果，其目的是确定灾难的原因。由于这项研究，发现了一个主要在第二次世界大战期间建造的地下隧道复合体，但之前也有人怀疑，并大量记录在案。本文总结了什切青城堡建设灾难的实际安排，并介绍了发生在什切青的地质和历史条件。从这些研究和分析中获得的知识使我们非常谨慎地对待对现有静态系统的任何干扰，这些静态系统似乎是强大而坚不可摧的历史建筑。
{"title":"Analiza przyczyn katastrofy budowlanej na Zamku Książąt Pomorskich w Szczecinie w świetle dotychczasowych ustaleń","authors":"M. Tarnawski, T. Godlewski","doi":"10.7306/2021.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/2021.50","url":null,"abstract":"Analysis of the causes of the construction disaster in Pomeranian Dukes’ Castle in Szczecin – current state of investigation. Prz. Geol., 69: 884–898; doi: 10.7306/2021.50 A b s t r a c t. The Renaissance Pomeranian Dukes’Castle in Szczecin was built in the late 16 th century in place of older buildings. At that time, the construction, and in particular the foundation of buildings on non-diagenized sediments, was more of an art than a science, since soil mechanics was being born only in the 18 th and 19 th centuries. However, the experience and intuition of old building masters also allowed for the construction of monumental structures that could survive hundreds or thousands of years. Their walls looked solid, so there was no fear of making further renovations and rebuilding in the following centuries. Meanwhile, in 2017, the complex of columns supporting the ceilings of the three-story rooms and the basement in the northern wing of the castle collapsed underground. It happened around 430 years after the completion of construction. The article discusses the results of various types of geotechnical tests, the purpose of which was to determine the causes of the catastrophe. Thanks to the research, a complex of underground tunnels made mostly during World War II, but also previously suspected, was discovered and largely documented. The article summarizes the actual arrangements and describes geological and historical conditions regarding the course and causes of the Castle’s construction disaster in Szczecin. The knowledge resulting from these studies and analyses makes us approach with great caution any interference in the existing static system of seem-ingly powerful and indestructible historic buildings.","PeriodicalId":35787,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Geologiczny","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47127687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Analysis of methodological factors in determining the minimum dry to the A b s t r a c t. The paper presents results of interlaboratory comparative test programme. The minimum dry density tests were perfor- med according to PN-B-04481:1988, for four different sands and two types of solid-glass beads, by two laboratories, seven lab workers, using nine different types of funnel. The aim of this research is analysis of the results of the determination of minimum dry density to clarify the provisions of the standard PN-B-04481:1988. The main objectives are to: determine the influence of the geometry of the funnel used to test the minimum dry density on the test results; analyse the human factor on the test results; try to determine the geome- trical criteria for funnels used to test the minimum dry density.
分析确定A b s t r A c t最小干度的方法因素。本文介绍了实验室间比较试验程序的结果。根据PN-B-04481:1988，由两个实验室、七名实验室工作人员使用九种不同类型的漏斗，对四种不同的沙子和两种类型的固体玻璃珠进行了最小干密度测试。本研究的目的是分析最小干密度的测定结果，以澄清PN-B-04481:1988标准的规定。主要目标是：确定用于测试最小干密度的漏斗几何形状对测试结果的影响；分析测试结果中的人为因素；尝试确定用于测试最小干密度的漏斗的几何标准。
{"title":"Analiza czynników metodycznych w aspekcie wyznaczania minimalnej gęstości objętościowej szkieletu gruntowego w świetle normy PN-B-04481:1988","authors":"M. Wszędyrówny-Nast, W. Tymiński","doi":"10.7306/2021.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/2021.52","url":null,"abstract":"Analysis of methodological factors in determining the minimum dry to the A b s t r a c t. The paper presents results of interlaboratory comparative test programme. The minimum dry density tests were perfor- med according to PN-B-04481:1988, for four different sands and two types of solid-glass beads, by two laboratories, seven lab workers, using nine different types of funnel. The aim of this research is analysis of the results of the determination of minimum dry density to clarify the provisions of the standard PN-B-04481:1988. The main objectives are to: determine the influence of the geometry of the funnel used to test the minimum dry density on the test results; analyse the human factor on the test results; try to determine the geome- trical criteria for funnels used to test the minimum dry density.","PeriodicalId":35787,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Geologiczny","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48239623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical aggressiveness shallow groundwater in A b s t r a c t. Evaluation of the chemical aggressiveness of shallow ground - water for the area of Wrocław was performed in accordance with the Polish Standard (PN-EN 206+A1:2016-12). This standard requires determination of pH and concentration of ammonium, magnesium, sulphate and aggres sive carbon dioxide in water. The research was carried out on 96 ground - water samples collected in the period March–May 2021 from Holocene, Pleistocene and Neogene deposits. The results show that 58% of shallow groundwater in Wrocław was aggressive towards concrete and steel. The slight (XA1), moderate (XA2) and high (XA3) aggressiveness was charac - teristic for 32%, 23% and 3% of the analysed waters, respectively. The significant classification factors were the concentrations of aggressive carbon dioxide, sulphate ions and, less significant, pH. The presence of magnesium and ammonium ions in groundwater did not have any classification significance because of low concentrations. The occurrence of aggressive groundwater is associated with the environment of river sediments, mainly of Holocene and Pleistocene age. Groundwater beneath till and clay formations, mainly of Pleistocene age, and of anthropogenic banks and dumps shows significantly lower aggressiveness. Aggressiveness of groundwater sampled from the aquifer covered by Neogene clay deposit is not demonstrated. The aggressiveness of Wrocław groundwater shows a mosaic space character resulting from the geological structure of the city’s subsurface formations and is probably also related to the form of land development. The most aggressive ones were associated with green, agricultural and liquidated municipal waste dump areas.
{"title":"Agresywność chemiczna płytkich wód podziemnych Wrocławia","authors":"Marta Trałka, M. Modelska, Marek Błachowicz","doi":"10.7306/2021.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/2021.51","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical aggressiveness shallow groundwater in A b s t r a c t. Evaluation of the chemical aggressiveness of shallow ground - water for the area of Wrocław was performed in accordance with the Polish Standard (PN-EN 206+A1:2016-12). This standard requires determination of pH and concentration of ammonium, magnesium, sulphate and aggres sive carbon dioxide in water. The research was carried out on 96 ground - water samples collected in the period March–May 2021 from Holocene, Pleistocene and Neogene deposits. The results show that 58% of shallow groundwater in Wrocław was aggressive towards concrete and steel. The slight (XA1), moderate (XA2) and high (XA3) aggressiveness was charac - teristic for 32%, 23% and 3% of the analysed waters, respectively. The significant classification factors were the concentrations of aggressive carbon dioxide, sulphate ions and, less significant, pH. The presence of magnesium and ammonium ions in groundwater did not have any classification significance because of low concentrations. The occurrence of aggressive groundwater is associated with the environment of river sediments, mainly of Holocene and Pleistocene age. Groundwater beneath till and clay formations, mainly of Pleistocene age, and of anthropogenic banks and dumps shows significantly lower aggressiveness. Aggressiveness of groundwater sampled from the aquifer covered by Neogene clay deposit is not demonstrated. The aggressiveness of Wrocław groundwater shows a mosaic space character resulting from the geological structure of the city’s subsurface formations and is probably also related to the form of land development. The most aggressive ones were associated with green, agricultural and liquidated municipal waste dump areas.","PeriodicalId":35787,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Geologiczny","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71111064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
of the Lublin building subsoil. Prz. Geol., 835–849; A b s t r a c t. The loess subsoil constitutes over 50% of the Lublin area and determines the geotechnical conditions of the western side of the River Bystrzyca. The paper discusses the geological structure of this part of Lublin and presents an analysis of the results of field research carried out by the author. The research methodology and the method of deriving parameters for the loess subsoil are also proposed. The Lublin loesses were divided into three main facies groups: aeolian (typical loess), aeolian-diluvial and aeolian-alluvial. The basis for the division and parametric characteristics of individual facies were mainly in-situ tests: CPT/CPTU static soundings, DMT/SDMT flat dilatometer tests and PMT Menard pressuremeter tests. The collected data allowed characterizing each of the facies groups and developing a synthetic geological cross-section representing the geological structure of the western part of Lublin. The number of analysed tests allowed stating that the data from CPT/CPTU static soundings are representative for Lublin. Data from DMT/SDMT tests can be considered representative, but further research is needed to refine them and, for example, to separate them by facies. Data from pressuremeter tests should be treated as preliminary. The analyses show that the most common facies in Lublin is silty aeolian one called typical loess, which, according to the author, constitutes approximately 75–80%, and their parameters are of key importance for the design of buildings. The remaining facies groups are about 8–15% for aeolian-diluvial loess and 8–10% for aeolian alluvial loess. Typical loesses are macroscopically homogeneous, but their varying stiffness is reflected in in-situ tests. The basic research method for loess subsoil should be CPT/CPTU static soundings, while the most representative parameter for geotechnical layers is the cone resistance qc. Details of the geological structure and parameters should be performed with DMT, SDMT and PMT tests, as well as laboratory tests, the necessary scope of which can be determined after the development of the subsoil model from the results of CPT tests.
Lublin建筑底土。Geol。，835–849；A b s t r A c t。黄土底土占Lublin地区的50%以上，决定了Bystrzyca河西侧的岩土工程条件。本文讨论了鲁布林这一地区的地质构造，并对作者实地调查的结果进行了分析。提出了黄土地基参数的研究方法和推导方法。鲁布林黄土可分为三个主要相组：风成（典型黄土）、风成洪积和风成冲积。各相划分和参数特征的依据主要是原位测试：CPT/CPTU静态测深、DMT/SDMT平面膨胀计测试和PMT-Menard压力计测试。所收集的数据能够表征每个相组，并形成代表鲁布林西部地质结构的合成地质剖面。允许的分析测试数量表明，CPT/CPTU静态探测的数据对Lublin具有代表性。DMT/SDMT测试的数据可以被认为是有代表性的，但还需要进一步的研究来完善它们，例如，按相分离它们。压力计测试的数据应作为初步数据处理。分析表明，鲁布林最常见的相是被称为典型黄土的粉砂质风成相，据作者称，该相约占75–80%，其参数对建筑设计至关重要。其余相组风积-洪积黄土约占8-15%，风积-冲积黄土约占8-10%。典型黄土在宏观上是均匀的，但其不同的刚度在现场测试中得到了反映。黄土地基的基本研究方法应为CPT/CPTU静力触探，而岩土层最具代表性的参数是锥体阻力qc。地质结构和参数的详细信息应通过DMT、SDMT和PMT试验以及实验室试验进行，必要的范围可在根据CPT试验结果开发底土模型后确定。
{"title":"Charakterystyka lessów lubelskich jako podłoża budowlanego","authors":"K. Nepelski","doi":"10.7306/2021.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/2021.45","url":null,"abstract":"of the Lublin building subsoil.\u0003 Prz. Geol., 835–849; A b s t r a c t. The loess subsoil constitutes over 50% of the Lublin area and determines the geotechnical conditions of the western side of the River Bystrzyca. The paper discusses the geological structure of this part of Lublin and presents an analysis of the results of field research carried out by the author. The research methodology and the method of deriving parameters for the loess subsoil are also proposed. The Lublin loesses were divided into three main facies groups: aeolian (typical loess), aeolian-diluvial and aeolian-alluvial. The basis for the division and parametric characteristics of individual facies were mainly in-situ tests: CPT/CPTU static soundings, DMT/SDMT flat dilatometer tests and PMT Menard pressuremeter tests. The collected data allowed characterizing each of the facies groups and developing a synthetic geological cross-section representing the geological structure of the western part of Lublin. The number of analysed tests allowed stating that the data from CPT/CPTU static soundings are representative for Lublin. Data from DMT/SDMT tests can be considered representative, but further research is needed to refine them and, for example, to separate them by facies. Data from pressuremeter tests should be treated as preliminary. The analyses show that the most common facies in Lublin is silty aeolian one called typical loess, which, according to the author, constitutes approximately 75–80%, and their parameters are of key importance for the design of buildings. The remaining facies groups are about 8–15% for aeolian-diluvial loess and 8–10% for aeolian alluvial loess. Typical loesses are macroscopically homogeneous, but their varying stiffness is reflected in in-situ tests. The basic research method for loess subsoil should be CPT/CPTU static soundings, while the most representative parameter for geotechnical layers is the cone resistance qc. Details of the geological structure and parameters should be performed with DMT, SDMT and PMT tests, as well as laboratory tests, the necessary scope of which can be determined after the development of the subsoil model from the results of CPT tests.","PeriodicalId":35787,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Geologiczny","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49494788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A b s t r a c t. The article presents the possibilities of using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in engineering geology. The first part compares the method of obtaining products from UAV with airborne laser scanning, showing its limitations and advantages. Then, examples of using the products made from photos obtained from UAV raids (digital surface model – DSM, digital terrain model – DTM and orthophotomosaic) were introduced. The examples are assigned to the individual phases of engineering geology documentation (collecting available information about the site, designing research, performing research and presenting research results). The last part presents an analysis of the accuracy of an exemplary model created from a UAV raid based on control points measured using the GNSS-RTN method. The result of the analysis was the confirmation of the possibility of obtaining information about the area from the DSM, DTM and orthophotomosaic with high accuracy comparable to classic land surveying methods.
{"title":"Zastosowanie bezzałogowych statków powietrznych w dokumentowaniu geologiczno-inżynierskim","authors":"A. Piechota, Przemysław Sobótka","doi":"10.7306/2021.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/2021.47","url":null,"abstract":"A b s t r a c t. The article presents the possibilities of using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in engineering geology. The first part compares the method of obtaining products from UAV with airborne laser scanning, showing its limitations and advantages. Then, examples of using the products made from photos obtained from UAV raids (digital surface model – DSM, digital terrain model – DTM and orthophotomosaic) were introduced. The examples are assigned to the individual phases of engineering geology documentation (collecting available information about the site, designing research, performing research and presenting research results). The last part presents an analysis of the accuracy of an exemplary model created from a UAV raid based on control points measured using the GNSS-RTN method. The result of the analysis was the confirmation of the possibility of obtaining information about the area from the DSM, DTM and orthophotomosaic with high accuracy comparable to classic land surveying methods.","PeriodicalId":35787,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Geologiczny","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71110693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Zmiany ciśnienia porowego w warunkach stałego wzrostu obciążenia i ich wpływ na konsolidację CL na przykładzie wybranych gruntów spoistych centralnej Polski","authors":"P. Stajszczak, P. Dobak","doi":"10.7306/2021.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/2021.49","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35787,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Geologiczny","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71110899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wpływ zanieczyszczenia olejem napędowym na uziarnienie i plastyczność mad z rejonu Warszawa-Siekierki","authors":"D. Izdebska-Mucha, J. Trzciński, M. Klein","doi":"10.7306/2021.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/2021.42","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35787,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Geologiczny","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49447474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Warunki hydrogeochemiczne występowania wód siarczkowych w południowej części niecki miechowskiej","authors":"Ewelina Bąk, Joanna Bruczyńska, I. Lipiec","doi":"10.7306/2021.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/2021.37","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35787,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Geologiczny","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48469524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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