Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V36I4IIPP.989-1009
G. Arif, M. Irfan
This paper discusses the population mobility across the Pakistan borders during the last 50 years. Political, economic, and religious factors generated the various inward and outward flows of population. While outward flow mostly represents a job-oriented move, the inward flow is basically caused by political factors like the partition of the subcontinent and the Afghan war. This paper uses four classifications: 1) refugee movements between India and Pakistan at the time of its independence and influx of Afghan refugees to Pakistan in the 1980s; 2) illegal immigration of Bangladeshis and Burmese during the last decades; 3) permanent emigration of Pakistanis, including brain drain; and 4) temporary migration of workers to the Middle East. Tabulated supporting data are provided in this paper to explain further the population mobility of Pakistan.
{"title":"Population mobility across the Pakistani border: fifty years experience.","authors":"G. Arif, M. Irfan","doi":"10.30541/V36I4IIPP.989-1009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V36I4IIPP.989-1009","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the population mobility across the Pakistan borders during the last 50 years. Political, economic, and religious factors generated the various inward and outward flows of population. While outward flow mostly represents a job-oriented move, the inward flow is basically caused by political factors like the partition of the subcontinent and the Afghan war. This paper uses four classifications: 1) refugee movements between India and Pakistan at the time of its independence and influx of Afghan refugees to Pakistan in the 1980s; 2) illegal immigration of Bangladeshis and Burmese during the last decades; 3) permanent emigration of Pakistanis, including brain drain; and 4) temporary migration of workers to the Middle East. Tabulated supporting data are provided in this paper to explain further the population mobility of Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69253363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Population mobility across the Pakistani border: fifty years experience.","authors":"G M Arif, M Irfan","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22031550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports on the prevalence of child labor among children 5-14 years of age in Pakistan. As reliable and comprehensive data on this age group are not available, the study was based on microdata of child labor in the 10-14 year age range from the latest Labor Force Surveys: 1990-91, 1991-92, and 1992-93. The study shows that child labor in the 1014 age cohort increased to 2.0 million during 1992-93 from 1.8 million during 1990-91. The growth of the number of girl workers is higher than that of the number of boys. Gender differential in participation is more obvious in urban areas. In urban areas, the services sector played the major role by employing 52.14% of all children, followed by the manufacturing sector, which employed 38.08%. In occupational structure, a majority of the children were engaged in farm activities (64.70% of all boys and 66.68% of all girls), as against production activities (22.53% of all boys and 28.70% of all girls). In addition, a high number of children have been working as unpaid family helpers (63.22% of all boys and 65.41% of all girls); this practice is more prevalent in the rural population. Moreover, it was reported that about 70% of the children worked beyond normal working hours (35 hours/week). A majority of those children were from urban areas. This paper concludes by suggesting that in order to produce a clearer picture of the socioeconomic characteristics and hazardous work conditions of child labor, independent household and establishment surveys should be carried out.
{"title":"Some dimensions of child labour in Pakistan.","authors":"S. M. Jafri, Raishad","doi":"10.30541/V36I1PP.69-86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V36I1PP.69-86","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on the prevalence of child labor among children 5-14 years of age in Pakistan. As reliable and comprehensive data on this age group are not available, the study was based on microdata of child labor in the 10-14 year age range from the latest Labor Force Surveys: 1990-91, 1991-92, and 1992-93. The study shows that child labor in the 1014 age cohort increased to 2.0 million during 1992-93 from 1.8 million during 1990-91. The growth of the number of girl workers is higher than that of the number of boys. Gender differential in participation is more obvious in urban areas. In urban areas, the services sector played the major role by employing 52.14% of all children, followed by the manufacturing sector, which employed 38.08%. In occupational structure, a majority of the children were engaged in farm activities (64.70% of all boys and 66.68% of all girls), as against production activities (22.53% of all boys and 28.70% of all girls). In addition, a high number of children have been working as unpaid family helpers (63.22% of all boys and 65.41% of all girls); this practice is more prevalent in the rural population. Moreover, it was reported that about 70% of the children worked beyond normal working hours (35 hours/week). A majority of those children were from urban areas. This paper concludes by suggesting that in order to produce a clearer picture of the socioeconomic characteristics and hazardous work conditions of child labor, independent household and establishment surveys should be carried out.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69253287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports on the factors affecting occupational composition of Pakistani workers upon their return from Middle East employment locations as determined by using the 1986 ILO/ARTEP Survey of Return Migrant Households. Three issues related to post-migration occupation change of return migrants were explored: 1) the comparison of occupational composition in the pre-migration phase with the composition during migration; 2) the direction of occupational change; and 3) the factors affecting these changes after return. 44% of the total employed in the ILO sample changed their pre-migration occupations upon return from employment in production or service jobs to smallbusinessrelated employment; the highest level of occupational change was observed in nonirrigated areas. Occupational change was strongly related to migrants' duration of stay in the Middle East, their ages upon returning, and their level of educational attainment. Occupational mobility experienced by the returnees was mainly towards the business sectora direction approved by the Pakistan Government. The preference of the returnees to work independently might have enabled them to earn sufficient money to maintain their higher standard of living into the period following return migration. It is concluded that in order to achieve stability in the businesses established by the returnees, the Overseas Pakistanis' Foundation should provide services, including project-oriented training courses and loan plans, that will aid the returnees in managing their small businesses.
{"title":"Return migration and occupational change: the case of Pakistani migrants returned from the Middle East.","authors":"G. Arif, M. Irfan","doi":"10.30541/V36I1PP.1-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V36I1PP.1-37","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on the factors affecting occupational composition of Pakistani workers upon their return from Middle East employment locations as determined by using the 1986 ILO/ARTEP Survey of Return Migrant Households. Three issues related to post-migration occupation change of return migrants were explored: 1) the comparison of occupational composition in the pre-migration phase with the composition during migration; 2) the direction of occupational change; and 3) the factors affecting these changes after return. 44% of the total employed in the ILO sample changed their pre-migration occupations upon return from employment in production or service jobs to smallbusinessrelated employment; the highest level of occupational change was observed in nonirrigated areas. Occupational change was strongly related to migrants' duration of stay in the Middle East, their ages upon returning, and their level of educational attainment. Occupational mobility experienced by the returnees was mainly towards the business sectora direction approved by the Pakistan Government. The preference of the returnees to work independently might have enabled them to earn sufficient money to maintain their higher standard of living into the period following return migration. It is concluded that in order to achieve stability in the businesses established by the returnees, the Overseas Pakistanis' Foundation should provide services, including project-oriented training courses and loan plans, that will aid the returnees in managing their small businesses.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69253227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first part of this essay on mainstreaming women in development outlines the hard-won achievements of the women's movement in the past 20 years and acknowledges that the movement has failed to gain its fundamental objectives of transforming social and gender relations and creating a just and equal world. Considering the central question of why progress has been so elusive for women, the essay notes that the agenda the movement articulated challenged male power and privilege and called for investment in women that would require reallocation of existing resources or finding additional sources of revenue. Because women are differentiated by class, race, and nation, it is difficult to shape women into a powerful political constituency. Thus, the women's movement should adopt an agenda-setting approach and take a consistent stand on a core agenda. The next part of the essay describes some of the changes that a shift from an integrationist to an agenda-setting approach will entail and notes that this approach will require: 1) women to play a proactive leadership role and to clearly articulate a core agenda, 2) the strategic positioning of gender concerns in a period of change, 3) strengthening women's groups and networks, 4) using a new communication strategy to expand support, 5) developing context-specific concepts and analytical tools, and 6) building institutional capacities of aid recipients. The final section of essay notes that agenda-setting will raise awareness of the need to promote the equitable sharing of responsibilities in institutions such as families, communities, national governments, and global institutions.
{"title":"The elusive agenda: mainstreaming women in development.","authors":"R. Jahan","doi":"10.5860/choice.33-2237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.33-2237","url":null,"abstract":"The first part of this essay on mainstreaming women in development outlines the hard-won achievements of the women's movement in the past 20 years and acknowledges that the movement has failed to gain its fundamental objectives of transforming social and gender relations and creating a just and equal world. Considering the central question of why progress has been so elusive for women, the essay notes that the agenda the movement articulated challenged male power and privilege and called for investment in women that would require reallocation of existing resources or finding additional sources of revenue. Because women are differentiated by class, race, and nation, it is difficult to shape women into a powerful political constituency. Thus, the women's movement should adopt an agenda-setting approach and take a consistent stand on a core agenda. The next part of the essay describes some of the changes that a shift from an integrationist to an agenda-setting approach will entail and notes that this approach will require: 1) women to play a proactive leadership role and to clearly articulate a core agenda, 2) the strategic positioning of gender concerns in a period of change, 3) strengthening women's groups and networks, 4) using a new communication strategy to expand support, 5) developing context-specific concepts and analytical tools, and 6) building institutional capacities of aid recipients. The final section of essay notes that agenda-setting will raise awareness of the need to promote the equitable sharing of responsibilities in institutions such as families, communities, national governments, and global institutions.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71049239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A new look at the Asian fertility transition.","authors":"J C Caldwell","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22029780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Shy / silent users of contraceptives in Pakistan.","authors":"S S Hashmi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22019963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The elusive agenda: mainstreaming women in development.","authors":"R Jahan","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22019965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Husband-wife roles as a correlate of contraceptive and fertility behaviour.","authors":"M I Zafar","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22029270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Factors affecting contraceptive use in Pakistan.","authors":"N Mahmood, K Ringheim","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22019263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：