{"title":"Consanguineous marriages in Pakistan.","authors":"M Afzal, S M Ali, H B Siyal","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22039706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V33I4IIPP.759-771
N. Mahmood, M. F. Kiani
The authors examined the relationships between selected individual and household level factors and the survival of children under five years old based upon data in the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey of 1990-91. Analysis found that maternal age greater than 35 years enhances child survival. Mother's secondary and higher education have a net positive and significant influence upon child survival in urban areas only, with only a weak effect in rural areas; father's education is not a powerful net predictor of child mortality. Among health care factors, breastfeeding and having the child ever immunized are the most beneficial factors for both urban and rural children. Furthermore, household sanitary and living conditions do not appear to significantly influence the survival probability of children under five years old in both urban and rural areas.
{"title":"Health care determinants of child survival in Pakistan.","authors":"N. Mahmood, M. F. Kiani","doi":"10.30541/V33I4IIPP.759-771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V33I4IIPP.759-771","url":null,"abstract":"The authors examined the relationships between selected individual and household level factors and the survival of children under five years old based upon data in the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey of 1990-91. Analysis found that maternal age greater than 35 years enhances child survival. Mother's secondary and higher education have a net positive and significant influence upon child survival in urban areas only, with only a weak effect in rural areas; father's education is not a powerful net predictor of child mortality. Among health care factors, breastfeeding and having the child ever immunized are the most beneficial factors for both urban and rural children. Furthermore, household sanitary and living conditions do not appear to significantly influence the survival probability of children under five years old in both urban and rural areas.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69252995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comments on \"Proximate Determinants of Fertility in Pakistan\".","authors":"S M Ali","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22039606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V33I3PP.211-227
A. Ahmed, I. Sirageldin
This paper analyzes the impact of internal migration on earnings within the human capital model framework. Since migrants constitute a non-random sample of population, the endogenous nature of migration decision warrants necessary correction for the selectivity bias in their earnings function. The Mincer-type earnings model is thus augmented to determine the extent of this bias. Besides estimating the standard Mincerian earnings model, the paper also attempts to verify the learn-as-you-go proposition by introducing migration duration variables in the earnings model. Based on the household level Population, Labor Force, and Migration (1979-80) survey data, the analysis yields the following important conclusions: (i) the data allowed a meaningful estimation of Mincerian earnings function for migrants and non-migrants; (ii) the level of schooling was one of the important determinants of the distribution of income both for migrants and nonmigrants--the four categorical variables of education were in general statistically significant with expected signs, implying that the hypothesis of a positive relationship between income and education was accepted; (iii) the rates of return to education improved systematically with higher levels of education, thus confirming the notion that education serves as a signalling device; (iv) the age-income profile was almost linear for migrants but showed concavity for nonmigrants; (v) the presence of sample-selection was observed for migrants; and (vi) even after controlling for the influence of personal characteristics, i.e., education and experience, the long-standing migrants earned relatively more at the destination than the more recent migrants.
{"title":"Internal migration, earnings, and the importance of self-selection.","authors":"A. Ahmed, I. Sirageldin","doi":"10.30541/V33I3PP.211-227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V33I3PP.211-227","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the impact of internal migration on earnings within the human capital model framework. Since migrants constitute a non-random sample of population, the endogenous nature of migration decision warrants necessary correction for the selectivity bias in their earnings function. The Mincer-type earnings model is thus augmented to determine the extent of this bias. Besides estimating the standard Mincerian earnings model, the paper also attempts to verify the learn-as-you-go proposition by introducing migration duration variables in the earnings model. Based on the household level Population, Labor Force, and Migration (1979-80) survey data, the analysis yields the following important conclusions: (i) the data allowed a meaningful estimation of Mincerian earnings function for migrants and non-migrants; (ii) the level of schooling was one of the important determinants of the distribution of income both for migrants and nonmigrants--the four categorical variables of education were in general statistically significant with expected signs, implying that the hypothesis of a positive relationship between income and education was accepted; (iii) the rates of return to education improved systematically with higher levels of education, thus confirming the notion that education serves as a signalling device; (iv) the age-income profile was almost linear for migrants but showed concavity for nonmigrants; (v) the presence of sample-selection was observed for migrants; and (vi) even after controlling for the influence of personal characteristics, i.e., education and experience, the long-standing migrants earned relatively more at the destination than the more recent migrants.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69252603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V33I4IIPP.727-742
A. Aziz
The total fertility rate (TFR) in Pakistan ranged between 6.0 to 5.4 and the crude birth rate between 42 to 34 in the early 1970s. An attempt was made to decompose the TFRs using the Bongaarts model and data obtained in the Pakistan Fertility Survey/PFS (1974-75), the Pakistan Contraceptive Prevalence Survey/PCPS (1984-85), the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey/PDHS (1990-91), and the Population and Family Planning Indicators Survey/PFPI (1993). There was a decline of 4% in the crude birth rate between the PFS and the PCPS and 2.6% between PCPS and PFPI. The age specific fertility rates produced TFRs of 6.3, 6.0, 5.4, and 5.38 births per woman in the respective surveys. The PFS indicated that 98% of women were married by the time they reached the age of 35-39. The age at first marriage also showed a rising trend during this period of 19 years. Women with no education married 4 years earlier than women with secondary or higher education according to a 1984 study. Contraceptive prevalence also increased considerably during this period. 20.7% of currently married nonpregnant women used modern methods and 4.7% used traditional methods in 1993. Contraceptive prevalence increased from 5.2% according to the PFS to 25.4% according to the PFPI. Pakistani mothers breastfed their children for 16.5 months, 18.5 months, and 19.5 months according to the PFS, PCPS, and PDHS. Utilizing a model developed by Bongaarts the effects of 4 most significant proximate determinants of fertility were assessed for the period of 1974-93. These were marriage, contraceptive use, abortion, and postpartum infecundability. The fertility-inhibiting effect of lactational infecundability was the most significant in all 4 surveys, followed by the effect of proportion of women married, while contraception was the least significant determinant of TFR. Lactational infecundability reduced fertility to about 32-37%. The fertility-inhibiting effect of age at first marriage increased from 22% to 33% during this period of 19 years.
{"title":"Proximate determinants of fertility in Pakistan.","authors":"A. Aziz","doi":"10.30541/V33I4IIPP.727-742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V33I4IIPP.727-742","url":null,"abstract":"The total fertility rate (TFR) in Pakistan ranged between 6.0 to 5.4 and the crude birth rate between 42 to 34 in the early 1970s. An attempt was made to decompose the TFRs using the Bongaarts model and data obtained in the Pakistan Fertility Survey/PFS (1974-75), the Pakistan Contraceptive Prevalence Survey/PCPS (1984-85), the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey/PDHS (1990-91), and the Population and Family Planning Indicators Survey/PFPI (1993). There was a decline of 4% in the crude birth rate between the PFS and the PCPS and 2.6% between PCPS and PFPI. The age specific fertility rates produced TFRs of 6.3, 6.0, 5.4, and 5.38 births per woman in the respective surveys. The PFS indicated that 98% of women were married by the time they reached the age of 35-39. The age at first marriage also showed a rising trend during this period of 19 years. Women with no education married 4 years earlier than women with secondary or higher education according to a 1984 study. Contraceptive prevalence also increased considerably during this period. 20.7% of currently married nonpregnant women used modern methods and 4.7% used traditional methods in 1993. Contraceptive prevalence increased from 5.2% according to the PFS to 25.4% according to the PFPI. Pakistani mothers breastfed their children for 16.5 months, 18.5 months, and 19.5 months according to the PFS, PCPS, and PDHS. Utilizing a model developed by Bongaarts the effects of 4 most significant proximate determinants of fertility were assessed for the period of 1974-93. These were marriage, contraceptive use, abortion, and postpartum infecundability. The fertility-inhibiting effect of lactational infecundability was the most significant in all 4 surveys, followed by the effect of proportion of women married, while contraception was the least significant determinant of TFR. Lactational infecundability reduced fertility to about 32-37%. The fertility-inhibiting effect of age at first marriage increased from 22% to 33% during this period of 19 years.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69252898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Safe motherhood in South Asia: current status and strategies for change.","authors":"Z A Sathar, B Raza","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22039701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reabsorption of returning workers from the Gulf: the Asian experience.","authors":"S Kazi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22039705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V33I4IIPP.773-800
T. Ahmed
The author explores the factors affecting ever and current use of contraception, the continuity of use and shifting of methods, and method selection among women in Pakistan. Data are analyzed for 6364 currently married women aged 15-49 sampled in the 1990-91 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey. The analysis found woman's age to be more important than the number of living children in the selection of methods by women; the continuity of contraceptive use tends to be determined by attitude driven by fertility desires; women's lifestyle becomes important only when female conventional methods are considered; greater provision and accessibility to various methods increases the probability that women in major urban areas will practice sterilization, while increased program coverage seems to increase the chances that women in small urban areas will practice either sterilization or other conventional female methods; rural women are more likely than urban women to adopt modern methods; and the ability to go to a clinic alone is important only when modern methods are compared in general against traditional methods. The use of sterilization increases among older women, those in urban areas, and those with some education, while the probability to use a conventional female method is high among women with higher parity, younger in age, residents of rural areas and small towns, and those who watch television at least once per week. The use of condoms increases significantly in women from major urban areas, with low parity, and from middle age cohorts. In general, however, current use and ever use of contraception is influenced by sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, while continuity and method selection are affected by either demographic or sociocultural factors.
{"title":"Contraceptive methods choice in Pakistan: determined or predetermined.","authors":"T. Ahmed","doi":"10.30541/V33I4IIPP.773-800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V33I4IIPP.773-800","url":null,"abstract":"The author explores the factors affecting ever and current use of contraception, the continuity of use and shifting of methods, and method selection among women in Pakistan. Data are analyzed for 6364 currently married women aged 15-49 sampled in the 1990-91 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey. The analysis found woman's age to be more important than the number of living children in the selection of methods by women; the continuity of contraceptive use tends to be determined by attitude driven by fertility desires; women's lifestyle becomes important only when female conventional methods are considered; greater provision and accessibility to various methods increases the probability that women in major urban areas will practice sterilization, while increased program coverage seems to increase the chances that women in small urban areas will practice either sterilization or other conventional female methods; rural women are more likely than urban women to adopt modern methods; and the ability to go to a clinic alone is important only when modern methods are compared in general against traditional methods. The use of sterilization increases among older women, those in urban areas, and those with some education, while the probability to use a conventional female method is high among women with higher parity, younger in age, residents of rural areas and small towns, and those who watch television at least once per week. The use of condoms increases significantly in women from major urban areas, with low parity, and from middle age cohorts. In general, however, current use and ever use of contraception is influenced by sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, while continuity and method selection are affected by either demographic or sociocultural factors.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69253049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interpersonal communication in family planning in Pakistan.","authors":"M N Farooqui","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22039601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Factors affecting fertility in Pakistan.","authors":"A Hakim","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22039602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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