Pub Date : 2022-05-02DOI: 10.1080/10168737.2022.2067888
Marco Ortiz, Gerardo Herrera
The choice of an exchange rate regime is crucial in small open economies (SOEs) with a dollarized financial sector. While the traditional Mundell–Fleming model supports a floating exchange rate, evidence shows that central banks frequently intervene in exchange markets. One of the reasons for these interventions is the consequences of large depreciations that could trigger negative balance-sheet effects. This paper extends the literature about the optimal monetary policy in SOEs, by considering a heterogeneous hedge across tradable and non-tradable sectors. Our findings support a ‘leaning against the wind’ policy as an optimal response to negative external shocks. This result is present even if only one sector of the economy faces credit constraints. We show that the vulnerability of the economy to large negative external shocks depends not only on the overall leverage, but also on the distribution of foreign currency debt across economic sectors.
{"title":"Optimal Monetary Policy under Balance-Sheet Effects on the Non-tradable Sector in a Small Open Economy","authors":"Marco Ortiz, Gerardo Herrera","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2022.2067888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2022.2067888","url":null,"abstract":"The choice of an exchange rate regime is crucial in small open economies (SOEs) with a dollarized financial sector. While the traditional Mundell–Fleming model supports a floating exchange rate, evidence shows that central banks frequently intervene in exchange markets. One of the reasons for these interventions is the consequences of large depreciations that could trigger negative balance-sheet effects. This paper extends the literature about the optimal monetary policy in SOEs, by considering a heterogeneous hedge across tradable and non-tradable sectors. Our findings support a ‘leaning against the wind’ policy as an optimal response to negative external shocks. This result is present even if only one sector of the economy faces credit constraints. We show that the vulnerability of the economy to large negative external shocks depends not only on the overall leverage, but also on the distribution of foreign currency debt across economic sectors.","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"36 1","pages":"275 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46013469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10168737.2022.2073601
Minsoo Jeong, C. Kim, Haeseong Park
In this paper, we address the issue of the time-varying relationship between health and long-term income and show that income profile over time is more important than the permanent income of a specific period in explaining general health condition. A functional probit regression model is introduced to investigate how the income profiles of middle-aged people can affect the health condition of the last period of the given period using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics data. We also perform the probit estimation to check the robustness of the functional regression results. The empirical results of our paper clearly indicate a time-varying relationship between the entire distribution of income and health status at one point in time, which cannot be accurately explained by the current income or permanent income of the given period.
{"title":"Re-examining The Time-varying Relationship Between Health and Income Distributions","authors":"Minsoo Jeong, C. Kim, Haeseong Park","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2022.2073601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2022.2073601","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we address the issue of the time-varying relationship between health and long-term income and show that income profile over time is more important than the permanent income of a specific period in explaining general health condition. A functional probit regression model is introduced to investigate how the income profiles of middle-aged people can affect the health condition of the last period of the given period using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics data. We also perform the probit estimation to check the robustness of the functional regression results. The empirical results of our paper clearly indicate a time-varying relationship between the entire distribution of income and health status at one point in time, which cannot be accurately explained by the current income or permanent income of the given period.","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"36 1","pages":"158 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43630526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10168737.2022.2073600
J. Sun
This study examines carriers’ entry of the Korean international routes at Daegu International Airport from 2010 to 2018. We investigate whether carriers’ entry into the international flight market is deterred by pre-existing carriers. The competition level of the six months before entry has a much higher contribution to the decision to launch route service. The lower the market concentration six months ago, the less likely a new carrier entry in the current period; competitive and increasingly crowded routes are hindered by entry barriers, deterring new entrants to the international flight market. The shorter the flight distance and the larger the air passenger market, the higher the probability of entering a new airline carrier. New entrants to non-stop point-to-point route structures are more likely on short-haul routes and routes operated by at least one low-cost carrier.
{"title":"Competition and Entry Deterrence in the International Flight Market: Evidence from Korean Regional Airport","authors":"J. Sun","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2022.2073600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2022.2073600","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines carriers’ entry of the Korean international routes at Daegu International Airport from 2010 to 2018. We investigate whether carriers’ entry into the international flight market is deterred by pre-existing carriers. The competition level of the six months before entry has a much higher contribution to the decision to launch route service. The lower the market concentration six months ago, the less likely a new carrier entry in the current period; competitive and increasingly crowded routes are hindered by entry barriers, deterring new entrants to the international flight market. The shorter the flight distance and the larger the air passenger market, the higher the probability of entering a new airline carrier. New entrants to non-stop point-to-point route structures are more likely on short-haul routes and routes operated by at least one low-cost carrier.","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"36 1","pages":"263 - 274"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48092519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1080/10168737.2022.2055107
Michael Gove, Liliana Meza González
Using a panel data set of the 32 Mexican states and the 10 years from 2008 and 2017, this paper estimates the potential contribution of migration to international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). In the context of Mexico and the United States, we estimate models with a generalized propensity scores (GPS) methodology in order to account for the endogeneity of the migration decision, in addition to baseline gravity models. We find a generally positive and significant relationship between Mexico-US migration and Mexico-US imports, exports, and inward FDI from the US to Mexico. While mixed evidence is found across the various gravity estimations regarding the relationship between Mexico-US migration and inward FDI from the US to Mexico, the GPS results signal consistency across various estimations. Even when controlling for size of the state population, size of the state economy, distance from the capital city of each state to the Mexico-US border, and the fact that a state is on the Mexico-US border, basic results remain consistent. We conclude that in this context migration complements trade and inward FDI, and point to transnationalism as a central factor that leads to migration’s positive contribution.
{"title":"The Effect of Mexican Emigration to the US on Trade and Inward FDI in Mexico*","authors":"Michael Gove, Liliana Meza González","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2022.2055107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2022.2055107","url":null,"abstract":"Using a panel data set of the 32 Mexican states and the 10 years from 2008 and 2017, this paper estimates the potential contribution of migration to international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). In the context of Mexico and the United States, we estimate models with a generalized propensity scores (GPS) methodology in order to account for the endogeneity of the migration decision, in addition to baseline gravity models. We find a generally positive and significant relationship between Mexico-US migration and Mexico-US imports, exports, and inward FDI from the US to Mexico. While mixed evidence is found across the various gravity estimations regarding the relationship between Mexico-US migration and inward FDI from the US to Mexico, the GPS results signal consistency across various estimations. Even when controlling for size of the state population, size of the state economy, distance from the capital city of each state to the Mexico-US border, and the fact that a state is on the Mexico-US border, basic results remain consistent. We conclude that in this context migration complements trade and inward FDI, and point to transnationalism as a central factor that leads to migration’s positive contribution.","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"3 1","pages":"229 - 246"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41294763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-30DOI: 10.1080/10168737.2022.2055108
J. Kim, Soohyung Lee
This paper examines the extent to which Chinese Foreign Direct Investment affect housing prices in South Korea. To identify the effect, we build an econometric model based on the assumption that the amount of housing investments made by the Chinese correlate with the amount of FDI from China to Korea and the share of Chinese residents in a given location. By analyzing housing transaction data, we find that the Chinese FDI accounts for 15.3% of the increase in housing prices between 2011 and 2016. The positive effect of Chinese FDI is particularly pronounced in Seoul and its surroundings, as well as Daegu.
{"title":"Foreign Direct Investment and Housing Prices: Evidence from South Korea","authors":"J. Kim, Soohyung Lee","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2022.2055108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2022.2055108","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the extent to which Chinese Foreign Direct Investment affect housing prices in South Korea. To identify the effect, we build an econometric model based on the assumption that the amount of housing investments made by the Chinese correlate with the amount of FDI from China to Korea and the share of Chinese residents in a given location. By analyzing housing transaction data, we find that the Chinese FDI accounts for 15.3% of the increase in housing prices between 2011 and 2016. The positive effect of Chinese FDI is particularly pronounced in Seoul and its surroundings, as well as Daegu.","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"36 1","pages":"247 - 262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45860213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-22DOI: 10.1080/10168737.2022.2052743
Yongseung Jung
This paper sets up a nominal price rigidity model with catching up with the Joneses to address the relative importance of technology, cost-push, and monetary policy shocks in driving business cycles. This paper shows that the technology shock is the most important source of the post-war U.S. output and inflation variations, and the cost-push shock plays a moderate role in output variations in the model with habit. This finding contrasts with Ireland's results, wherein the cost-push shock explains 80% of output variations in the long run in the sticky price model without habit in consumption.
{"title":"Reevaluating the Role of Cost-Push and Technology Shocks in a Sticky Price Model","authors":"Yongseung Jung","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2022.2052743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2022.2052743","url":null,"abstract":"This paper sets up a nominal price rigidity model with catching up with the Joneses to address the relative importance of technology, cost-push, and monetary policy shocks in driving business cycles. This paper shows that the technology shock is the most important source of the post-war U.S. output and inflation variations, and the cost-push shock plays a moderate role in output variations in the model with habit. This finding contrasts with Ireland's results, wherein the cost-push shock explains 80% of output variations in the long run in the sticky price model without habit in consumption.","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"36 1","pages":"147 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47280308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-22DOI: 10.1080/10168737.2022.2052742
Yilin Li, Jingbu Wang, Keun-Yeob Oh
This study empirically analyzed the effects of economic globalization on differences in poverty levels among Asian countries using data for a 25-year period, as well as the effects of economic globalization on the process. Trade openness (TO) and foreign direct investment (FDI) data were used as proxy variables for globalization. Using a headcount ratio (HCR) and per capita gross domestic product (PGDP), we analyzed the convergence of poverty levels using the σ- and β-convergence concepts. It was found that poverty levels have been substantially reduced in Asia and that economic globalization assisted in this change. The PGDP gaps among countries have gradually decreased and trade openness and FDI have had a strong effect on poverty reduction. Finally, there was no evidence for convergence in terms of the HCR during the recent globalization period and, therefore, it was concluded that economic globalization has not assisted in the convergence of HCR, while it helped the convergence of PGDP. This implies that the poverty issue is different from the income level issue. Thus, care must be taken to consider policy beyond the simple approach of economic growth.
{"title":"Effects of Globalization on the Convergence of Poverty Levels among Asian Countries","authors":"Yilin Li, Jingbu Wang, Keun-Yeob Oh","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2022.2052742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2022.2052742","url":null,"abstract":"This study empirically analyzed the effects of economic globalization on differences in poverty levels among Asian countries using data for a 25-year period, as well as the effects of economic globalization on the process. Trade openness (TO) and foreign direct investment (FDI) data were used as proxy variables for globalization. Using a headcount ratio (HCR) and per capita gross domestic product (PGDP), we analyzed the convergence of poverty levels using the σ- and β-convergence concepts. It was found that poverty levels have been substantially reduced in Asia and that economic globalization assisted in this change. The PGDP gaps among countries have gradually decreased and trade openness and FDI have had a strong effect on poverty reduction. Finally, there was no evidence for convergence in terms of the HCR during the recent globalization period and, therefore, it was concluded that economic globalization has not assisted in the convergence of HCR, while it helped the convergence of PGDP. This implies that the poverty issue is different from the income level issue. Thus, care must be taken to consider policy beyond the simple approach of economic growth.","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"36 1","pages":"193 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42638162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10168737.2021.2024587
Michael Hsu, Javier Pereira
Only recently have researchers turned their attention to questions of financial development understood as a multidimensional concept: a combination of depth, access, efficiency, and diversity of financial providers. Using a broad-based index of financial development, we document how the different aspects of financial development affect the relationship between trade and productivity growth across countries. We find that for richer countries, financial depth and access strengthen the effects of trade openness on growth, while for poorer countries, only the degree of efficiency matters. Our results are robust to changes in sample, trade measures, and estimation strategies, and suggest the source of comparative advantage from financial development is different for countries with different levels of income.
{"title":"Multidimensional Financial Development, Trade Liberalization, and Productivity Growth","authors":"Michael Hsu, Javier Pereira","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2021.2024587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2021.2024587","url":null,"abstract":"Only recently have researchers turned their attention to questions of financial development understood as a multidimensional concept: a combination of depth, access, efficiency, and diversity of financial providers. Using a broad-based index of financial development, we document how the different aspects of financial development affect the relationship between trade and productivity growth across countries. We find that for richer countries, financial depth and access strengthen the effects of trade openness on growth, while for poorer countries, only the degree of efficiency matters. Our results are robust to changes in sample, trade measures, and estimation strategies, and suggest the source of comparative advantage from financial development is different for countries with different levels of income.","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"36 1","pages":"103 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46759241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10168737.2022.2029929
Jungwon Yeo
I examine whether the existing theories on revenue-sharing contracts can explain variations in the terms of franchise contracts, including royalty rates, the degree of revenue-sharing, and the mix of franchising and company ownership (contract-mixing), in the Korean franchise industry. This study utilizes a unique dataset that I assembled on 300 franchise systems in the franchised restaurant industry in Korea. I find the capital constraint-based explanation is more consistent in explaining the franchise fee, whereas the moral hazard-based explanation is more consistent in explaining the royalty rate. Also, the contract length is found one of the most significant explanatory variables. These findings confirm the role of revenue-sharing as a tool to align the contracting parties' incentives and suggest it be a commitment device to a continued collaborative partnership between franchisors and franchisees.
{"title":"The Factors of Revenue-Sharing Contracts in Franchising: Evidence from the Korean Franchise Industry","authors":"Jungwon Yeo","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2022.2029929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2022.2029929","url":null,"abstract":"I examine whether the existing theories on revenue-sharing contracts can explain variations in the terms of franchise contracts, including royalty rates, the degree of revenue-sharing, and the mix of franchising and company ownership (contract-mixing), in the Korean franchise industry. This study utilizes a unique dataset that I assembled on 300 franchise systems in the franchised restaurant industry in Korea. I find the capital constraint-based explanation is more consistent in explaining the franchise fee, whereas the moral hazard-based explanation is more consistent in explaining the royalty rate. Also, the contract length is found one of the most significant explanatory variables. These findings confirm the role of revenue-sharing as a tool to align the contracting parties' incentives and suggest it be a commitment device to a continued collaborative partnership between franchisors and franchisees.","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"36 1","pages":"77 - 102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59860271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.1080/10168737.2021.2018013
Haiwen Zhou
Empirical evidence shows that firms located in regions with larger population size are on average larger and more productive. To explain this empirical observation, firms producing intermediate goods are assumed to choose their technologies with different levels of fixed and marginal costs. In this general equilibrium model of economic geography, intermediate good producers engage in oligopolistic competition. The model is tractable and leads to interesting and analytical results. An intermediate good producer in the region with a higher population produces a higher level of output and has a lower marginal cost of production regardless of the existence of regional trade. With regional trade, if a worker moves from the region with a lower number of workers to the region with a higher number of workers, intermediate good producers in both regions choose less advanced technologies.
{"title":"The Choice of Technology and Economic Geography","authors":"Haiwen Zhou","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2021.2018013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2021.2018013","url":null,"abstract":"Empirical evidence shows that firms located in regions with larger population size are on average larger and more productive. To explain this empirical observation, firms producing intermediate goods are assumed to choose their technologies with different levels of fixed and marginal costs. In this general equilibrium model of economic geography, intermediate good producers engage in oligopolistic competition. The model is tractable and leads to interesting and analytical results. An intermediate good producer in the region with a higher population produces a higher level of output and has a lower marginal cost of production regardless of the existence of regional trade. With regional trade, if a worker moves from the region with a lower number of workers to the region with a higher number of workers, intermediate good producers in both regions choose less advanced technologies.","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"36 1","pages":"1 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47675055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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