{"title":"Comments on \"Safe Motherhood in South Asia: Current Status and Strategies for Change\".","authors":"S Samad","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22039702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V33I4IIPP.663-676
M. Afzal, S. Ali, H. B. Siyal
Data were collected on the occurrence of marriages between close relatives, including cousins, as well as between nonrelatives from 6611 ever married women as part of the 1990-91 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS). The patterns of age at marriage, fertility, child mortality, and urban and rural residence would help authenticate the hypothesis that genetic risks to child health are higher among children of parents closely related. The PDHS indicated that more than half of ever married women aged 15-49 were married to their first cousins. The inclusion of second cousins raised the percentage of consanguineous marriages from 50.3 to 61.2. Another 1.3% were married to other relations and the rest (over 37%) were married to non-relatives. The PDHS also showed that compared to the women who married at 18 years of age, the percentage of those who were married to first cousins was slightly lower among those married at older ages. Distinct urban-rural differentials emerged. In the urban areas the marriages to cousins amounted to 51.3% and 53.1% when other relatives were also counted. In contrast, 65.6% and 66.9%, respectively, were the figures in rural areas. First cousin marriages were higher in the provinces of Baluchistan and Punjab (53% and 54.4%, respectively) than those in Sindh (49.7%) and the North-West Frontier Province (38.8%). Among females the educational status was important with respect to marriages to first cousins: 52.2% had no education, 48.9% had primary education, 43.1% had middle level education, and 32.5% had secondary education. The mean age at marriage of women where the spouse was the cousin was less than when they were married to others. The PDHS demonstrated that only 1.3% of ever married women aged 15-49 were divorced or separated. In addition, child mortality was higher for women married to cousins than those married to others. Child morbidity was also somewhat higher among these marriages, except for those living in urban areas, where the reverse was true. This peculiarity requires further study of the problem of consanguinity.
{"title":"Consanguineous marriages in Pakistan.","authors":"M. Afzal, S. Ali, H. B. Siyal","doi":"10.30541/V33I4IIPP.663-676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V33I4IIPP.663-676","url":null,"abstract":"Data were collected on the occurrence of marriages between close relatives, including cousins, as well as between nonrelatives from 6611 ever married women as part of the 1990-91 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS). The patterns of age at marriage, fertility, child mortality, and urban and rural residence would help authenticate the hypothesis that genetic risks to child health are higher among children of parents closely related. The PDHS indicated that more than half of ever married women aged 15-49 were married to their first cousins. The inclusion of second cousins raised the percentage of consanguineous marriages from 50.3 to 61.2. Another 1.3% were married to other relations and the rest (over 37%) were married to non-relatives. The PDHS also showed that compared to the women who married at 18 years of age, the percentage of those who were married to first cousins was slightly lower among those married at older ages. Distinct urban-rural differentials emerged. In the urban areas the marriages to cousins amounted to 51.3% and 53.1% when other relatives were also counted. In contrast, 65.6% and 66.9%, respectively, were the figures in rural areas. First cousin marriages were higher in the provinces of Baluchistan and Punjab (53% and 54.4%, respectively) than those in Sindh (49.7%) and the North-West Frontier Province (38.8%). Among females the educational status was important with respect to marriages to first cousins: 52.2% had no education, 48.9% had primary education, 43.1% had middle level education, and 32.5% had secondary education. The mean age at marriage of women where the spouse was the cousin was less than when they were married to others. The PDHS demonstrated that only 1.3% of ever married women aged 15-49 were divorced or separated. In addition, child mortality was higher for women married to cousins than those married to others. Child morbidity was also somewhat higher among these marriages, except for those living in urban areas, where the reverse was true. This peculiarity requires further study of the problem of consanguinity.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69252261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V33I4IIPP.1155-1166
Z. Khan, G. Y. Soomro, S. Soomro
Consistent with a large body of research identifying a positive association between maternal education and utilization of health care services, the present study found that mothers in Pakistan with higher educational status were more likely to avail themselves of prenatal and delivery services. The focus of the survey was the last birth among a subsample of women from the 1991 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey who had delivered in the preceding six years. Respondents indicated whether they had obtained prenatal and/or delivery care from a traditional midwife or a modern medical professional (doctor, nurse, lady health visitor, family welfare worker, trained birth attendant). As expected, educated, literate women were more likely than their illiterate counterparts to utilize a modern source for both prenatal care and delivery. This trend was more pronounced for women with a middle-school education than those with a primary-level education. Other variables associated with use of modern medical facilities included urban residence, parity one, and high paternal education. The effect of education is less significant in urban areas where modern health care is easily accessible. This implies that interventions in rural areas aimed at both raising female educational status and improving accessibility to modern health facilities would have a significant impact on eliminating differentials in health care utilization.
{"title":"Mother's education and utilisation of health care services in Pakistan.","authors":"Z. Khan, G. Y. Soomro, S. Soomro","doi":"10.30541/V33I4IIPP.1155-1166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V33I4IIPP.1155-1166","url":null,"abstract":"Consistent with a large body of research identifying a positive association between maternal education and utilization of health care services, the present study found that mothers in Pakistan with higher educational status were more likely to avail themselves of prenatal and delivery services. The focus of the survey was the last birth among a subsample of women from the 1991 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey who had delivered in the preceding six years. Respondents indicated whether they had obtained prenatal and/or delivery care from a traditional midwife or a modern medical professional (doctor, nurse, lady health visitor, family welfare worker, trained birth attendant). As expected, educated, literate women were more likely than their illiterate counterparts to utilize a modern source for both prenatal care and delivery. This trend was more pronounced for women with a middle-school education than those with a primary-level education. Other variables associated with use of modern medical facilities included urban residence, parity one, and high paternal education. The effect of education is less significant in urban areas where modern health care is easily accessible. This implies that interventions in rural areas aimed at both raising female educational status and improving accessibility to modern health facilities would have a significant impact on eliminating differentials in health care utilization.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69252651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V33I4IIPP.1333-1344
S. Kazi
This study examines trends in return labor migration from the Middle East to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Survey data were used to describe trends in outmigration and socioeconomic characteristics of return migrants and to examine the extent to which return migration is associated with skill level and use of savings and remittances on their return. General trends indicate a decline in outmigration during the late 1980s and early 1990s, after oil prices dropped in 1986. Migrants from Pakistan and Korea declined by half during 1981-85 and by 40% among Indian migrants. The demand for service workers and migrants willing to accept cuts in wages was unaffected. Outmigration from Southeast Asian countries grew in the recent past. These increases were due to the replacement of workers from Jordan and Yemen who were expelled from Saudi Arabia after the Gulf crisis. The shift in occupational demand to service and higher level workers is expected to weaken migration from Pakistan and Bangladesh and to strengthen migration from Sri Lanka and other Southeast Asian countries with a skilled migrant labor force. Outmigration from Southeast Asian countries increased to high-growth destination countries such as Japan, Malaysia, and Singapore. Socioeconomic characteristics of migrants varied by country of origin. For instance, Philippine migrants were better educated. Migrants from Thailand, Bangladesh, and Pakistan were from rural and impoverished areas. Sri Lanka and the Philippines had many women migrants. Return migrants encountered high unemployment. Return migrants to Korea had fewer reemployment problems. Reemployment was associated with local country conditions. Unskilled workers had the highest rates of unemployment. Savings tended to be invested in real estate and housing. Savings and investment from remittance income was high in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Thailand.
{"title":"Reabsorption of returning workers from the Gulf: the Asian experience.","authors":"S. Kazi","doi":"10.30541/V33I4IIPP.1333-1344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V33I4IIPP.1333-1344","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines trends in return labor migration from the Middle East to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Survey data were used to describe trends in outmigration and socioeconomic characteristics of return migrants and to examine the extent to which return migration is associated with skill level and use of savings and remittances on their return. General trends indicate a decline in outmigration during the late 1980s and early 1990s, after oil prices dropped in 1986. Migrants from Pakistan and Korea declined by half during 1981-85 and by 40% among Indian migrants. The demand for service workers and migrants willing to accept cuts in wages was unaffected. Outmigration from Southeast Asian countries grew in the recent past. These increases were due to the replacement of workers from Jordan and Yemen who were expelled from Saudi Arabia after the Gulf crisis. The shift in occupational demand to service and higher level workers is expected to weaken migration from Pakistan and Bangladesh and to strengthen migration from Sri Lanka and other Southeast Asian countries with a skilled migrant labor force. Outmigration from Southeast Asian countries increased to high-growth destination countries such as Japan, Malaysia, and Singapore. Socioeconomic characteristics of migrants varied by country of origin. For instance, Philippine migrants were better educated. Migrants from Thailand, Bangladesh, and Pakistan were from rural and impoverished areas. Sri Lanka and the Philippines had many women migrants. Return migrants encountered high unemployment. Return migrants to Korea had fewer reemployment problems. Reemployment was associated with local country conditions. Unskilled workers had the highest rates of unemployment. Savings tended to be invested in real estate and housing. Savings and investment from remittance income was high in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Thailand.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69252662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"The present study, in the context of Pakistan, is based on intensive National Population, Labour Force, and Migration Survey data covering 10,000 households [and focuses]...on the determinants of fertility in Pakistan, specifically the determinants of the adoption of deliberate fertility regulation. The role of socio-economic modernisation and cultural factors in the determination of the potential family size and the adoption of deliberate fertility control through a knowledge of fertility regulation have also been explored. The 'Synthesis Framework' of fertility determination, applied to Sri Lanka and Colombia by Easterlin and Crimmins (1982), and with its recent modifications by Ahmed (1987), is the main vehicle for the study."
{"title":"Determinants of marital fertility in Pakistan: an application of the \"synthesis framework\".","authors":"M S Butt, H Jamal","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\"The present study, in the context of Pakistan, is based on intensive National Population, Labour Force, and Migration Survey data covering 10,000 households [and focuses]...on the determinants of fertility in Pakistan, specifically the determinants of the adoption of deliberate fertility regulation. The role of socio-economic modernisation and cultural factors in the determination of the potential family size and the adoption of deliberate fertility control through a knowledge of fertility regulation have also been explored. The 'Synthesis Framework' of fertility determination, applied to Sri Lanka and Colombia by Easterlin and Crimmins (1982), and with its recent modifications by Ahmed (1987), is the main vehicle for the study.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22015073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The demand for fertility control in Pakistan.","authors":"N Mahmood, G M Zahid","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22040051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V32I4IIPP.1107-1115
S. Ali, H. B. Siyal, M. Sultan
Multivariate analyses offer an explanation of the effects of demographic, socioeconomic, and biological factors on children ever born and child mortality in Pakistan in 1990-91. Data are obtained from the 1990-91 Pakistan Demographic and Fertility Survey. Household durables (10 items) are used as a proxy for economic status. Sex preference is measured as the percentage of females in the household. Multicollinearity was not a problem. The results showed that both women's age and contraceptive use had a positive, significant effect on fertility and mortality. For all cohorts, as age increased the magnitude of the coefficient decreased. Marriage age was found to be negatively, significantly associated with fertility and mortality. For women aged 35 years and older, contraceptive use became negatively associated with child mortality. This study showed women's work status after marriage was inversely related to fertility and negatively related to mortality. Urbanization only had a significant, negative association with fertility and was unrelated to mortality. More girls in the family was related to higher fertility but not mortality. Standard of living was significantly, negatively related to fertility and mortality. Education of women aged 35 years and older had a stronger effect on fertility than husband's education. Husband's education beyond the primary level had a significant, negative effect on child mortality. Breast feeding longer than 12 months was significantly, negatively related to fertility and mortality. Breast feeding under 6 months was related to higher fertility than those who breast fed for 6-12 months. Immunization had a insignificant, positive relationship to fertility and was significant only for women under 25 years of age. There was a negative, significant effect on mortality.
{"title":"How similar are the determinants of mortality and fertility?","authors":"S. Ali, H. B. Siyal, M. Sultan","doi":"10.30541/V32I4IIPP.1107-1115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V32I4IIPP.1107-1115","url":null,"abstract":"Multivariate analyses offer an explanation of the effects of demographic, socioeconomic, and biological factors on children ever born and child mortality in Pakistan in 1990-91. Data are obtained from the 1990-91 Pakistan Demographic and Fertility Survey. Household durables (10 items) are used as a proxy for economic status. Sex preference is measured as the percentage of females in the household. Multicollinearity was not a problem. The results showed that both women's age and contraceptive use had a positive, significant effect on fertility and mortality. For all cohorts, as age increased the magnitude of the coefficient decreased. Marriage age was found to be negatively, significantly associated with fertility and mortality. For women aged 35 years and older, contraceptive use became negatively associated with child mortality. This study showed women's work status after marriage was inversely related to fertility and negatively related to mortality. Urbanization only had a significant, negative association with fertility and was unrelated to mortality. More girls in the family was related to higher fertility but not mortality. Standard of living was significantly, negatively related to fertility and mortality. Education of women aged 35 years and older had a stronger effect on fertility than husband's education. Husband's education beyond the primary level had a significant, negative effect on child mortality. Breast feeding longer than 12 months was significantly, negatively related to fertility and mortality. Breast feeding under 6 months was related to higher fertility than those who breast fed for 6-12 months. Immunization had a insignificant, positive relationship to fertility and was significant only for women under 25 years of age. There was a negative, significant effect on mortality.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69252156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How similar are the determinants of mortality and fertility?","authors":"S M Ali, H B Siyal, M Sultan","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22040053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Immunisation and infant mortality in Pakistan.","authors":"Z Khan","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22040054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V32I2PP.139-157
A. Ahmed, I. Sirageldin
"With the availability of Population, Labour Force, and Migration (PLM) Survey data, this paper attempts to develop a model of internal [labor] migration in Pakistan.... Keeping in line with the literature, three types of variables have been identified as the possible determinants of migration. These variables relate to the possession of human capital, commitment to job and place of residence, and cost-related factors. After controlling for other variables, it was observed that, in general, migrants were selective especially in terms of age, education, and choice of occupation. These findings are consistent with the evidence from other developing countries."
{"title":"Socio-economic determinants of labour mobility in Pakistan.","authors":"A. Ahmed, I. Sirageldin","doi":"10.30541/V32I2PP.139-157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V32I2PP.139-157","url":null,"abstract":"\"With the availability of Population, Labour Force, and Migration (PLM) Survey data, this paper attempts to develop a model of internal [labor] migration in Pakistan.... Keeping in line with the literature, three types of variables have been identified as the possible determinants of migration. These variables relate to the possession of human capital, commitment to job and place of residence, and cost-related factors. After controlling for other variables, it was observed that, in general, migrants were selective especially in terms of age, education, and choice of occupation. These findings are consistent with the evidence from other developing countries.\"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69251749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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