This study analyses the corpus of the personal libraries of the canons of the Olomouc chapter from 1565 to 1642, preserved in the holdings of several Olomouc church institutions. The aim of this article is to find out how the canons, who made up the spiritual elite of the Catholic Church in Moravia, reflected on the rapidly developing book culture of the time and how the practice of dedicating personal books to the Olomouc chapter developed during this period. In investigating these questions, new source material obtained from research into Swedish book treasures from the Czech Lands was used. As part of this, it was possible to identify the contents of the libraries of approximately 30 Olomouc canons. Analysis of these indicated a very gradual development of canons’ libraries which gained momentum only after 1600. The typical features of canons’ libraries included a conservative character in terms of the content and external appearance of books and a relatively intensive transfer of books within the Olomouc ecclesiastical milieu. Canons’ libraries mainly reflected the education and professional or spiritual orientation of the canons, and only in exceptional cases their owners’ personal basis as well. New trends in the field of private libraries were usually brought to Olomouc by canons with longer experience abroad or a wider cultural background and supra-regional contacts. This research also shows that the canons’ strategy regarding referencing their personal books also changed during the period surveyed. The Jesuit College in Olomouc, founded in 1566, gradually became the main recipient of book donations. Book bequests in its favour increased significantly at the beginning of the 17th century. However, the greatest increase can be observed during the period of tense religious relations after the Bohemian Revolt of 1620. This increasingly frequent practice was influenced not only by the canons’ personal relationships with the progressive Jesuit order but probably also by the assumption that the donated books would be deposited in a Jesuit college (as opposed to chapter libraries) and continue to be actively used.
{"title":"Libraries of the canons of Olomouc in the years 1565-1642","authors":"Lenka Veselá","doi":"10.32725/oph.2023.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2023.005","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyses the corpus of the personal libraries of the canons of the Olomouc chapter from 1565 to 1642, preserved in the holdings of several Olomouc church institutions. The aim of this article is to find out how the canons, who made up the spiritual elite of the Catholic Church in Moravia, reflected on the rapidly developing book culture of the time and how the practice of dedicating personal books to the Olomouc chapter developed during this period. In investigating these questions, new source material obtained from research into Swedish book treasures from the Czech Lands was used. As part of this, it was possible to identify the contents of the libraries of approximately 30 Olomouc canons. Analysis of these indicated a very gradual development of canons’ libraries which gained momentum only after 1600. The typical features of canons’ libraries included a conservative character in terms of the content and external appearance of books and a relatively intensive transfer of books within the Olomouc ecclesiastical milieu. Canons’ libraries mainly reflected the education and professional or spiritual orientation of the canons, and only in exceptional cases their owners’ personal basis as well. New trends in the field of private libraries were usually brought to Olomouc by canons with longer experience abroad or a wider cultural background and supra-regional contacts. This research also shows that the canons’ strategy regarding referencing their personal books also changed during the period surveyed. The Jesuit College in Olomouc, founded in 1566, gradually became the main recipient of book donations. Book bequests in its favour increased significantly at the beginning of the 17th century. However, the greatest increase can be observed during the period of tense religious relations after the Bohemian Revolt of 1620. This increasingly frequent practice was influenced not only by the canons’ personal relationships with the progressive Jesuit order but probably also by the assumption that the donated books would be deposited in a Jesuit college (as opposed to chapter libraries) and continue to be actively used.","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135666874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents the activities of Saxon correspondents and diplomats in Prague during the Bohemian Revolt. It focuses in particular on Friedrich Lebzelter, who was sent to the Kingdom of Bohemia at the beginning of December 1618 to send reliable messages to the Elector of Saxony, Johann Georg I, directly from the centre of the uprising. Friedrich Lebzelter quickly managed to integrate himself into the Bohemian milieu. As early as mid-December 1618, he supplied the Dresden court with relatively extensive reports. To these he attached descriptions of many confidential documents provided to him by Counts JĂĄchym OndĹej and Jan AlbĂn Ĺ lik. Even before the end of 1619, the official envoy Jacob von GrĂźnthal had also arrived in Prague. He was supposed to force the Bohemian Estates into a conciliatory meeting with Emperor Matthias. The key members of the directory rejected this solution, but at the same time they did not want to be quick to anger the Elector of Saxony, who promoted the meeting (interposition). A complex situation consequently resulted. On the one hand, Jacob von GrĂźnthal was assured that the Bohemian Estates were willing to negotiate with the Habsburgs. At the same time, however, there were reports about the irreconcilable attitude of certain persons and other military preparations. At the beginning of 1619 the Saxon diplomats were definitely not united. Friedrich Lebzelter took the opportunity to leave Prague and visit the military encampment near ÄeskĂŠ BudÄjovice, an action which did not meet with understanding at the Dresden court. Jacob von GrĂźnthal obviously did not get along with those reporting from Prague. In the end, everyone involved was forced into some kind of reconciliation. However, this apparently blunted their critical judgment, as in March 1619 they unanimously declared that the Bohemian statesmen would be happy to negotiate a peace.
{"title":"Saxon correspondents and diplomats in rebellious Prague in the winter of 1618/1619","authors":"Kateřina Pražáková","doi":"10.32725/oph.2023.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2023.001","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the activities of Saxon correspondents and diplomats in Prague during the Bohemian Revolt. It focuses in particular on Friedrich Lebzelter, who was sent to the Kingdom of Bohemia at the beginning of December 1618 to send reliable messages to the Elector of Saxony, Johann Georg I, directly from the centre of the uprising. Friedrich Lebzelter quickly managed to integrate himself into the Bohemian milieu. As early as mid-December 1618, he supplied the Dresden court with relatively extensive reports. To these he attached descriptions of many confidential documents provided to him by Counts JĂĄchym OndĹej and Jan AlbĂn Ĺ lik. Even before the end of 1619, the official envoy Jacob von GrĂźnthal had also arrived in Prague. He was supposed to force the Bohemian Estates into a conciliatory meeting with Emperor Matthias. The key members of the directory rejected this solution, but at the same time they did not want to be quick to anger the Elector of Saxony, who promoted the meeting (interposition). A complex situation consequently resulted. On the one hand, Jacob von GrĂźnthal was assured that the Bohemian Estates were willing to negotiate with the Habsburgs. At the same time, however, there were reports about the irreconcilable attitude of certain persons and other military preparations. At the beginning of 1619 the Saxon diplomats were definitely not united. Friedrich Lebzelter took the opportunity to leave Prague and visit the military encampment near ÄeskĂŠ BudÄjovice, an action which did not meet with understanding at the Dresden court. Jacob von GrĂźnthal obviously did not get along with those reporting from Prague. In the end, everyone involved was forced into some kind of reconciliation. However, this apparently blunted their critical judgment, as in March 1619 they unanimously declared that the Bohemian statesmen would be happy to negotiate a peace.","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135666865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Even though the idea that there was a one-way secularization of natural law in 17th century has been abandoned, it is still possible to speak about an unintentional long-term secularization of legal thought. This is the position advanced recently by Knud Haakonssen. I argue here that this approach also requires a focus on specific classical works that had „secularizing effects“. The matter may be complicated by changes that a classical work underwent in re-editions during the author’s lifetime, or by reinterpretations of a classical work itself that may reveal previously unknown religious undertones. On the other hand, contextual or clandestine texts by the author should not be regarded as relevant, but merely as other religious interests displayed by the author during his lifetime. This review article surveys current valid secularization theories, and then focuses on the recent volume Sacred Polities, edited by Hans W. Blom (2022). It raises a new question about the parallel „Hebraist natural law“ which existed side by side with the post-Grotian „secular natural law“. Petrus Cunaeus’s De republica Hebraeorum of 1617, which coined the term „theocracy“, is especially important. The chapters on Humanist natural law before Grotius show that the Danish Lutheran Hemmingsen had used a deductive method long before Pufendorf and Wolff. Recent research on Catholic natural law has underlined that the Catholics made a significant contribution in their optimistic conception of rational human nature. This is partly reflected in Blom’s volume, which also explains why the Neapolitan school of natural law was interested in Grotius’s conception. Finally, the chapters on Pufendorf demarcate the limits of human agency vis-à-vis divine voluntarism, and then in terms of political coercion in matters of religion. New research has established that Pufendorf rejected coercion only in fundamental matters of revealed religion, but admitted the use of force in uncertain religious issues. It has also been proved that Pufendorf ’s natural law was not backed by God arbitrarily, but within the framework of a „hypothetical necessity“.
尽管17世纪自然法单向世俗化的观点已被抛弃，但仍有可能谈论一种无意的长期法律思想世俗化。这是Knud Haakonssen最近提出的观点。我在这里认为，这种方法还需要关注具有“世俗化效果”的特定经典作品。在作者一生中，经典作品在再版中所经历的变化，或者对经典作品本身的重新解释，可能会揭示出以前未知的宗教含义，这可能会使问题变得复杂。另一方面，作者的上下文或秘密文本不应被视为相关的，而应被视为作者在其一生中表现出的其他宗教兴趣。这篇评论文章调查了当前有效的世俗化理论，然后集中在最近的卷神圣政策，由汉斯W.布洛姆(2022)编辑。它提出了一个新的问题，即与后格罗提安的“世俗自然法”并存的平行的“希伯来自然法”。1617年，彼得鲁斯·克纳乌斯的《希伯来共和论》(De republica Hebraeorum)创造了“神权政治”一词，尤其重要。格劳秀斯之前关于人文主义自然法的章节表明，丹麦路德会的海明森早在普芬多夫和沃尔夫之前就使用了演绎法。最近对天主教自然法的研究表明，天主教对理性人性的乐观主义观念作出了重大贡献。这部分反映在布洛姆的卷中，这也解释了为什么那不勒斯的自然法学派对格劳秀斯的概念感兴趣。最后，关于Pufendorf的章节界定了人类代理与-à-vis神圣意志论的界限，然后是宗教事务中的政治强制。新的研究表明，普芬多夫只在启示宗教的基本问题上拒绝使用武力，但承认在不确定的宗教问题上使用武力。这也证明了普芬多夫的自然法则不是由上帝任意支持的，而是在一个“假设的必然性”的框架内。
{"title":"Was early modern natural law secularized? The current debates","authors":"Ivo Cerman","doi":"10.32725/oph.2023.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2023.006","url":null,"abstract":"Even though the idea that there was a one-way secularization of natural law in 17th century has been abandoned, it is still possible to speak about an unintentional long-term secularization of legal thought. This is the position advanced recently by Knud Haakonssen. I argue here that this approach also requires a focus on specific classical works that had „secularizing effects“. The matter may be complicated by changes that a classical work underwent in re-editions during the author’s lifetime, or by reinterpretations of a classical work itself that may reveal previously unknown religious undertones. On the other hand, contextual or clandestine texts by the author should not be regarded as relevant, but merely as other religious interests displayed by the author during his lifetime. This review article surveys current valid secularization theories, and then focuses on the recent volume Sacred Polities, edited by Hans W. Blom (2022). It raises a new question about the parallel „Hebraist natural law“ which existed side by side with the post-Grotian „secular natural law“. Petrus Cunaeus’s De republica Hebraeorum of 1617, which coined the term „theocracy“, is especially important. The chapters on Humanist natural law before Grotius show that the Danish Lutheran Hemmingsen had used a deductive method long before Pufendorf and Wolff. Recent research on Catholic natural law has underlined that the Catholics made a significant contribution in their optimistic conception of rational human nature. This is partly reflected in Blom’s volume, which also explains why the Neapolitan school of natural law was interested in Grotius’s conception. Finally, the chapters on Pufendorf demarcate the limits of human agency vis-à-vis divine voluntarism, and then in terms of political coercion in matters of religion. New research has established that Pufendorf rejected coercion only in fundamental matters of revealed religion, but admitted the use of force in uncertain religious issues. It has also been proved that Pufendorf ’s natural law was not backed by God arbitrarily, but within the framework of a „hypothetical necessity“.","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135666867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fires of Joy and Anticipation Wedding Firework Displays of the Central European Habsburgs in the Second Half of the 17th Century","authors":"M. Kindl","doi":"10.32725/oph.2022.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2022.011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44361566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Ritual of the Golden Fleece in Prague 1657","authors":"Ondřej Stolička","doi":"10.32725/oph.2022.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2022.007","url":null,"abstract":"The","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42465724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"\"La difesa del ciel vince ogni sforza\" Symbolical Presentation of the Habsburgs' Dynastic Situation in the Operas Il fuoco eterno custodito dalle Vestali (1674) and Costanza e Fortezza (1723)","authors":"Irena Veselá","doi":"10.32725/oph.2022.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2022.013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46629738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Visits by the Sovereign to Jindřichův Hradec in the 17th and 18th Centuries","authors":"Jiří Hrbek","doi":"10.32725/oph.2022.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2022.010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46759140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding the court ceremonial of early modern times is one of the basic prerequisites for an understanding of the meaning of the existence of the institution of the imperial court, the hierarchical arrangement of the court as an organism and the ranking of its members, with the sovereign at their head The present study therefore maps the development of research on the courts of the Habsburg emperors in the 16 th -18 th centuries from the perspective of Czech and Central European historiography In the first part, the authors attempt to provide a general definition of ceremonial on the threshold of modern times They devote special attention to the semantic significance of period terms associated with ceremonial, and note the contemporary typology of celebrations at the court of the sovereign They go on to analyse the historiographic development of research into the imperial court and the ceremonies closely associated with it at the early modern courts of the Habsburgs, especially in the last two decades
{"title":"The Representation of Royal Majesty in Ceremonies at the Early Modern Habsburg Courts","authors":"V. Bůžek, Rostislav Smíšek","doi":"10.32725/oph.2022.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2022.008","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the court ceremonial of early modern times is one of the basic prerequisites for an understanding of the meaning of the existence of the institution of the imperial court, the hierarchical arrangement of the court as an organism and the ranking of its members, with the sovereign at their head\b The present study therefore maps the development of research on the courts of the Habsburg emperors in the 16 th -18 th centuries from the perspective of Czech and Central European historiography\b In the first part, the authors attempt to provide a general definition of ceremonial on the threshold of modern times\b They devote special attention to the semantic significance of period terms associated with ceremonial, and note the contemporary typology of celebrations at the court of the sovereign\b They go on to analyse the historiographic development of research into the imperial court and the ceremonies closely associated with it at the early modern courts of the Habsburgs, especially in the last two decades","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48193791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"\"Sonsten sind wir alle wohlauf und haben hauptschöne divertimenti.\" Mikulov as a Venue for Imperial Court Festivities in the 17th Century","authors":"Miroslav Lukáš - Christian Neuhuber","doi":"10.32725/oph.2022.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2022.012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41871736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article attempts to reconstruct the course of preparations for the death, funeral and funeral ceremonies organized from 19 to 21 April 1673 in the Augustinian church in Vienna for the deceased Empress Margaret Theresa of Spain With the help of histor-ical-anthropological approaches and concepts of symbolic communication, the author monitors the formation of the social body of the ruler at the moment of her premature death, the last farewell and the subsequent obsequies in Vienna In its analysis, it draws on a varied range of material, iconographic and written sources preserved in various European archives and libraries, but in particular on detailed descriptions by direct participants in these events, reports by foreign ambassadors to the court of Vienna, and burial sermons which have survived
{"title":"The Death, Burial and Funeral Ceremonies of Margaret Theresa of Spain in the Augustinian Church in Vienna in 1673","authors":"Rostislav Smíšek","doi":"10.32725/oph.2022.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2022.009","url":null,"abstract":"This article attempts to reconstruct the course of preparations for the death, funeral and funeral ceremonies organized from 19 to 21 April 1673 in the Augustinian church in Vienna for the deceased Empress Margaret Theresa of Spain\b With the help of histor-ical-anthropological approaches and concepts of symbolic communication, the author monitors the formation of the social body of the ruler at the moment of her premature death, the last farewell and the subsequent obsequies in Vienna\b In its analysis, it draws on a varied range of material, iconographic and written sources preserved in various European archives and libraries, but in particular on detailed descriptions by direct participants in these events, reports by foreign ambassadors to the court of Vienna, and burial sermons which have survived","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47813944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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