After the victory of the Imperial-Catholic League army in the Battle of White Mountain, the Emperor and King of Bohemia Ferdinand II opened up an unusually large space in which he could realize his ideas about governance in Bohemia. His priority was to ensure that the Habsburgs inherited the throne of Bohemia, to support the Catholic faith to become the only denomination in the Bohemian Lands, and to ensure equality between the old (faithful, Catholic) nobles and the new nobility. However, the path to these goals, which were realized at a legal level with the issuing of the Renewed Land Ordinance (Obnovené zřízení zemské/ Verneuerte Landesordnung; 1627, 1628), was not easy and went through a number of tense moments, such as the execution of 27 rep-resentatives of the Bohemian Revolt and state bankruptcy caused by the systematic devaluation of silver coins. The present article attempts to answer the question of what was the role of Ferdinand II himself in these complicated processes, especially in the years immediately following his victory at the Battle of White Mountain (1620–1623), and in the context of political thought in the early 17 th century.
天主教帝国同盟军队在白山战役中取得胜利后，波希米亚皇帝和国王费迪南德二世为他在波希米亚的治理思想开辟了一个异常广阔的空间。他的首要任务是确保哈布斯堡家族继承波希米亚的王位，支持天主教信仰成为波希米亚土地上唯一的教派，并确保旧贵族(忠实的，天主教的)和新贵族之间的平等。然而，通过颁布《更新土地条例》(obnoven zřízení zemsk / Verneuerte Landesordnung;1627年，1628年)，这是不容易的，并经历了一些紧张的时刻，如27名波西米亚起义的代表被处决和国家破产造成的系统性银币贬值。本文试图回答斐迪南二世在这些复杂的过程中，特别是在他赢得白山战役(1620-1623)之后的几年里，以及在17世纪早期的政治思想背景下，他自己扮演了什么角色。
{"title":"Between clemency and justice. The reign of Ferdinand II in Bohemia in the first years after the Battle of White Mountain","authors":"Jiří Hrbek","doi":"10.32725/oph.2021.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2021.023","url":null,"abstract":"After the victory of the Imperial-Catholic League army in the Battle of White Mountain, the Emperor and King of Bohemia Ferdinand II opened up an unusually large space in which he could realize his ideas about governance in Bohemia. His priority was to ensure that the Habsburgs inherited the throne of Bohemia, to support the Catholic faith to become the only denomination in the Bohemian Lands, and to ensure equality between the old (faithful, Catholic) nobles and the new nobility. However, the path to these goals, which were realized at a legal level with the issuing of the Renewed Land Ordinance (Obnovené zřízení zemské/ Verneuerte Landesordnung; 1627, 1628), was not easy and went through a number of tense moments, such as the execution of 27 rep-resentatives of the Bohemian Revolt and state bankruptcy caused by the systematic devaluation of silver coins. The present article attempts to answer the question of what was the role of Ferdinand II himself in these complicated processes, especially in the years immediately following his victory at the Battle of White Mountain (1620–1623), and in the context of political thought in the early 17 th century.","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43145273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Image of the Post-White Mountain Religious Development, Recatholicization and Exile in History Textbooks from the Second Half of the Twentieth Century to the Present","authors":"R. Pavlíčková","doi":"10.32725/oph.2021.030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2021.030","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46588386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"\"One yoke is laid upon another\": the 1620s and the inhabitants of Brno","authors":"Tomáš Sterneck","doi":"10.32725/oph.2021.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2021.029","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45929403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Charles the Elder of Žerotín and Charles I of Liechtenstein. The intertwined fates of two Moravian politicians in the White Mountain period","authors":"Tomáš Knoz","doi":"10.32725/oph.2021.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2021.028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41451429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The 1619 Project and Living in Truth","authors":"Sean Wilentz","doi":"10.32725/oph.2021.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2021.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49081982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The History of Herbert Aptheker: Partisanship's Threat to Truth-telling","authors":"A. Flood","doi":"10.32725/oph.2021.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2021.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46164959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By now everybody must have heard about The 1619 Project of the New York Times Magazine and the recent push to reinterpret the American Revolution as a racist enterprise which aimed at preserving slavery.1 There is a difference between saying that the United States failed to abolish slavery at a federal level, and saying that it declared independence precisely to preserve slavery. It is one thing to claim that white racists who tortured a Black American war veteran in 1946 were betraying Jefferson’s ideals, and it is quite another thing to say they were acting on the basis of „the same racist ideology that Jefferson and the framers used as the nation’s founding.“2 The 1619 Project was a 100-page supplement to The New York Times magazine published in August 2019 to recall the 400 years since the arrival of the first Black slaves in the present-day USA. It includes an introductory essay by Nikole Hannah-Jones and ten short essays on various topics relating to slavery by multiple authors. In June 2020 it was followed by another supplement edited by Nikole Hannah-Jones that uses the historical narrative to justify reparations for Black Americans.3 Since then it has grown into an initiative that aims to reframe the entire history of the USA and make this reframed history the basis of school education. The narrative is also being imposed on historians. According to the New York Times Magazine, the preservation of slavery has been the main mission of the United States throughout its entire history. Hence the shift from 1776 to 1619, the year in which allegedly the first Black slaves arrived in the present-day USA. In the flowery language of the editor Jake Silverstein, this was the moment when the „seeds“ were planted, and the racist flower took its „roots“.4 This metaphorical language manipulates the reader into believing that everything in American history has been determined by its „seeds“, and there is no other remedy than uprooting the whole plant that has been growing since 1619. In the words of Jake Silverstein, the aim of The 1619 Project is „to reframe American history by considering what it would mean to regard 1619 as our nation’s birth year.“5
到目前为止，大家一定都听说过《纽约时报杂志》的“1619计划”，以及最近有人把美国革命重新解释为一场旨在维护奴隶制的种族主义事业说美国未能在联邦层面废除奴隶制，和说美国宣布独立恰恰是为了保留奴隶制，这两者之间是有区别的。声称在1946年折磨美国黑人退伍军人的白人种族主义者背叛了杰斐逊的理想是一回事，而说他们的行为是基于“杰斐逊和开国元勋们赖以建国的种族主义意识形态”又是另一回事。《1619计划》是《纽约时报》杂志于2019年8月出版的一份100页的增刊，旨在纪念第一批黑人奴隶来到今天的美国400年。它包括一篇由Nikole hanna - jones撰写的介绍性文章和十篇由多位作者撰写的关于奴隶制的各种主题的短文。2020年6月，Nikole hanna - jones编辑了另一份增刊，利用历史叙述来证明对美国黑人的赔偿是合理的。从那时起，它已经发展成为一项旨在重新构建整个美国历史的倡议，并使这一重新构建的历史成为学校教育的基础。这种叙述也被强加给了历史学家。据《纽约时报》杂志报道，维持奴隶制一直是美国历史上的主要使命。因此，从1776年到1619年，据说第一批黑人奴隶到达今天的美国。用编辑杰克·西尔弗斯坦华丽的语言来说，这是种族主义“种子”种下的时刻，种族主义之花“扎下了根”这种隐喻性的语言使读者相信，美国历史上的一切都是由它的“种子”决定的，除了将自1619年以来一直生长的这棵植物连根拔起之外，没有其他补救办法。用杰克·西尔弗斯坦(Jake Silverstein)的话说，“1619计划”的目的是“通过考虑将1619年视为我们国家的诞生年份意味着什么，来重新构建美国历史。”“5
{"title":"America's Racist Founding? An East-European View","authors":"Ivo Cerman","doi":"10.32725/oph.2021.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2021.006","url":null,"abstract":"By now everybody must have heard about The 1619 Project of the New York Times Magazine and the recent push to reinterpret the American Revolution as a racist enterprise which aimed at preserving slavery.1 There is a difference between saying that the United States failed to abolish slavery at a federal level, and saying that it declared independence precisely to preserve slavery. It is one thing to claim that white racists who tortured a Black American war veteran in 1946 were betraying Jefferson’s ideals, and it is quite another thing to say they were acting on the basis of „the same racist ideology that Jefferson and the framers used as the nation’s founding.“2 The 1619 Project was a 100-page supplement to The New York Times magazine published in August 2019 to recall the 400 years since the arrival of the first Black slaves in the present-day USA. It includes an introductory essay by Nikole Hannah-Jones and ten short essays on various topics relating to slavery by multiple authors. In June 2020 it was followed by another supplement edited by Nikole Hannah-Jones that uses the historical narrative to justify reparations for Black Americans.3 Since then it has grown into an initiative that aims to reframe the entire history of the USA and make this reframed history the basis of school education. The narrative is also being imposed on historians. According to the New York Times Magazine, the preservation of slavery has been the main mission of the United States throughout its entire history. Hence the shift from 1776 to 1619, the year in which allegedly the first Black slaves arrived in the present-day USA. In the flowery language of the editor Jake Silverstein, this was the moment when the „seeds“ were planted, and the racist flower took its „roots“.4 This metaphorical language manipulates the reader into believing that everything in American history has been determined by its „seeds“, and there is no other remedy than uprooting the whole plant that has been growing since 1619. In the words of Jake Silverstein, the aim of The 1619 Project is „to reframe American history by considering what it would mean to regard 1619 as our nation’s birth year.“5","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42855972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is a well known fact to Hungarian and Czech historians that after Joseph II’s Edict of Toleration of 1781 the Protestants in Hungary and in the Bohemian lands established a fruitful reciprocal collaboration. In the early days, most of the new pastors were Hungarians who came within the frameworks of the „Bohemian mission“: mostly Hungarian early-career pastors rushed to support the revival of the suffering Bohemian and Moravian Reformed communities.2 After the turn of the century, this strategy was abandoned and instead, Bohemian-Moravian students came to study at the Hungarian Reformed Colleges. In this way, this cross-border relationship between Central and Eastern Europe was preserved for decades and has permanently shaped the identity of Calvinists in both countries until now. Whereas the missionary work of the Hungarian pastors in Bohemia and Moravia has been amply researched,3 the impact of their missions on Hungary has been largely
{"title":"Hungarian Consequences of the Toleration Missions to Bohemia and Moravia around 1800","authors":"János Ugrai","doi":"10.32725/oph.2021.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2021.004","url":null,"abstract":"It is a well known fact to Hungarian and Czech historians that after Joseph II’s Edict of Toleration of 1781 the Protestants in Hungary and in the Bohemian lands established a fruitful reciprocal collaboration. In the early days, most of the new pastors were Hungarians who came within the frameworks of the „Bohemian mission“: mostly Hungarian early-career pastors rushed to support the revival of the suffering Bohemian and Moravian Reformed communities.2 After the turn of the century, this strategy was abandoned and instead, Bohemian-Moravian students came to study at the Hungarian Reformed Colleges. In this way, this cross-border relationship between Central and Eastern Europe was preserved for decades and has permanently shaped the identity of Calvinists in both countries until now. Whereas the missionary work of the Hungarian pastors in Bohemia and Moravia has been amply researched,3 the impact of their missions on Hungary has been largely","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43671749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article explores the relation between aristocratic status and art in daily life of Charles-Joseph de Clary-Aldringen, the landlord of Teplice in Bohemia. The aristocrat acquired great skills in all arts, but was not a professional. He was an amateur who used art to express his membership of the grand monde by taking part in performances, by staging himself, and by knowing how to decipher all the social codes. We discuss his role as a diarist, as artist drawing pictures, as theatre actor and as collector of art. We show how the competition between aristocratic families motivated him to develop the spa of Teplice. We explore the role of drawing and letter-writing in his self-expression. If the professional lives by his art, amateurs like the Comte de Clary live by the arts. The requirements are different. The aristocrat seeks to construct and stage an identity where the nobleman becomes the artist of his own life by combining the imperative of social distinction with aesthetic pleasure.
{"title":"Art in everyday life in the Habsburg monarchy. Count Charles-Joseph de Clary-Aldringen (1777-1831)","authors":"Matthieu Magne","doi":"10.32725/oph.2021.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2021.003","url":null,"abstract":"The article explores the relation between aristocratic status and art in daily life of Charles-Joseph de Clary-Aldringen, the landlord of Teplice in Bohemia. The aristocrat acquired great skills in all arts, but was not a professional. He was an amateur who used art to express his membership of the grand monde by taking part in performances, by staging himself, and by knowing how to decipher all the social codes. We discuss his role as a diarist, as artist drawing pictures, as theatre actor and as collector of art. We show how the competition between aristocratic families motivated him to develop the spa of Teplice. We explore the role of drawing and letter-writing in his self-expression. If the professional lives by his art, amateurs like the Comte de Clary live by the arts. The requirements are different. The aristocrat seeks to construct and stage an identity where the nobleman becomes the artist of his own life by combining the imperative of social distinction with aesthetic pleasure.","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44764973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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