中华医史杂志最新文献

This paper introduced and summarized the ways and skills of promoting the circulation of air in the human body (Dao Yin Xing Qi) in Dao Yin Tu and Yin Shu and compared them with the way of breathing in Qu Gu Shi Qi. It was found that early Dao Yin drew on breathing thinking (Qi theory) and was meaningful for human health and helpful in examining how Qi theory was shaped and developed. It was also found that Dao Yin treated diseases based on meridian theories because Dao Yin for disease treatment in Dao Yin Tu and Yin Shu was related with the eleven meridians and their main symptoms in Mai Shu. The methods of practicing Dao Yin were likely to take references from the transmission routes of human meridians. The relationship between Dao Yin, Qi and meridians indicated that Qi and meridians were taken as the focus for people to understand the human body. Qi and meridians theories, widely accepted in ancient times, were taken as theoretical guidelines by stone needle, moxibustion and Dao Yin to maintain health and disease treatment.

The cholera epidemic in 1919 started from coastal cities in the south of China and the cities near Russia in the north. It centered on those cities with relatively developed economies with well-developed transportation, and spread along railway lines and coastal lines in both directions to the North and the South, based on the reports in Ta Kung Pao. It covered 14 provinces, the municipalities under the Central Government and the special administrative regions. To prevent and control the 1919 cholera epidemic, the Republic of China government took some effective measures, such as reminding people of prevention, providing medical assistance, controlling the flow of people and cutting off transmission routes. It was found that some serious issues were exposed in the process of preventing and controlling the 1919 cholera epidemic, such as corrupt government, the ignorance of part of the population and poor medical services and technology. Analysing the historical materials of the 1919 cholera epidemic and summarising its experience and lessons in Ta Kung Pao can provide references for future epidemic prevention and control.

Professor Cheng Zhifan (1922-2018), was a famous contemporary Chinese medical historian and medical history educator, who successively served as the deputy editor in chief, editor in chief and honorary editor in chief for the Chinese Journal of Medical History. He developed the Chinese Journal of Medical History into an important academic journal in the field of Chinese medical history. He had his 46 papers published in the Chinese Journal of Medical History. The papers published in his youth and middle age focused on the study of western medical history. In his later years, he shifted the focus of his research into the education of medical history and the comparative study of Chinese and Western medicine. He devoted his life to teaching and research of medical history, paid close attention to the Chinese Journal of Medical History and made an important contribution to the development of medical history.

Li Jingwei is one of the first experts on medical history philology in New China. He studied under Chen Bangxian and then began to work in the field of medical history philology in Beijing. He had several meetings and academic discussions with Professor Joseph Needham, a well-known scientist in the history of science, technology and medicine. In the 1980s, as a representative in the field of medical history in China, he participated in meetings for academic exchange with scholars from Thailand, Japan, Germany and the United States, through seminars and conferences such as the Thailand Chinese Academic Exchange Seminar in 1983, the Seminar of the 150^th Anniversary of The American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1984, the 86^th Annual Conference of Japanese Medical History Society in 1985, and the International Chinese Science and Technology History Seminar in the UK in 1990. In these seminars, he made friends with scholars, such as Manfred Porkert, Saburo Miyashita and Wu Yanhe. He witnessed and participated in international academic exchanges in the beginning of the reform and opening-up in China.

Ben Cao Tu Jing had 48 materia medica illustrations related to the regional names in Shandong province. It was found that 42 of them were plant medicinal materials, distributed in seven areas in Shandong province. This study examined these illustration of plant medicinal materials and found that 26 species of these illustration of plant medicinal materials were identified with three genera and 11 illustrations were unverified. Most materia medica illustrations relating to the regional names in Shandong province were found mainly in Yanzhou, Qizhou and Zizhou. This indicated that materia medica were widely used in these areas in the Northern Song Dynasty. The haustorium of Cuscuta Chinensis were depicted in the "Shanzhou Tu Si Zi" and the habitat of wild poriacocos was described. This showed that the illustrators of Ben Cao Tu Jing might have conducted fieldwork and reflected on the main principles about how to identify materia medica in Ben Cao Tu Jing Zou Chi. Inconsistencies were found between the illustrations and the expressions of plant medicinal materials in some illustrations, such as Gui Jiu, Ginsen and Shan Zhu Yu. This suggested that in the Northern Song Dynasty Stemmacantha Uniflora, Belamcanda chinensis might have been mixed up with Dysosma and Pinellia Pedatisecta might have been mixed up with Pinellia Ternata. This was in line with the compiling theories of Su Song that they could be recorded together when the illustrations and literature were inconsistent with each other.

A sequence of essential measures were taken by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the government in the Southwest District, to rebuild social rules, carry out social changes and improve the local health situation in the beginning period of the New China. These measures referred to the construction of an administrative organization system, the recovery and rectification of medical and pharmaceutical administration, the training of health professionals, environmental pollution improvement and disease prevention and publicising medical and health knowledge. These measures not only improved health management but also promoted national unity and political identity. As a result, they helped solve the problems left by the local new democratic government and made social changes and consolidated the new national power.

The government of the Northern Song Dynasty collated and annotated Su Wen four times from 1026-1118. It examined a large number of errors in the collated edition by Wang Bing, and corrected the edition. However, for reasons of time and conditions, there still existed some mistakes, even serious ones, such as the selection of the original texts and the determination of the titles and many other details as well. Among these mistakes, the one which seriously prevented learning medical classics for following generations was that the quoted texts from early medical books were modified based on the Su Wen collated by Wang Bing and Jia Yi Jing on Acupuncture and Moxibustion. This led to the distortion of some early important medical books. This paper examines the re-collation of Su Wen by the officials of the Song Dynasty in a specific historical background and environment, focuses on the errors that have not been perceived today, and pays attention to the investigation and analysis of the causes of those errors, so as to provide a reference for collation of ancient medical classics today.

The thinking of "identifying forms and verifying quality'' in materia medica research came from the theory of "treatment based on syndrome differentiation" in traditional Chinese medicine. It refers to an approach to evaluate the quality of materia medica based on their characteristics and external properties in order to clarify the nature of medicinal materials. This paper examined the historical development of "identifying forms and verifying quality'' from the pre-Qin Dynasty up to today and analysed the connotation of this thinking. It is believed that this thinking has advantages such as scientific, holistic, practical, and universal considerations. However, it still needs to be developed in terms of philosophical thinking and practical application.

Ben Cao Quan is an ancient classic book on materia medica compiled by Goku Yoshida, a Japanese scholar in the Edo period (1603-1867). A total of 568 materia medica in 53 categories in Ben Cao Quan came from Ben Cao Gang Mu compiled by Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty. These materia medica were introduced with some of his own interpretations of Goku Yoshida. The main characteristics of Ben Cao Quan reflected as follows. It attached importance to the comparison of translation from Chinese into Japanese and selected those materia medica commonly used in Japan, in particular, from 'spicific explanation' (Ji Jie) and 'smell' (Qi Wei) in Ben Cao Gang Mu.It focused on application and integrated local practice, and interpreted the personal insights of Goku Yoshida.Goku Yoshida's personal understanding and perception of these material medica were shown in terms of their origin and quality, analysis of their properties and collection, interpretation of their identification and selection, their local names, their Japanese names, and review of the changes when these materia medica were introduced into Japan.The purpose of Ban Cao Quan was to attempt to help Japanese identify materia medica and distinguish quality and interpret materia medica with Japanese characteristics. The book is valuable literature for the research of the impact of Ben Cao Gang Mu on the development of materia medica in Japan.