Root-knot nematodes represent a real problem for tomato cultivation throughout the world. The aim of this study was to develop a method of controlling root-knot nematodes with aqueous extracts of castor bean, and to evaluate the effect of these extracts on these agents. Firstly, a sampling which consisted of taking the roots presenting galls and the soil was carried out in a tomato plantation in the region of Tchologo (Côte d'Ivoire) more precisely at Camp Agropastoral Sika (CapSIKA). The analysis carried out showed that there is a significant difference between the number of nematodes in the soil and in the roots of the samples taken, (p-value0.05). A large number of nematodes were observed in the roots compared to the soil. Then, the extracted nematodes were used for a pathogenicity test to verify their involvement in the appearance of galls in tomato roots. Galls were observed on inoculated tomato plants following this test. Subsequently, the individuals were exposed to the aqueous extract of castor bean (Ricinus communis) at concentrations of 100, 75, 50 and 25%, the control group was not brought into contact with the aqueous extract of castor bean. Mortality and immobility rates were determined. A significant difference between the number of immobile and dead individuals in the extracts (P0.05) was obtained following the statistical analyses. The results made it possible to show the nematicidal nature of the aqueous extract of castor bean under controlled conditions (in vitro). This extract could be used for the control of Meloidogyne after testing its effectiveness in open fields.
根结线虫对全世界的番茄种植来说是一个真正的问题。本研究旨在建立蓖麻水提物防治根结线虫的方法，并评价蓖麻水提物防治根结线虫的效果。首先，在tologo (Côte d' ivivire)地区的一个番茄种植园(CapSIKA)更精确地进行了一次取样，包括取有虫蛀的根和土壤。分析表明，土壤中线虫的数量与所采样品根系中线虫的数量有显著差异(p值0.05)。与土壤相比，在根系中观察到大量的线虫。然后，将提取的线虫用于致病性测试，以验证它们参与番茄根瘿的外观。在接种番茄植株上观察到瘿瘤。随后，将个体暴露于蓖麻水提取物(Ricinus communis)浓度为100、75、50和25%的环境中，对照组不接触蓖麻水提取物。确定死亡率和不动率。经统计分析，各提取物中不动个体数与死亡个体数差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结果表明，蓖麻水提物具有一定的体外杀线虫作用。经野外药效试验，该提取物可用于防治丝虫病。
{"title":"In Vitro Assessment of Aqueous Extracts of Castor Plant (Ricinus communis) against Root-Knot Nematodes (Genus Meloidogyne) Infecting Tomato","authors":"Coulibaly Kafondja Estelle, Assiri Kouamé Patrice, Assiri Kouamé Patrice, Karamoko Ben, Karamoko Ben, Hortence Atta Diallo, Hortence Atta Diallo","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4646","url":null,"abstract":"Root-knot nematodes represent a real problem for tomato cultivation throughout the world. The aim of this study was to develop a method of controlling root-knot nematodes with aqueous extracts of castor bean, and to evaluate the effect of these extracts on these agents. Firstly, a sampling which consisted of taking the roots presenting galls and the soil was carried out in a tomato plantation in the region of Tchologo (Côte d'Ivoire) more precisely at Camp Agropastoral Sika (CapSIKA). The analysis carried out showed that there is a significant difference between the number of nematodes in the soil and in the roots of the samples taken, (p-value0.05). A large number of nematodes were observed in the roots compared to the soil. Then, the extracted nematodes were used for a pathogenicity test to verify their involvement in the appearance of galls in tomato roots. Galls were observed on inoculated tomato plants following this test. Subsequently, the individuals were exposed to the aqueous extract of castor bean (Ricinus communis) at concentrations of 100, 75, 50 and 25%, the control group was not brought into contact with the aqueous extract of castor bean. Mortality and immobility rates were determined. A significant difference between the number of immobile and dead individuals in the extracts (P0.05) was obtained following the statistical analyses. The results made it possible to show the nematicidal nature of the aqueous extract of castor bean under controlled conditions (in vitro). This extract could be used for the control of Meloidogyne after testing its effectiveness in open fields.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136300148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Significant yield losses are reported due to blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae across all rice growing areas of the world. Though, management strategies reduce disease significantly but blast epidemics are still common. This research was aimed to determine the variability among the 19 Pyricularia oryzae isolates of South-Western regions of Bangladesh. Morphological variability was determined based on nine morphological components like front mycelial color, reverse mycelial color, growth behavior, conidial length (μm), conidial width (μm), conidial color, radial growth at 12 days (mm), 14 days (mm) and 16 days (mm) after incubation. Cluster analysis considering nine morphological components showed five distinct groups. Front and reverse mycelial color, growth behavior and conidial length played more than 80% role in generating variation among the nine tested components. Higher genetic variation was also detected among the 19 isolates of P. oryzae. Here, larger numbers of amplified DNA fragments was formed by Primers UCB-155 which showed distinct polymorphism. Between two clusters, Cluster II consists of 18 isolates that were originated from different origin but having maximum 94% genetical similarity. Cluster I contain only one isolates PO-16. From pair wise distance matrix, maximum distance (80%) was found between PO-16 and PO-03 isolates and minimum distance (6%) was obtained between the isolates PO-11 and PO-12. Results of this experiment revealed that, higher genetic diversity among isolates of P. oryzae existed in the south western region of Bangladesh but there has no direct relation with genetic diversity and geographical origin.
{"title":"Uncovering the Morphological and Genetical Heterogeneity of Pyricularia oryzae (cooke) sacc. in Southwestern Region of Bangladesh","authors":"Mst. Sabiha Sultana, Joyanti Ray, Papry Akther, Debproshad Mondal, Chhoa Mondal","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4686","url":null,"abstract":"Significant yield losses are reported due to blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae across all rice growing areas of the world. Though, management strategies reduce disease significantly but blast epidemics are still common. This research was aimed to determine the variability among the 19 Pyricularia oryzae isolates of South-Western regions of Bangladesh. Morphological variability was determined based on nine morphological components like front mycelial color, reverse mycelial color, growth behavior, conidial length (μm), conidial width (μm), conidial color, radial growth at 12 days (mm), 14 days (mm) and 16 days (mm) after incubation. Cluster analysis considering nine morphological components showed five distinct groups. Front and reverse mycelial color, growth behavior and conidial length played more than 80% role in generating variation among the nine tested components. Higher genetic variation was also detected among the 19 isolates of P. oryzae. Here, larger numbers of amplified DNA fragments was formed by Primers UCB-155 which showed distinct polymorphism. Between two clusters, Cluster II consists of 18 isolates that were originated from different origin but having maximum 94% genetical similarity. Cluster I contain only one isolates PO-16. From pair wise distance matrix, maximum distance (80%) was found between PO-16 and PO-03 isolates and minimum distance (6%) was obtained between the isolates PO-11 and PO-12. Results of this experiment revealed that, higher genetic diversity among isolates of P. oryzae existed in the south western region of Bangladesh but there has no direct relation with genetic diversity and geographical origin.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136300147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4392
Saneela Arooj, Salman Ahmad, Muhammad Akhter, Muhammad Atiq, Abdul Rashid, Muhammad Ehetisham Ul Haq, Malik A. Rehman, Muhammad Kamran, Anum Intisar, Muhammad Asim
Rice blast disease (RBD) is mostly controlled by fungicides by the farmers of central Punjab, Pakistan. However, the use of fungicides by the farmers is excessive and ill-advised, resulting in the emergence of new resistant strains of Pyricularia oryzae. The ill-advised employment of fungicides can be timed exploring the role of environmental factors favourable for this disease. The objective of current study was to determine the most favourable weather conditions for RBD in central Punjab, Pakistan, where this crop is mostly cultivated. Environmental factors including maximum and minimum temperatures (max and min temp), rainfall (Rf), relative humidity (Rh) and wind speed (Ws) conducive for RBD were characterized during this study. For this purpose, eight years (2009-2016) RBD severity data of susceptible to highly susceptible genotypes together with environmental data (max and min temp, Rf, Rh and Ws) was collected from Kala Shah Kako (KSK), Rice Research Institute (RRI), Punjab, Pakistan. The genotypes were being cultivated for eight years in randomized complete block design (RCBD), and data was kept on recording during the months of high disease pressure. Data was collected after ten days interval using disease scoring scale developed by International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) during 1996. Simple linear regression models were used to determine the relationship of environmental factors with RBD severity. The variation in RBD severity due to environmental factors was determined using coefficient of determination (R2). In present study, the relationship of max temp, Rf, Rh and Ws with RBD severity was positive, significant and linear, however, the relationship of min temp with RBD severity was negative. Max temp 40-42°C, min temp 21-23°C, Rf 2-3mm, Rh 50-70% and Ws 9-11 Km/h were found to be most favourable environmental conditions for RBD severity. The current research disclosed the significant role of all five environmental factors in the spread of RBD. Thus, future predictive models could be established using these five environmental factors for more accurate prediction of this disease in rice belt of Punjab, Pakistan, to time the application of fungicides.
水稻稻瘟病(RBD)主要由巴基斯坦旁遮普省中部的农民用杀菌剂控制。然而，农民使用杀菌剂是过度的和不明智的，导致新的耐药稻瘟病菌株的出现。不明智地使用杀菌剂可以适时地探索有利于这种疾病的环境因素的作用。本研究的目的是确定在巴基斯坦旁遮普省中部种植这种作物的最有利的天气条件。在本研究中，对有利于RBD的环境因子包括最高和最低温度(最大和最低温度)、降雨量(Rf)、相对湿度(Rh)和风速(Ws)进行了表征。为此，从巴基斯坦旁遮普省水稻研究所(RRI)的Kala Shah Kako (KSK)收集了8年(2009-2016年)高易感基因型的RBD严重程度数据以及环境数据(最高和最低温度、Rf、Rh和Ws)。这些基因型采用随机完全区组设计(RCBD)培养8年，并在疾病压力高的月份记录数据。数据采用国际水稻研究所(IRRI) 1996年制定的疾病评分量表，每隔10天收集一次。采用简单线性回归模型确定环境因素与RBD严重程度的关系。采用决定系数(R2)确定环境因素对RBD严重程度的影响。在本研究中，最高体温、Rf、Rh和Ws与RBD严重程度呈显著正相关关系，而最低体温与RBD严重程度呈负相关关系。最大温度40-42°C，最小温度21-23°C, Rf 2-3mm, Rh 50-70%和Ws 9-11 Km/h是对RBD严重程度最有利的环境条件。目前的研究揭示了这五种环境因素在RBD传播中的重要作用。因此，利用这5个环境因子可以建立未来的预测模型，对巴基斯坦旁遮普省水稻带的赤霉病进行更准确的预测，以便及时施用杀菌剂。
{"title":"Epidemiology of Rice Blast (Pyricularia oryzae) Disease in Central Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"Saneela Arooj, Salman Ahmad, Muhammad Akhter, Muhammad Atiq, Abdul Rashid, Muhammad Ehetisham Ul Haq, Malik A. Rehman, Muhammad Kamran, Anum Intisar, Muhammad Asim","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4392","url":null,"abstract":"Rice blast disease (RBD) is mostly controlled by fungicides by the farmers of central Punjab, Pakistan. However, the use of fungicides by the farmers is excessive and ill-advised, resulting in the emergence of new resistant strains of Pyricularia oryzae. The ill-advised employment of fungicides can be timed exploring the role of environmental factors favourable for this disease. The objective of current study was to determine the most favourable weather conditions for RBD in central Punjab, Pakistan, where this crop is mostly cultivated. Environmental factors including maximum and minimum temperatures (max and min temp), rainfall (Rf), relative humidity (Rh) and wind speed (Ws) conducive for RBD were characterized during this study. For this purpose, eight years (2009-2016) RBD severity data of susceptible to highly susceptible genotypes together with environmental data (max and min temp, Rf, Rh and Ws) was collected from Kala Shah Kako (KSK), Rice Research Institute (RRI), Punjab, Pakistan. The genotypes were being cultivated for eight years in randomized complete block design (RCBD), and data was kept on recording during the months of high disease pressure. Data was collected after ten days interval using disease scoring scale developed by International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) during 1996. Simple linear regression models were used to determine the relationship of environmental factors with RBD severity. The variation in RBD severity due to environmental factors was determined using coefficient of determination (R2). In present study, the relationship of max temp, Rf, Rh and Ws with RBD severity was positive, significant and linear, however, the relationship of min temp with RBD severity was negative. Max temp 40-42°C, min temp 21-23°C, Rf 2-3mm, Rh 50-70% and Ws 9-11 Km/h were found to be most favourable environmental conditions for RBD severity. The current research disclosed the significant role of all five environmental factors in the spread of RBD. Thus, future predictive models could be established using these five environmental factors for more accurate prediction of this disease in rice belt of Punjab, Pakistan, to time the application of fungicides.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136300149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4667
Hamza Shahbaz, Muhammad Atiq, Nasir Ahmed Rajput, Muhammad Ahsan Khan
Citrus (family Rutaceae) stands as a prominent fruit crop on a global scale, bearing substantial significance. Renowned for its abundance of fiber, amino acids, antioxidants, vitamin C, and carbohydrates. However, the successful production of citrus is persistently challenged by the menacing presence of citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), posing 5-30% yield losses in Pakistan. Current study was aimed to manage Xcc through antibiotics and copper-based chemicals under lab. and field conditions. In vitro evaluations of antibiotics showed that Enrofloxacin expressed the maximum inhibition zone (35.68mm), followed by Enco-Mix (33.50mm), Pevivet-5 (33.48mm), Kanamycin sulphate (30.41mm), Sinobiotic (30.02mm), Streptomycin sulphate (29.33mm) and Gentam-20% (28.26mm) as compared to control. Field experiments of copper-based chemicals concluded that Copper nitrate exhibited the minimum disease incidence (16.07%), followed by Copper hydrooxide (21.78%), Amistar top (22.28%), Copper oxychloride (24.37%), and Copper acetate (24.63%), but Control expressed maximum disease incidence (65.00%). The mixture of Cu (NO2)3 + Enrofloxacin under field conditions was most effective regarding management of citrus canker. Current revelation appreciated the efficacy of Cu (NO2)3 + Enrofloxacin to manage citrus canker and strongly suggested this treatment against various bacterial pathogens.
{"title":"Managing Citrus Canker: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Antibiotics and Chemicals for Disease Control","authors":"Hamza Shahbaz, Muhammad Atiq, Nasir Ahmed Rajput, Muhammad Ahsan Khan","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4667","url":null,"abstract":"Citrus (family Rutaceae) stands as a prominent fruit crop on a global scale, bearing substantial significance. Renowned for its abundance of fiber, amino acids, antioxidants, vitamin C, and carbohydrates. However, the successful production of citrus is persistently challenged by the menacing presence of citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), posing 5-30% yield losses in Pakistan. Current study was aimed to manage Xcc through antibiotics and copper-based chemicals under lab. and field conditions. In vitro evaluations of antibiotics showed that Enrofloxacin expressed the maximum inhibition zone (35.68mm), followed by Enco-Mix (33.50mm), Pevivet-5 (33.48mm), Kanamycin sulphate (30.41mm), Sinobiotic (30.02mm), Streptomycin sulphate (29.33mm) and Gentam-20% (28.26mm) as compared to control. Field experiments of copper-based chemicals concluded that Copper nitrate exhibited the minimum disease incidence (16.07%), followed by Copper hydrooxide (21.78%), Amistar top (22.28%), Copper oxychloride (24.37%), and Copper acetate (24.63%), but Control expressed maximum disease incidence (65.00%). The mixture of Cu (NO2)3 + Enrofloxacin under field conditions was most effective regarding management of citrus canker. Current revelation appreciated the efficacy of Cu (NO2)3 + Enrofloxacin to manage citrus canker and strongly suggested this treatment against various bacterial pathogens.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136300152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4620
Khadija Gilani, Asma Ahmed, Rehana Badar, Shaista Javaid, Mehmood Ul Hassan, Shagufta Naz, Sami Ullah
Citrus is a significant leading fruit crop in Pakistan, with the highest export volume of 370 million tons. HLB is a bacterial disease that has been a potential threat to global citrus production with no effective cure to date. To fill the gap of existing knowledge of CLas and its pathophysiological modification. The infection of CLas in citrus trees depends on the metabolites involved inside its metabolic pathways. This study used to determine the global metabolites involved in the disease citrus greening. The CLas infection in citrus cultivars was detected through qRT-PCR. The Ct value ranged from 36.3 or no Ct value for the healthy samples. Here we report the first metabolic profiling of the vast range of targetted metabolites of ten citrus cultivars of Pakistan via LC-MS analysis. Results have been verified via the Tukey test (Pr|t|), One-way ANOVA (p≤ 0.05), and MetaboAnalyst 5.0 tools (Volcano plot, PCA, 2D and 3D PLS-DA plots, heat maps, VIP scores plot, Permutation test). A total of 500 statistically verified metabolites were detected in the leaves. Negative ion mode indicated 57% of metabolites, whereas 43% were identified in positive ion mode with good separation. Potential differences among the global metabolites of varying classes included sugars, amino acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, organic acids, carboxylic and nucleic acids, and flavonoids in positive and negative ion modes. There was an approximately 50% chance in negative ions that known metabolites separating healthy and HLB-infected leaf samples. Many untargeted compounds were also detected which were not found in the LC-MS (MZmine freeware) database, indicating the possibility of identifying novel metabolites that could be used as molecular markers for HLB diagnosis and management. This study provides a broad picture of the accumulation of metabolites involved in citrus plants with citrus greening. The metabolomic profile indicated the possible changes at the maturing stage of the disease.
{"title":"Global Metabolomics Analysis of Pakistani Citrus Cultivars Infected with Huanglongbing or Citrus Greening","authors":"Khadija Gilani, Asma Ahmed, Rehana Badar, Shaista Javaid, Mehmood Ul Hassan, Shagufta Naz, Sami Ullah","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4620","url":null,"abstract":"Citrus is a significant leading fruit crop in Pakistan, with the highest export volume of 370 million tons. HLB is a bacterial disease that has been a potential threat to global citrus production with no effective cure to date. To fill the gap of existing knowledge of CLas and its pathophysiological modification. The infection of CLas in citrus trees depends on the metabolites involved inside its metabolic pathways. This study used to determine the global metabolites involved in the disease citrus greening. The CLas infection in citrus cultivars was detected through qRT-PCR. The Ct value ranged from 36.3 or no Ct value for the healthy samples. Here we report the first metabolic profiling of the vast range of targetted metabolites of ten citrus cultivars of Pakistan via LC-MS analysis. Results have been verified via the Tukey test (Pr|t|), One-way ANOVA (p≤ 0.05), and MetaboAnalyst 5.0 tools (Volcano plot, PCA, 2D and 3D PLS-DA plots, heat maps, VIP scores plot, Permutation test). A total of 500 statistically verified metabolites were detected in the leaves. Negative ion mode indicated 57% of metabolites, whereas 43% were identified in positive ion mode with good separation. Potential differences among the global metabolites of varying classes included sugars, amino acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, organic acids, carboxylic and nucleic acids, and flavonoids in positive and negative ion modes. There was an approximately 50% chance in negative ions that known metabolites separating healthy and HLB-infected leaf samples. Many untargeted compounds were also detected which were not found in the LC-MS (MZmine freeware) database, indicating the possibility of identifying novel metabolites that could be used as molecular markers for HLB diagnosis and management. This study provides a broad picture of the accumulation of metabolites involved in citrus plants with citrus greening. The metabolomic profile indicated the possible changes at the maturing stage of the disease.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136300153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4647
Shreejana K C, Amrit Poudel, Dipiza Oli, Shirish Ghimire, Prodipto Bishnu Angon, Md. Shafiul Islam
The fungal disease Verticillium wilt is a soil-borne pathogen that is caused by Verticillium dahliae. This disease affects a wide range of crops and can cause significant yield losses. Recent findings suggest that Verticillium wilt has been affecting potato crops in abundant domains around the global world, including in North America, parts of Europe, and Asia. In some cases, the disease has been observed in fields where it has not been previously reported, indicating that it has been spreading. Farmers and researchers are working to manage the disease through a variety of measures, including rotation of crops, the use of resistant varieties of potato developed from resistant strains, and the application of fungicides. However, the potency of these measures can vary depending on the ferocity of the disease and the local growing circumstances. Overall, the recent findings of Verticillium wilt in potato underscore the importance of continued monitoring and research to better understand the disease and develop effective management strategies. This review has highlighted the up-to-date information on Verticillium wilt and management strategies. The study also helps the scientific community understand this devastating plant disease by offering a thorough review of the situation.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Assessment of Verticillium Wilt of Potato: Present Status and Future Prospective","authors":"Shreejana K C, Amrit Poudel, Dipiza Oli, Shirish Ghimire, Prodipto Bishnu Angon, Md. Shafiul Islam","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4647","url":null,"abstract":"The fungal disease Verticillium wilt is a soil-borne pathogen that is caused by Verticillium dahliae. This disease affects a wide range of crops and can cause significant yield losses. Recent findings suggest that Verticillium wilt has been affecting potato crops in abundant domains around the global world, including in North America, parts of Europe, and Asia. In some cases, the disease has been observed in fields where it has not been previously reported, indicating that it has been spreading. Farmers and researchers are working to manage the disease through a variety of measures, including rotation of crops, the use of resistant varieties of potato developed from resistant strains, and the application of fungicides. However, the potency of these measures can vary depending on the ferocity of the disease and the local growing circumstances. Overall, the recent findings of Verticillium wilt in potato underscore the importance of continued monitoring and research to better understand the disease and develop effective management strategies. This review has highlighted the up-to-date information on Verticillium wilt and management strategies. The study also helps the scientific community understand this devastating plant disease by offering a thorough review of the situation.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136300151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4307
Abdul W. Channa, Hadi Bux, Mahboob A. Sial, Ghulam H. Jatoi, Farzana Korejo, Umed Ali, Syed M. A. Shah, Naimatullah Koondhar, Amir A. Mastoi, Isabel M. G. Figari, Muhammad A. Keerio
Leaf rust of wheat caused by an obligate biotrophic fungus (Puccinia triticina), is one of the widespread diseases of wheat. The emergence of new virulent races of fungal pathogens threatens wheat cultivars’ resistance, leading to outbreaks that can cause substantial damage to crops and result in economic losses to farmers. Developing wheat cultivars that have resistance to virulent races is an effective means of reducing the frequency and impact of these outbreaks. An experiment was conducted at 5 locations (a trap nursery consisting of 37 lines of wheat leaf rust differentials and 115 commercial wheat cultivars was established against leaf rust pathogen), for evaluating the virulence pattern of leaf rust under natural field environments across wheat-producing regions of Sindh, Pakistan. Results revealed that Lr9, Lr19 and Lr28 genes were found effective under field environments. The moderate resistance was recorded for Lr18, Lr23 and Lr34 genes at two locations while Lr36 Lr37 genes had moderate resistance at most of the locations. Results also revealed that Rawal-87, Marvi-2000, Bhittai, Pirsabak-08, Faisalabad-08, Benazir-13 and Shalakot-13 were the commercial wheat varieties having resistance at all locations of Sindh during (year 1 and year 2) years while most of the cultivars showed susceptibility. The scenario clue to a dire necessity to widen the genetic base of Pakistani cultivars by incorporating genes for the resistance against disease. Furthermore, strong monitoring and regular surveys should be conducted for determining current virulence status and resistance genes.
{"title":"Variability in Virulence of Wheat Leaf Rust (Puccinia triticina) in the Sindh Province, Pakistan","authors":"Abdul W. Channa, Hadi Bux, Mahboob A. Sial, Ghulam H. Jatoi, Farzana Korejo, Umed Ali, Syed M. A. Shah, Naimatullah Koondhar, Amir A. Mastoi, Isabel M. G. Figari, Muhammad A. Keerio","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4307","url":null,"abstract":"Leaf rust of wheat caused by an obligate biotrophic fungus (Puccinia triticina), is one of the widespread diseases of wheat. The emergence of new virulent races of fungal pathogens threatens wheat cultivars’ resistance, leading to outbreaks that can cause substantial damage to crops and result in economic losses to farmers. Developing wheat cultivars that have resistance to virulent races is an effective means of reducing the frequency and impact of these outbreaks. An experiment was conducted at 5 locations (a trap nursery consisting of 37 lines of wheat leaf rust differentials and 115 commercial wheat cultivars was established against leaf rust pathogen), for evaluating the virulence pattern of leaf rust under natural field environments across wheat-producing regions of Sindh, Pakistan. Results revealed that Lr9, Lr19 and Lr28 genes were found effective under field environments. The moderate resistance was recorded for Lr18, Lr23 and Lr34 genes at two locations while Lr36 Lr37 genes had moderate resistance at most of the locations. Results also revealed that Rawal-87, Marvi-2000, Bhittai, Pirsabak-08, Faisalabad-08, Benazir-13 and Shalakot-13 were the commercial wheat varieties having resistance at all locations of Sindh during (year 1 and year 2) years while most of the cultivars showed susceptibility. The scenario clue to a dire necessity to widen the genetic base of Pakistani cultivars by incorporating genes for the resistance against disease. Furthermore, strong monitoring and regular surveys should be conducted for determining current virulence status and resistance genes.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136300150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4381
N. Shah, Jamal-u-ddin Hajano, Manzoor Ali Abro, A. M. Lodhi
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) caused by Begomovirus(s) is economically important disease of cotton in Pakistan. Management of CLCuD using natural sources of resistance has great significance and is recognized as long term management strategy. In present study, we evaluated resistant potential of 33 cotton genotypes in agro-ecosystem of Sindh, Pakistan within thrice repeated experiments. Observations were taken at interval of 30 days after sowing on incidence and severity of CLCuD under field conditions. Then the disease index was calculated from values of initial observations on incidence and severity of the disease at each time point and finally Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) was calculate for the disease index and presented as semi-quantitative estimate of the disease. Results showed that there was significant difference among AUDPC values of the disease index of tested genotype (LSD=41666, P=0,0000 and LSD=70297, P= 0.0000) during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Significantly highest AUDPC value was recorded in BT.CIM-678 (664109) followed by CRIS-585 (277732) and CRIS-613 (133917) and CRIS-522 (159272) during 2018. The remaining genotypes gave significantly lower AUDPC values. Similar results were obtained during next year of experiment. Therefore, it is concluded that cultivation of BT.CIM-678, CRIS-585, CRIS-613 and CRIS-522 should be avoided in agro-ecosystem of Sindh. Further studies should be conducted for eco-friendly management of the disease.
由begomvirus (s)引起的棉花卷曲病(CLCuD)是巴基斯坦棉花的重要经济病害。利用自然耐药源对CLCuD进行管理具有重要意义，被认为是一种长期的管理策略。本研究通过3次重复试验，评价了33个棉花基因型在巴基斯坦信德省农业生态系统中的抗性潜力。在田间条件下，每隔30 d观察CLCuD的发病率和严重程度。然后根据每个时间点疾病发病率和严重程度的初始观测值计算疾病指数，最后计算疾病指数的疾病进展曲线下面积(Area Under the disease Progress Curve, AUDPC)，作为疾病的半定量估计。结果显示，2018年和2019年被测基因型疾病指数AUDPC值分别为LSD=41666, P=0万和LSD=70297, P=0万，差异有统计学意义。2018年，BT.CIM-678(664109)的AUDPC值最高，其次是crisr -585(277732)、crisr -613(133917)和crisr -522(159272)。其余基因型的AUDPC值显著降低。第二年的实验也得到了类似的结果。因此，信德省农业生态系统不宜培育BT.CIM-678、crisr -585、crisr -613和crisr -522。应该进行进一步的研究，以实现该疾病的生态管理。
{"title":"Field Screening of Cotton Genotypes for Resistance to Cotton Leaf Curl Disease (CLCuD) in Sindh","authors":"N. Shah, Jamal-u-ddin Hajano, Manzoor Ali Abro, A. M. Lodhi","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4381","url":null,"abstract":"Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) caused by Begomovirus(s) is economically important disease of cotton in Pakistan. Management of CLCuD using natural sources of resistance has great significance and is recognized as long term management strategy. In present study, we evaluated resistant potential of 33 cotton genotypes in agro-ecosystem of Sindh, Pakistan within thrice repeated experiments. Observations were taken at interval of 30 days after sowing on incidence and severity of CLCuD under field conditions. Then the disease index was calculated from values of initial observations on incidence and severity of the disease at each time point and finally Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) was calculate for the disease index and presented as semi-quantitative estimate of the disease. Results showed that there was significant difference among AUDPC values of the disease index of tested genotype (LSD=41666, P=0,0000 and LSD=70297, P= 0.0000) during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Significantly highest AUDPC value was recorded in BT.CIM-678 (664109) followed by CRIS-585 (277732) and CRIS-613 (133917) and CRIS-522 (159272) during 2018. The remaining genotypes gave significantly lower AUDPC values. Similar results were obtained during next year of experiment. Therefore, it is concluded that cultivation of BT.CIM-678, CRIS-585, CRIS-613 and CRIS-522 should be avoided in agro-ecosystem of Sindh. Further studies should be conducted for eco-friendly management of the disease.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79508959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4377
Khotsofalang L. Mothibeli, M. Lekota, Mpho Liphoto, M. E. Morojele, N. Muzhinji
Rhizoctonia solani is considered a destructive and widely distributed soil borne pathogenic fungus causing black scurf on potato tubers globally. Morphological, microscopic characteristics and virulence studies were done on ten R. solani isolates isolated from four districts of Maseru, Thaba-tseka (Mantsónyane), Quthing and Berea representing three agro-ecological zones; the mountains, lowlands and Senqu river valley. The characteristics include colony colour, hyphal orientation, number of nuclei, and presence of constrictions were studied after five days while colony growth was observed over 24 hour intervals. Variations were observed on all cultural and morphological characters studied in different geographical areas. Among the thirty isolates studied, thirteen of them had pale brown colonies in colour, while eleven had colonies with cream colour, and only 6 isolates had pale to brown coloured colonies. Isolate RB2A had a number of differentiating features such as faster mycelium growth rate of 4 cm at 24 hours, compared to other isolate with 2 cm between 24 hours and 72 hours which progressed to medium (5cm) after 72 hours and then faster after 96 hours. Mycelium growth rate was observed to be independent of the sample collection site (Figure 4; Table 2). The highest nuclei number of 12 was observed with RM3B isolate, while the lowest number of four was observed with RM1A isolate. A pot experiment to evaluate the virulance strenghth of collected isolates was also conducted under greenhouse conditions, with three cultivars commonly grown in Lesotho, inoculated with the isolates collected from different geographical areas were tested. Isolates showed differences in aggressiveness among and within different potato cultivars grown. All the isolates collected were aggressive in causing black scurf of potatoes with percentage disease incidence ranging from 22 to 51 in Fandango, 70 to 92 in Panamera and 4 to 51 in Savannah. However, different cultivars responded diferently to infection by the isolates. Panamera was the most susceptible cultivar with the highest disease incidence of 83% and disease severity index of 85%. This is the first report of R. solani causing black scurf on potatoes in Lesotho. Information of Rhizoctonia solani’s prevelence is crucial in the development of effective and timely potato diseases control strategies and growers can make informed cultivar choices for management of Rhizoctonia solani
{"title":"First Report of Rhizoctonia solani Associated with Black Scurf of Potato Tubers in Lesotho","authors":"Khotsofalang L. Mothibeli, M. Lekota, Mpho Liphoto, M. E. Morojele, N. Muzhinji","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4377","url":null,"abstract":"Rhizoctonia solani is considered a destructive and widely distributed soil borne pathogenic fungus causing black scurf on potato tubers globally. Morphological, microscopic characteristics and virulence studies were done on ten R. solani isolates isolated from four districts of Maseru, Thaba-tseka (Mantsónyane), Quthing and Berea representing three agro-ecological zones; the mountains, lowlands and Senqu river valley. The characteristics include colony colour, hyphal orientation, number of nuclei, and presence of constrictions were studied after five days while colony growth was observed over 24 hour intervals. Variations were observed on all cultural and morphological characters studied in different geographical areas. Among the thirty isolates studied, thirteen of them had pale brown colonies in colour, while eleven had colonies with cream colour, and only 6 isolates had pale to brown coloured colonies. Isolate RB2A had a number of differentiating features such as faster mycelium growth rate of 4 cm at 24 hours, compared to other isolate with 2 cm between 24 hours and 72 hours which progressed to medium (5cm) after 72 hours and then faster after 96 hours. Mycelium growth rate was observed to be independent of the sample collection site (Figure 4; Table 2). The highest nuclei number of 12 was observed with RM3B isolate, while the lowest number of four was observed with RM1A isolate. A pot experiment to evaluate the virulance strenghth of collected isolates was also conducted under greenhouse conditions, with three cultivars commonly grown in Lesotho, inoculated with the isolates collected from different geographical areas were tested. Isolates showed differences in aggressiveness among and within different potato cultivars grown. All the isolates collected were aggressive in causing black scurf of potatoes with percentage disease incidence ranging from 22 to 51 in Fandango, 70 to 92 in Panamera and 4 to 51 in Savannah. However, different cultivars responded diferently to infection by the isolates. Panamera was the most susceptible cultivar with the highest disease incidence of 83% and disease severity index of 85%. This is the first report of R. solani causing black scurf on potatoes in Lesotho. Information of Rhizoctonia solani’s prevelence is crucial in the development of effective and timely potato diseases control strategies and growers can make informed cultivar choices for management of Rhizoctonia solani","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80718396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4382
T. Amein
Septoria leaf blight caused by the fungus Septoria petroselini is one of the major and important diseases in parsley occurring in many countries. The use of high quality seeds is one of the conditions for an efficient crop production. As the fungus is a seedborne, use of clean and certified seeds is important for disease control especially for use in organic farming. Resistance inducers, commercially formulated and non-formulated selected bacterial strains were applied as seed treatments on naturally infested seeds and were tested under controlled and field conditions. Most of these treatments had positive effect on seed germination. Among the seven resistance inducers tested in greenhouse experiments, Jasmonic acid had the best result and increased seed germination by 25.6%. All the three commercial products and the experimental strain Bacillus subtilis K3 increased the number of plants, the yield and decreased the disease incident significantly in field experiments. The experimental bacteria reduced Septoria infection by 70% and increased the yield by 24%. Results indicate that several options for non-chemical control of this pathogen exist and can be recommended for better quality and quantity of the parsley crop production.
{"title":"Alternative Seed Treatment Methods for Control of Septoria petroselini on Parsley Seed","authors":"T. Amein","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4382","url":null,"abstract":"Septoria leaf blight caused by the fungus Septoria petroselini is one of the major and important diseases in parsley occurring in many countries. The use of high quality seeds is one of the conditions for an efficient crop production. As the fungus is a seedborne, use of clean and certified seeds is important for disease control especially for use in organic farming. Resistance inducers, commercially formulated and non-formulated selected bacterial strains were applied as seed treatments on naturally infested seeds and were tested under controlled and field conditions. Most of these treatments had positive effect on seed germination. Among the seven resistance inducers tested in greenhouse experiments, Jasmonic acid had the best result and increased seed germination by 25.6%. All the three commercial products and the experimental strain Bacillus subtilis K3 increased the number of plants, the yield and decreased the disease incident significantly in field experiments. The experimental bacteria reduced Septoria infection by 70% and increased the yield by 24%. Results indicate that several options for non-chemical control of this pathogen exist and can be recommended for better quality and quantity of the parsley crop production.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77812459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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