Pub Date : 1995-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V34I4IIIPP.1137-1150
S. Ali, H. B. Siyal, M. Sultan
The authors use data from the 1990-1991 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey to examine some variables indicating women's empowerment and to analyze the impact of such variables on reproductive choices. They conclude that "most Pakistani women are unaccustomed to the idea of planning children; for them, having children is a phenomenon as simple and common as most other issues of life. Among others who desire a specific number of children, the majority end up having more. It is because socio-cultural influences lead women to have a large family size. Our analysis also denotes similar results, and hence most of the empowerment variables used in this analysis do not explain the variation in the dependent variable as was expected." A comment by Khaleda Manzoor (pp.1,148-50) is included.
{"title":"Women's empowerment and reproductive choices.","authors":"S. Ali, H. B. Siyal, M. Sultan","doi":"10.30541/V34I4IIIPP.1137-1150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V34I4IIIPP.1137-1150","url":null,"abstract":"The authors use data from the 1990-1991 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey to examine some variables indicating women's empowerment and to analyze the impact of such variables on reproductive choices. They conclude that \"most Pakistani women are unaccustomed to the idea of planning children; for them, having children is a phenomenon as simple and common as most other issues of life. Among others who desire a specific number of children, the majority end up having more. It is because socio-cultural influences lead women to have a large family size. Our analysis also denotes similar results, and hence most of the empowerment variables used in this analysis do not explain the variation in the dependent variable as was expected.\" A comment by Khaleda Manzoor (pp.1,148-50) is included.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69252783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V34I4IIPP.545-561
M. Afzal, M. F. Kiani
"The objective of this paper is to describe an indirect approach for estimating the age patterns of occurrence of birth by parity. The main concern here is not of estimating the frequency of occurrence of births (in a period of time) in relation to the population (birth rate) or in relation to the number of females (fertility). Rather, the focus here is on the ages of first, second, and subsequent births, and on their shifts over time. Essentially, the approach is an extension of Hajnal's method for using proportions single to estimate singulate mean age at marriage...." The approach is illustrated using data from the 1975 Pakistan Fertility Survey and the 1990-1991 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey. A comment by Sultan S. Hashmi is included (pp. 560-1).
{"title":"Mean ages at parities: an indirect estimation.","authors":"M. Afzal, M. F. Kiani","doi":"10.30541/V34I4IIPP.545-561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V34I4IIPP.545-561","url":null,"abstract":"\"The objective of this paper is to describe an indirect approach for estimating the age patterns of occurrence of birth by parity. The main concern here is not of estimating the frequency of occurrence of births (in a period of time) in relation to the population (birth rate) or in relation to the number of females (fertility). Rather, the focus here is on the ages of first, second, and subsequent births, and on their shifts over time. Essentially, the approach is an extension of Hajnal's method for using proportions single to estimate singulate mean age at marriage....\" The approach is illustrated using data from the 1975 Pakistan Fertility Survey and the 1990-1991 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey. A comment by Sultan S. Hashmi is included (pp. 560-1).","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69252860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V34I4IIIPP.1151-1164
K. Manzoor
This study examines service delivery patterns in the provision of family planning in a representative district of the Punjab in Pakistan. Data were obtained from 100 out of 1288 family welfare centers (FWCs) in Sheikhupura district in 1992. FWCs had about 34.6% of the average market share of women who had used family planning and 41% among women living within 1 km of an FWC. 35% of IUD users and 21% of pill and injectable users use FWCs as the major source of supply. 78% of sterilized women relied on government hospitals and clinics as the major source. 48% of pill users and 43% of condom users obtained supplies from drugstores and other shops. Sample data from FWCs in Sheikhupura indicated that 18-58% of time was spent by center staff on family planning and administrative work. Less than 25-30% of time was spent on family planning, and 15-20% of time was spent on general ailments. 15-20% of time was spent on maternity-related services. The remaining time was unproductive. An average of 6 clients visited an FWC for family planning, of which 1-2 were new clients. Clients received 10-15 minutes per visit. Most centers received 2-3 clients per day for all services. Factors affecting client use of FWCs include distance from centers, harvesting activities, extreme weather conditions, and the Ramsan. 8-10 centers served under 150 clients monthly. FWCs contributed to 15 births averted (BA) in a year through 56 couple years of protection (CYP). 49-53% of program costs went for staffing, capital, and operating. 23-26% of costs were for contraceptive supplies. 24-25% was indirect overhead. Total cost was positively and strongly correlated with CYP and weakly positively related to time use. CYP and time use were weakly positively related. Time use and staff cost were negatively correlated. This article identifies a variety of factors affecting FWC use and a variety of measures to increase use.
{"title":"Utilisation, excess capacity, and performance of family welfare centres in a district of Punjab.","authors":"K. Manzoor","doi":"10.30541/V34I4IIIPP.1151-1164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V34I4IIIPP.1151-1164","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines service delivery patterns in the provision of family planning in a representative district of the Punjab in Pakistan. Data were obtained from 100 out of 1288 family welfare centers (FWCs) in Sheikhupura district in 1992. FWCs had about 34.6% of the average market share of women who had used family planning and 41% among women living within 1 km of an FWC. 35% of IUD users and 21% of pill and injectable users use FWCs as the major source of supply. 78% of sterilized women relied on government hospitals and clinics as the major source. 48% of pill users and 43% of condom users obtained supplies from drugstores and other shops. Sample data from FWCs in Sheikhupura indicated that 18-58% of time was spent by center staff on family planning and administrative work. Less than 25-30% of time was spent on family planning, and 15-20% of time was spent on general ailments. 15-20% of time was spent on maternity-related services. The remaining time was unproductive. An average of 6 clients visited an FWC for family planning, of which 1-2 were new clients. Clients received 10-15 minutes per visit. Most centers received 2-3 clients per day for all services. Factors affecting client use of FWCs include distance from centers, harvesting activities, extreme weather conditions, and the Ramsan. 8-10 centers served under 150 clients monthly. FWCs contributed to 15 births averted (BA) in a year through 56 couple years of protection (CYP). 49-53% of program costs went for staffing, capital, and operating. 23-26% of costs were for contraceptive supplies. 24-25% was indirect overhead. Total cost was positively and strongly correlated with CYP and weakly positively related to time use. CYP and time use were weakly positively related. Time use and staff cost were negatively correlated. This article identifies a variety of factors affecting FWC use and a variety of measures to increase use.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69252810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V34I4IIIPP.889-898
M. Bhatti
This study examines preferences for specific contraceptive methods and factors related to method choice (age, parity, residence, knowledge, and interpersonal communication) in Pakistan. Data were obtained from the 1993 Choice of Contraceptive Methods and Drop Outs in Family Planning survey in the Punjab and the NWFP. The sample included interviews with 375 out of 1929 family planning acceptors drawn from family welfare centers. The IUD was the preferred method in these Pakistani provinces among first users, ever users, and current users. 35% preferred IUDs, 20% preferred injectables, 14% preferred condoms, and 17% preferred pills. 19% desired female sterilization, and 4% preferred vaginal methods, rhythm, or withdrawal. All acceptors had knowledge of at least one method. 5% had initiated contraceptive use at ages 15-19 years; 22%, at ages 20-24 years; and about 58%, at ages 25-34 years. The percentage of condom and pill acceptors decreased as age increased. Current use of IUDs, injectables, and condoms increased as age increased. Acceptors of injectables and sterilization increased over time and with increases in children ever born (CEB). About 25% began family planning at 0-2 CEB; about 34% started use at 3-4 CEB. 79% of acceptors chose their method on the advice of others. The family welfare worker was the key influence on method choice among current and ever users, followed by other users and friends and relatives. 45% switched methods once, 15% switched methods twice, and 3% switched three times. The IUD was the favored method of first and second choice and favored in ever use and current use. Injectable contraception was the favored second ever-use method. Sterilization was the second favorite of current users. Women stopped use for childbearing, side effects, and discontinuation of supplies.
{"title":"Correlates of choice of contraceptive methods in Pakistan.","authors":"M. Bhatti","doi":"10.30541/V34I4IIIPP.889-898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V34I4IIIPP.889-898","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines preferences for specific contraceptive methods and factors related to method choice (age, parity, residence, knowledge, and interpersonal communication) in Pakistan. Data were obtained from the 1993 Choice of Contraceptive Methods and Drop Outs in Family Planning survey in the Punjab and the NWFP. The sample included interviews with 375 out of 1929 family planning acceptors drawn from family welfare centers. The IUD was the preferred method in these Pakistani provinces among first users, ever users, and current users. 35% preferred IUDs, 20% preferred injectables, 14% preferred condoms, and 17% preferred pills. 19% desired female sterilization, and 4% preferred vaginal methods, rhythm, or withdrawal. All acceptors had knowledge of at least one method. 5% had initiated contraceptive use at ages 15-19 years; 22%, at ages 20-24 years; and about 58%, at ages 25-34 years. The percentage of condom and pill acceptors decreased as age increased. Current use of IUDs, injectables, and condoms increased as age increased. Acceptors of injectables and sterilization increased over time and with increases in children ever born (CEB). About 25% began family planning at 0-2 CEB; about 34% started use at 3-4 CEB. 79% of acceptors chose their method on the advice of others. The family welfare worker was the key influence on method choice among current and ever users, followed by other users and friends and relatives. 45% switched methods once, 15% switched methods twice, and 3% switched three times. The IUD was the favored method of first and second choice and favored in ever use and current use. Injectable contraception was the favored second ever-use method. Sterilization was the second favorite of current users. Women stopped use for childbearing, side effects, and discontinuation of supplies.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69252823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses the enormous economic benefits of investing in women's education. The author suggests that, over time, increases in girls' education have the potential to transform societies.
本文讨论了投资于妇女教育的巨大经济效益。作者认为，随着时间的推移，女孩教育的增加有可能改变社会。
{"title":"Investing in all people : educating women in developing countries","authors":"L. Summers","doi":"10.1596/0-8213-2323-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-2323-7","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the enormous economic benefits of investing in women's education. The author suggests that, over time, increases in girls' education have the potential to transform societies.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67352047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comments on \"Contraceptive Methods Choice in Pakistan: Determined or Predetermined\".","authors":"G Y Soomro","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22039038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Proximate determinants of fertility in Pakistan.","authors":"A Aziz","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22039605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mother's education and utilisation of health care services in Pakistan.","authors":"Z Khan, G Y Soomro, S Soomro","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22039703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intra-family distribution in developing countries.","authors":"J R Behrman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22029467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cost-effectiveness of the family planning programme in Pakistan.","authors":"K Manzoor","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22039604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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