{"title":"\"The honour and reputation of this state\". Dutch Republic in the forum of the \"court public\" in the mid-17th century","authors":"Irena Kozmanová","doi":"10.32725/oph.2016.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2016.023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70051169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction Many scholars, not only historians, but also social scientists, have contributed to the research in the origins of the idea of „welfare state“ . According to the conventional interpretation it appeared at the end of the 19th century and became a powerful agenda of social policy in the era after World War II . In general, the welfare state or the Sozialstaat is considered as a state which aims at the promotion and maintainance of national welfare and takes on also the responsibility for the well-being of its citizens .1 In particular, a welfare state is committed to combat poverty among its citizens, provide guarantee for their level of living and equality in the distribution of economic benefits . Moreover, a welfare state has the authority to intervene in many aspects of civil life in order to attain those purposes . Students of welfare state have often focused mainly on the development of social welfare policy in the late the 19th century and in the early 20th century, and then created some typologies of the welfare state . The best known is the typology of the Danish social scientist, Gøsta Esping-Andersen .2 Apart from the historical studies of welfare state in western and northern European countries and in the United States, there has recently appeared new research in the post-communist countries of Eastern Europe . Even though western scholars believe that these East-European works have not crossed the broderline of the 19th century, the opposite is true . The new research by Jakub Rákosník and others has focused mainly on state social policies in the 20th century .3
{"title":"The Question of Welfare State in Natural Law Theories","authors":"Yukihiro Haruyama","doi":"10.32725/oph.2016.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2016.025","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Many scholars, not only historians, but also social scientists, have contributed to the research in the origins of the idea of „welfare state“ . According to the conventional interpretation it appeared at the end of the 19th century and became a powerful agenda of social policy in the era after World War II . In general, the welfare state or the Sozialstaat is considered as a state which aims at the promotion and maintainance of national welfare and takes on also the responsibility for the well-being of its citizens .1 In particular, a welfare state is committed to combat poverty among its citizens, provide guarantee for their level of living and equality in the distribution of economic benefits . Moreover, a welfare state has the authority to intervene in many aspects of civil life in order to attain those purposes . Students of welfare state have often focused mainly on the development of social welfare policy in the late the 19th century and in the early 20th century, and then created some typologies of the welfare state . The best known is the typology of the Danish social scientist, Gøsta Esping-Andersen .2 Apart from the historical studies of welfare state in western and northern European countries and in the United States, there has recently appeared new research in the post-communist countries of Eastern Europe . Even though western scholars believe that these East-European works have not crossed the broderline of the 19th century, the opposite is true . The new research by Jakub Rákosník and others has focused mainly on state social policies in the 20th century .3","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70051402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction On May 4th 1634 Ottavio Piccolomini Pieri d’Aragona (1599–1656), colonel general of the Habsburg army, received confirmation from one of his agents in Vienna that the estate of Náchod, in Eastern Bohemia, had been assigned to him by the Emperor Ferdinand II .1 The assignation proceeded from Piccolomini’s involvement in February 1634 in the elimination of the alleged traitor generalissimo Albrecht von Wallenstein, duke of Friedland (1583–1634) . The assassination of the Bohemian general, one of the notable episodes in Thirty Years War, had been ordered by the Emperor and carried out by the generals under Wallenstein’s command, Matthias Gallas (1584–1647), Johann Aldringen (1588–1634), Walter Leslie (1607–1667) and, remotely, Ottavio Piccolomini . All the generals involved in the event had been rewarded for their service and loyalty to the Emperor with a sum of money and the attribution of one of the estates formerly belonging either to Wallenstein, to his brother-in-law Adam Erdmann Trčka (1599–1634), or to his associate Christian Ilow (1585–1634), both killed together with him in Cheb . The delay in the attribution of the monetary reward, the expenses for the ceremony of investiture, the poor status of Náchod, amongst other reasons, prompted Piccolomini’s several attempts to sell the estate already by the end of the same year . At the same time, though, Ottavio Piccolomini started diverting his funds, including the pending credits that he had at the imperial court and that had not yet been fulfilled to him, for the foundation of the church of the Servite order in Vienna . Only towards the end of his military activity, just married and determined to finally establish a Piccolomini lineage in the Habsburg territories, Piccolomini reconsidered an investment in Náchod, never eventually sold, to make of it his and his spouse’s main residence . His involvement with the Servites remained constant throughout his life, more than with any other religious order he sponsored, and it enabled him to promote his patronage next to the one of the imperial court . The settlement of the Servites in Vienna took longer than initially hoped for and the church and convent – today the Servitenkirche in the Rossau quarter in Vienna – was not yet completed at the moment of Piccolomini’s death .
{"title":"A Church and a Castle. Centre and periphery of the Empire in duke Ottavio Piccolomini's self-representation","authors":"Alessandra Becucci","doi":"10.32725/oph.2016.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2016.024","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction On May 4th 1634 Ottavio Piccolomini Pieri d’Aragona (1599–1656), colonel general of the Habsburg army, received confirmation from one of his agents in Vienna that the estate of Náchod, in Eastern Bohemia, had been assigned to him by the Emperor Ferdinand II .1 The assignation proceeded from Piccolomini’s involvement in February 1634 in the elimination of the alleged traitor generalissimo Albrecht von Wallenstein, duke of Friedland (1583–1634) . The assassination of the Bohemian general, one of the notable episodes in Thirty Years War, had been ordered by the Emperor and carried out by the generals under Wallenstein’s command, Matthias Gallas (1584–1647), Johann Aldringen (1588–1634), Walter Leslie (1607–1667) and, remotely, Ottavio Piccolomini . All the generals involved in the event had been rewarded for their service and loyalty to the Emperor with a sum of money and the attribution of one of the estates formerly belonging either to Wallenstein, to his brother-in-law Adam Erdmann Trčka (1599–1634), or to his associate Christian Ilow (1585–1634), both killed together with him in Cheb . The delay in the attribution of the monetary reward, the expenses for the ceremony of investiture, the poor status of Náchod, amongst other reasons, prompted Piccolomini’s several attempts to sell the estate already by the end of the same year . At the same time, though, Ottavio Piccolomini started diverting his funds, including the pending credits that he had at the imperial court and that had not yet been fulfilled to him, for the foundation of the church of the Servite order in Vienna . Only towards the end of his military activity, just married and determined to finally establish a Piccolomini lineage in the Habsburg territories, Piccolomini reconsidered an investment in Náchod, never eventually sold, to make of it his and his spouse’s main residence . His involvement with the Servites remained constant throughout his life, more than with any other religious order he sponsored, and it enabled him to promote his patronage next to the one of the imperial court . The settlement of the Servites in Vienna took longer than initially hoped for and the church and convent – today the Servitenkirche in the Rossau quarter in Vienna – was not yet completed at the moment of Piccolomini’s death .","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70051285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Before the French Revolution led to their downfall, monasteries experienced another heyday in the 18th century Around 1750, one-in-three-hundred Europeans was a monk or a nun, and the sumptuous Baroque buildings of the time to this very day testify to the enormous economic and cultural significance of monasteries in the Age of Enlightenment Nonetheless, most of the contemporary historians of the period were either not aware of this significance or denied it Till today, denominational polemics and the aftermath of anti-monastic stereotypes voiced by so many philosophers of the Enlightenment do not allow for an objective treatment of the topic The monasteries, however, did open up to moderate Enlightenment and to new criticism regarding even religious and secular literature Melk Abbey, which is, according to Derek Beales, „perhaps the grandest of all Benedictine abbeys“1 is used to demonstrate how literary reception changed in and due to the Enlightenment In the aftermath of the Council of Trent with its reorganisation of clerical life, Melk developed its largely self-contained monastic culture The media and artistic activity were oriented towards the requirements of monastic life with its pastoral and scholarly tasks Constituting a representative public image proved an important factor: The standing of Melk Abbey as a clerical institution was demonstratively put on display Sacerdotal and church jubilees, eminent visitors, and religious holidays were celebrated with solemn masses and musical dramas, with the given sermons and the libretti being frequently published in print The monks were writing these texts on behalf of the monasteries The requirements of monastic life provided the conditions of authorship which was supposed to serve the promotion of faith and of the abbey’s glory Not only did the monastery finance the prints by itself under a patronage system, the monks were also regulated by strict internal censorship As Austrian censorship in the 18th century was still very decentralised, the abbot took absolute priority in the assessment of texts produced in Melk He alone decided which works were to be printed and also approved the prints There were binding rules for reading, as well as for communication among the monks Monasteries like Melk were provided with clerical reading texts by their own distribution network: From Augsburg there were not supplied by stationary book sellers but directly by travelling salesmen who went to the local markets Moreover, this personal contact which the bookshop
在法国大革命导致其衰落之前，修道院在18世纪又经历了一次全盛期。大约1750年，三百名欧洲人中就有一人是修道士或修女，直到今天，当时华丽的巴洛克式建筑都证明了修道院在启蒙时代的巨大经济和文化意义。宗派争论和反修道院刻板印象的后果由许多启蒙运动的哲学家提出不允许客观地对待这个话题，然而，修道院确实向温和的启蒙运动敞开了大门，甚至对宗教和世俗文学也有新的批评，根据德里克·比尔斯的说法，“也许是所有本笃会修道院中最伟大的”1被用来展示文学接受在启蒙运动中以及由于启蒙运动而发生的变化。在特伦特会议(Council of Trent)对神职人员生活进行重组之后，梅尔克发展了基本上自给自足的修道院文化。媒体和艺术活动以修道院生活的要求为导向，以其牧养和学术任务为导向，构成具有代表性的公众形象被证明是一个重要因素:梅尔克修道院作为一个神职机构的地位得到了明显的展示，神职人员和教堂的周年纪念日、贵宾来访和宗教节日都以庄严的弥撒和音乐剧来庆祝，这些布道和手稿经常以印刷品的形式出版，僧侣们代表修道院撰写这些文本，修道院生活的要求为作者提供了条件，这应该有助于促进信仰和修道院的荣耀，修道院不仅在赞助制度下自己资助印刷品，僧侣们也受到严格的内部审查制度的管制，因为18世纪奥地利的审查制度仍然非常分散，修道院院长对梅尔克出版的文本有绝对的优先权，他独自决定哪些作品要印刷，并批准印刷。对于阅读和僧侣之间的交流，有约束性的规则，像梅尔克这样的修道院通过自己的分销网络提供神职人员阅读的文本:从奥格斯堡开始，这些书不是由固定的书商提供的，而是直接由到当地市场的旅行推销员提供的。此外，这种与书店的个人联系
{"title":"Reading Enlightenment in Melk","authors":"Johannes Frimmel","doi":"10.32725/oph.2016.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2016.003","url":null,"abstract":"Before the French Revolution led to their downfall, monasteries experienced another heyday in the 18th century Around 1750, one-in-three-hundred Europeans was a monk or a nun, and the sumptuous Baroque buildings of the time to this very day testify to the enormous economic and cultural significance of monasteries in the Age of Enlightenment Nonetheless, most of the contemporary historians of the period were either not aware of this significance or denied it Till today, denominational polemics and the aftermath of anti-monastic stereotypes voiced by so many philosophers of the Enlightenment do not allow for an objective treatment of the topic The monasteries, however, did open up to moderate Enlightenment and to new criticism regarding even religious and secular literature Melk Abbey, which is, according to Derek Beales, „perhaps the grandest of all Benedictine abbeys“1 is used to demonstrate how literary reception changed in and due to the Enlightenment In the aftermath of the Council of Trent with its reorganisation of clerical life, Melk developed its largely self-contained monastic culture The media and artistic activity were oriented towards the requirements of monastic life with its pastoral and scholarly tasks Constituting a representative public image proved an important factor: The standing of Melk Abbey as a clerical institution was demonstratively put on display Sacerdotal and church jubilees, eminent visitors, and religious holidays were celebrated with solemn masses and musical dramas, with the given sermons and the libretti being frequently published in print The monks were writing these texts on behalf of the monasteries The requirements of monastic life provided the conditions of authorship which was supposed to serve the promotion of faith and of the abbey’s glory Not only did the monastery finance the prints by itself under a patronage system, the monks were also regulated by strict internal censorship As Austrian censorship in the 18th century was still very decentralised, the abbot took absolute priority in the assessment of texts produced in Melk He alone decided which works were to be printed and also approved the prints There were binding rules for reading, as well as for communication among the monks Monasteries like Melk were provided with clerical reading texts by their own distribution network: From Augsburg there were not supplied by stationary book sellers but directly by travelling salesmen who went to the local markets Moreover, this personal contact which the bookshop","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70050781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"\"A Story of Benign Neglect\". The History of Foundation of America and the Habsburg Monarchy 1776-1783","authors":"Jonathan Singerton","doi":"10.32725/oph.2016.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2016.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70051363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the past, European historiography did not pay much attention to research on diplomatic relations between the Spanish monarchy and the northern parts of the Holy Roman Empire, especially during the reign of Charles II of Spain (1661–1700) In fact, there are no significant investigations of this period and this specific topic The situation looks a little bit better in the field of historical investigation, which has focused on the connections between Spain and Central Europe However, this subject has never belonged to the main topics of Austrian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish or Spanish historiography The prime reason for this lack of attention may be the result of the language barrier on both sides of Europe,1 and in patterns of historical development on this continent during the 20th century 2 Despite these obstacles, a few historians were able to write on this topic during the
{"title":"Diplomatic relations between the Spanish monarchy and the northern parts of the Holy Roman Empire during the reign of Charles II (Doctoral project)","authors":"Ondřej Stolička","doi":"10.32725/oph.2016.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2016.006","url":null,"abstract":"In the past, European historiography did not pay much attention to research on diplomatic relations between the Spanish monarchy and the northern parts of the Holy Roman Empire, especially during the reign of Charles II of Spain (1661–1700) In fact, there are no significant investigations of this period and this specific topic The situation looks a little bit better in the field of historical investigation, which has focused on the connections between Spain and Central Europe However, this subject has never belonged to the main topics of Austrian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish or Spanish historiography The prime reason for this lack of attention may be the result of the language barrier on both sides of Europe,1 and in patterns of historical development on this continent during the 20th century 2 Despite these obstacles, a few historians were able to write on this topic during the","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70051463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The End of the Marriage of Adam Pavel Slawata and Maria Margareta von Eggenberg","authors":"P. Král","doi":"10.32725/oph.2015.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2015.020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70050740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Political Codex project of Joseph II","authors":"S. Wagner","doi":"10.32725/oph.2015.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2015.021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70050774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Johann Christoph von Fragstein and his diplomatic mission to Russia 1657-1658. An Edition Project","authors":"M. Konrádová, Rostislav Smíšek","doi":"10.32725/oph.2015.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2015.023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70050777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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