Pub Date : 2021-10-03DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.02.3612
A. W. Channa, H. Bux, M. A. Sial, G. H. Jatoi, Raj Kumar
Collections of Puccinia triticina were made from farmers’ fields of five different agro-ecological locations (Sakrand, Tandojam, Larkana, Sanghar and Badin) of Sindh province, Pakistan from 2015 and 2016, to identify the virulence variation. Single uredinial isolates were investigated for virulence phenotyping on 24 near isogenic (Thatcher wheat) lines which differ for single Lr resistance genes. Spores from two locations (Sakrand and Tandojam) were not viable and could not be revived and only urediniospores of three locations (Larkana, Sanghar and Badin) were revived. None of the pathotypes had virulence to Thatcher wheat lines with leaf rust resistance genes Lr23 and Lr42. However, Lr24, LrB, Lr10, Lr14b and Lr20 genes exhibited susceptibility response i.e. (HITs 3 4) with all tested pathotypes. Based on virulence, ten virulence phenotypes (MSCTNS, RTSTNS, RKTRGS, PNDQDS, JDBQGJ, MDPSDS, RTPTPS, MNPSDS, MJLTGS and MSPTDS) were identified among the ten isolates, designated with six-letter code. Two phenotypes RTSTNS RTPTPS exhibited broad spectrum, both were virulent to nineteen resistance genes of leaf rust while pathotype JDBQGJ had narrow spectrum as compared to all other tested, with virulence to just eight resistance genes of leaf rust. Among the locations virulence variability of leaf rust was also recorded. Most of identified races were virulent to more than one of leaf rust resistance genes. Resistance genes (Lr42 and Lr23) identified as effective can be exploited to achieve leaf rust resistance in wheat. Further, the study provides virulence profile of the area may help to manage the leaf rust pathogen.
{"title":"Virulence Phenotyping of Leaf Rust (Puccinia triticina) Isolates from Southern Pakistan","authors":"A. W. Channa, H. Bux, M. A. Sial, G. H. Jatoi, Raj Kumar","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.02.3612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.02.3612","url":null,"abstract":"Collections of Puccinia triticina were made from farmers’ fields of five different agro-ecological locations (Sakrand, Tandojam, Larkana, Sanghar and Badin) of Sindh province, Pakistan from 2015 and 2016, to identify the virulence variation. Single uredinial isolates were investigated for virulence phenotyping on 24 near isogenic (Thatcher wheat) lines which differ for single Lr resistance genes. Spores from two locations (Sakrand and Tandojam) were not viable and could not be revived and only urediniospores of three locations (Larkana, Sanghar and Badin) were revived. None of the pathotypes had virulence to Thatcher wheat lines with leaf rust resistance genes Lr23 and Lr42. However, Lr24, LrB, Lr10, Lr14b and Lr20 genes exhibited susceptibility response i.e. (HITs 3 4) with all tested pathotypes. Based on virulence, ten virulence phenotypes (MSCTNS, RTSTNS, RKTRGS, PNDQDS, JDBQGJ, MDPSDS, RTPTPS, MNPSDS, MJLTGS and MSPTDS) were identified among the ten isolates, designated with six-letter code. Two phenotypes RTSTNS RTPTPS exhibited broad spectrum, both were virulent to nineteen resistance genes of leaf rust while pathotype JDBQGJ had narrow spectrum as compared to all other tested, with virulence to just eight resistance genes of leaf rust. Among the locations virulence variability of leaf rust was also recorded. Most of identified races were virulent to more than one of leaf rust resistance genes. Resistance genes (Lr42 and Lr23) identified as effective can be exploited to achieve leaf rust resistance in wheat. Further, the study provides virulence profile of the area may help to manage the leaf rust pathogen.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82212103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-03DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.02.3553
N. Patrice, Djongnang Gabriel, T. Martial, Tenyang Noel, Deurnaye Placide, Mbou T. Pavel Rony, Yamagui Rita, Ntatsinda C. Durel, Djilé Bouba, A. Zachée
Corn (Zea mays) is one of the most widely spread cereals in the world. However, in the Far North Region of Cameroon, the incidence of some maize diseases progress because of farming practices and climate change (rainfall). This work aims to evaluate effect and resistance stimulation of neem extract and Mancozeb fungicide on Brown Spot (PBS) and Stalk Rot (PSR) diseases of corn due to Physoderma maydis in field condition. The experimental design was a two-factor split-plot. The treatments were a combination of Control (T), Mancozeb (Mz) at the concentration of 6g/L and aqueous extract of neem seeds (AENS) at the concentration of 50g/L with CMS 9015 and CMS 8704 varieties. Incidence, severity, rainfall, Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUIPC, AUSiPC) were recorded. Phenol and protein rates, enzymatic activity of Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POX) and glucanase were carried out. Stalk length and yield were evaluated. Incidence and severity of Physoderma Brown Spot (PBS) and Physoderma Stalk Rot (PSR) increased with time and environmental conditions (rainfall). The highest disease incidence was observed in the control treatments with both diseases, 52.39 and 37.67 % respectively for Brown Spot and Stalk Rot in CMS8704 variety and lower with AENS, 13.5 and 36.01%. AENS reduced PBS incidence and severity by 23.1 and 19.9 %, respectively and Mz by 9.3 and 18.1 %. The AUIPC and AUSiPC of PBS and PSR remained lower with AENS treatment during the growing season and higher with the other treatments. The highest phenol and proteins rates (8.81 and 25.1 mg/g/FM) were recorded for the AENS treatment in CMS9015 and CMS8704 variety, respectively. Enzymatic activity was more enhanced in CMS8704 variety with AENS. 4.22 A470/min/g, 1.55 A470/min/g and 1.15 µmole/min /g were recorded respectively for PPO, POX, and Glucane activities. Stalk length was higher in AENS and Mancozeb treatments with variety CMS8704 (125.13 and 123 cm respectively). A yield increase of 7.44% was obtained in the AENS treatment. The combination or not of aqueous neem extract and CMS8704 could be used in the integrated control of PBS and PSR of maize
{"title":"Efficacy and Induction Resistance of Neem Extract and Mancozeb 80 Wp on Physoderma Brown Spot and Physoderma Stalk Rot Diseases of Corn (Zea mays) caused by Physoderma Maydis in Far North Cameroon","authors":"N. Patrice, Djongnang Gabriel, T. Martial, Tenyang Noel, Deurnaye Placide, Mbou T. Pavel Rony, Yamagui Rita, Ntatsinda C. Durel, Djilé Bouba, A. Zachée","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.02.3553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.02.3553","url":null,"abstract":"Corn (Zea mays) is one of the most widely spread cereals in the world. However, in the Far North Region of Cameroon, the incidence of some maize diseases progress because of farming practices and climate change (rainfall). This work aims to evaluate effect and resistance stimulation of neem extract and Mancozeb fungicide on Brown Spot (PBS) and Stalk Rot (PSR) diseases of corn due to Physoderma maydis in field condition. The experimental design was a two-factor split-plot. The treatments were a combination of Control (T), Mancozeb (Mz) at the concentration of 6g/L and aqueous extract of neem seeds (AENS) at the concentration of 50g/L with CMS 9015 and CMS 8704 varieties. Incidence, severity, rainfall, Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUIPC, AUSiPC) were recorded. Phenol and protein rates, enzymatic activity of Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POX) and glucanase were carried out. Stalk length and yield were evaluated. Incidence and severity of Physoderma Brown Spot (PBS) and Physoderma Stalk Rot (PSR) increased with time and environmental conditions (rainfall). The highest disease incidence was observed in the control treatments with both diseases, 52.39 and 37.67 % respectively for Brown Spot and Stalk Rot in CMS8704 variety and lower with AENS, 13.5 and 36.01%. AENS reduced PBS incidence and severity by 23.1 and 19.9 %, respectively and Mz by 9.3 and 18.1 %. The AUIPC and AUSiPC of PBS and PSR remained lower with AENS treatment during the growing season and higher with the other treatments. The highest phenol and proteins rates (8.81 and 25.1 mg/g/FM) were recorded for the AENS treatment in CMS9015 and CMS8704 variety, respectively. Enzymatic activity was more enhanced in CMS8704 variety with AENS. 4.22 A470/min/g, 1.55 A470/min/g and 1.15 µmole/min /g were recorded respectively for PPO, POX, and Glucane activities. Stalk length was higher in AENS and Mancozeb treatments with variety CMS8704 (125.13 and 123 cm respectively). A yield increase of 7.44% was obtained in the AENS treatment. The combination or not of aqueous neem extract and CMS8704 could be used in the integrated control of PBS and PSR of maize","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73324008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-13DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3447
W. Darge, Samuel Sahile Woldemariam
The genus Botryosphaeria identified in 1863 as saprophytes of dead tissue of woody plants have been described as pathogens of economically important plantation trees in agriculture and native forests. The genus is a species-rich, worldwide distributed occurring on diverse host ranges. Species of the Botryosphaeria are reported as the pathogens of many plantation trees, including species of Acacia, Eucalyptus, and Pinus causing canker and rapid dieback diseases which often end up in death. Botryosphaeria fungal pathogens have cross pathogenicity on different host tree species which enables them important and focus area of research. The taxonomy of Botryosphaeria spp. have been under research, identification of these fungi has generally been based on morphological features of the anamorph that usually seen under the microscope. Characters that are used to classify genera in the Botryosphaeria have mostly relied on the macroscopic features of the ascospores and the conidial features. Currently, molecular techniques such as DNA sequencing involving amplification of ITS region are important for exact identification of the genera to species level. Recent molecular, phylogenetic and morphological findings showed that order Botryosphaeriales is diverse consisting nine families and 33 genera with 23 genera only in the family Botryosphaeriaceae. Botryosphaeria spp. are naturally endophytes associated with tree plants known to cause monocyclic or polycyclic diseases resulting in polyetic epidemics. The factor that makes plants more prone to Botryosphaeria fungal species is assumed to be stress or wounding associated with the host plants. Global climate change driven drought is an important factor that initiate stress resulting in nutrient deficiencies. Botryosphaeria fungal tree diseases can be best managed by ensuring plants are in optimal health through appropriate integration of cultural, silvicultural and fungicidal applications to effectively prevent and control the diseases.
{"title":"Botryosphaeria Tree Fungal Pathogens and Their Diversity","authors":"W. Darge, Samuel Sahile Woldemariam","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3447","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Botryosphaeria identified in 1863 as saprophytes of dead tissue of woody plants have been described as pathogens of economically important plantation trees in agriculture and native forests. The genus is a species-rich, worldwide distributed occurring on diverse host ranges. Species of the Botryosphaeria are reported as the pathogens of many plantation trees, including species of Acacia, Eucalyptus, and Pinus causing canker and rapid dieback diseases which often end up in death. Botryosphaeria fungal pathogens have cross pathogenicity on different host tree species which enables them important and focus area of research. The taxonomy of Botryosphaeria spp. have been under research, identification of these fungi has generally been based on morphological features of the anamorph that usually seen under the microscope. Characters that are used to classify genera in the Botryosphaeria have mostly relied on the macroscopic features of the ascospores and the conidial features. Currently, molecular techniques such as DNA sequencing involving amplification of ITS region are important for exact identification of the genera to species level. Recent molecular, phylogenetic and morphological findings showed that order Botryosphaeriales is diverse consisting nine families and 33 genera with 23 genera only in the family Botryosphaeriaceae. Botryosphaeria spp. are naturally endophytes associated with tree plants known to cause monocyclic or polycyclic diseases resulting in polyetic epidemics. The factor that makes plants more prone to Botryosphaeria fungal species is assumed to be stress or wounding associated with the host plants. Global climate change driven drought is an important factor that initiate stress resulting in nutrient deficiencies. Botryosphaeria fungal tree diseases can be best managed by ensuring plants are in optimal health through appropriate integration of cultural, silvicultural and fungicidal applications to effectively prevent and control the diseases.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81637402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-13DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3487
A. Afzal, S. Ali, M. Ijaz, M. Saeed
The yield potential of wheat crop is not achieved abundantly because of disease pressure. One of the most destructive of such diseases is stem rust (SR). SR caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), had been controlled successfully during three decades throughout the world with deployment of semi-dwarf resistant cultivars in the last half of previous century. During 1999 appearance and dispersion of stem rust race Ug-99 in Uganda (a virulent race against Sr31) created an alarming situation worldwide. Widespread germplasm was protected by gene Sr31 found susceptible to this terrible strain as the gene was protecting 80% wheat lines cultivated throughout planet. The emergence of the Ug99 race of stem rust in Africa and the Middle East together with the appearance of new strains in Europe catalyzed a main effort to recognize sources of stem rust resistance genes against new virulent strains and incorporate these genes into wheat lines. Scientific community addressed the dilemma in time and efforts did not go waste. Worldwide concern regarding the danger to global wheat production caused by Ug99 led to breeding wheat for durable resistance against disease and achieved considerably. This success is attributed to team work of experts and serves as an example for research workers in future. However, the continued emergence of stem rust variants that overcome new resistance genes, demands an amplified emphasis on pathogen evolution and virulence mechanisms. A major role for BGRI is to keep ‘the eye on the ball’ with regard to all these aspects. This article enables us to design strategy to tackle a situation which appears without alarm but in this case intellectuals coordinated each other and solution became possible. The same principle does not apply in plant pathology but in Human pathology and Veterinary pathology.
由于病害压力，小麦作物的产量潜力没有得到充分发挥。其中最具破坏性的病害是茎锈病(SR)。小麦锈病是由小麦锈病(Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, Pgt)引起的，近30年来，随着半矮抗品种的推广，小麦锈病在世界范围内得到了成功的控制。1999年，茎锈病种Ug-99在乌干达的出现和扩散(一种对抗Sr31的毒种)在世界范围内造成了令人担忧的局面。广泛分布的种质资源受到Sr31基因的保护，该基因对这种可怕的菌株敏感，因为该基因保护了全球80%的小麦品系。在非洲和中东出现的Ug99种茎锈病以及在欧洲出现的新菌株，促使人们努力识别抗茎锈病新毒株的基因来源，并将这些基因纳入小麦品系。科学界及时解决了这一难题，努力没有白费。全世界都关注Ug99对全球小麦生产造成的危险，从而培育出具有持久抗病能力的小麦，并取得了相当大的成就。这一成功归功于专家们的团队合作，并为未来的研究工作者提供了榜样。然而，克服新抗性基因的茎锈病变异体的不断出现，需要对病原体进化和毒力机制的进一步重视。BGRI的一个主要角色是在所有这些方面保持“关注球”。本文使我们能够设计策略来应对一种看似毫无预警的情况，但在这种情况下，知识分子相互协调，解决问题成为可能。同样的原则并不适用于植物病理学，但适用于人类病理学和兽医病理学。
{"title":"Combating Ug99 - Current Scenario","authors":"A. Afzal, S. Ali, M. Ijaz, M. Saeed","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3487","url":null,"abstract":"The yield potential of wheat crop is not achieved abundantly because of disease pressure. One of the most destructive of such diseases is stem rust (SR). SR caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), had been controlled successfully during three decades throughout the world with deployment of semi-dwarf resistant cultivars in the last half of previous century. During 1999 appearance and dispersion of stem rust race Ug-99 in Uganda (a virulent race against Sr31) created an alarming situation worldwide. Widespread germplasm was protected by gene Sr31 found susceptible to this terrible strain as the gene was protecting 80% wheat lines cultivated throughout planet. The emergence of the Ug99 race of stem rust in Africa and the Middle East together with the appearance of new strains in Europe catalyzed a main effort to recognize sources of stem rust resistance genes against new virulent strains and incorporate these genes into wheat lines. Scientific community addressed the dilemma in time and efforts did not go waste. Worldwide concern regarding the danger to global wheat production caused by Ug99 led to breeding wheat for durable resistance against disease and achieved considerably. This success is attributed to team work of experts and serves as an example for research workers in future. However, the continued emergence of stem rust variants that overcome new resistance genes, demands an amplified emphasis on pathogen evolution and virulence mechanisms. A major role for BGRI is to keep ‘the eye on the ball’ with regard to all these aspects. This article enables us to design strategy to tackle a situation which appears without alarm but in this case intellectuals coordinated each other and solution became possible. The same principle does not apply in plant pathology but in Human pathology and Veterinary pathology.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77832244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-13DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3502
E. Wagih, M. Zalat, M. Kawanna
Two isolates of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), CMV-wild tobacco (from Alexandria governorate) and CMV-cucumber (from Kafr El-Sheikh governorate) were investigated in this study. Cytological studies on epidermal strips of Nicotiana glutinosa leaves separately infected with each isolate revealed the presence of viral crystalline inclusion bodies within the infected cells. Electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of CMV infected N. glutinosa leaves showed significant alterations in the shape and internal structure of chloroplasts. The cell wall had serrated edges in infected cells but was more severe in cells infected with CMV-wild tobacco isolate compared to those infected with CMV-cucumber isolate. CMV-cucumber isolate was partially purified from systemically infected leaves of N. glutinosa. The ratio A260/ 280 was 1.0 and the concentration of the virus in the preparation was estimated using an extinction coefficient of E260nm0.1%, 1cm = 5. Yield of purified virus was about 2.8 mg/100 g fresh weight of infected N. glutinosa leaves. Electron microscopy of the purified preparation of CMV showed the presence of numerous spherical particles with a mean particle diameter of 28 nm. Amplified real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) product of coat protein gene of each isolate was purified and sequenced. Sequences of both isolates had been submitted to GenBank Database and ware assigned accession number (LT669766) for CMV-cucumber isolate and (LT706517) for CMV-wild tobacco isolate. The sequences were edited using Chromas Pro. Version 1.34 software and compared with previously subgrouping of 27 isolates of the virus retrieved from the GenBank database. Both CMV-wild tobacco and CMV-cucumber isolates were closely related to the isolate with the accession number AJ585086 with a similarity of 97.07% and 98.54%, respectively, suggesting that the two isolates belong to subgroup II. According to the available literature, this is the first report in Egypt where CMV isolates belonging to subgroup II have been obtained
{"title":"Cytological, Histological and Molecular Characterization of Two Isolates of Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) in Egypt","authors":"E. Wagih, M. Zalat, M. Kawanna","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3502","url":null,"abstract":"Two isolates of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), CMV-wild tobacco (from Alexandria governorate) and CMV-cucumber (from Kafr El-Sheikh governorate) were investigated in this study. Cytological studies on epidermal strips of Nicotiana glutinosa leaves separately infected with each isolate revealed the presence of viral crystalline inclusion bodies within the infected cells. Electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of CMV infected N. glutinosa leaves showed significant alterations in the shape and internal structure of chloroplasts. The cell wall had serrated edges in infected cells but was more severe in cells infected with CMV-wild tobacco isolate compared to those infected with CMV-cucumber isolate. CMV-cucumber isolate was partially purified from systemically infected leaves of N. glutinosa. The ratio A260/ 280 was 1.0 and the concentration of the virus in the preparation was estimated using an extinction coefficient of E260nm0.1%, 1cm = 5. Yield of purified virus was about 2.8 mg/100 g fresh weight of infected N. glutinosa leaves. Electron microscopy of the purified preparation of CMV showed the presence of numerous spherical particles with a mean particle diameter of 28 nm. Amplified real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) product of coat protein gene of each isolate was purified and sequenced. Sequences of both isolates had been submitted to GenBank Database and ware assigned accession number (LT669766) for CMV-cucumber isolate and (LT706517) for CMV-wild tobacco isolate. The sequences were edited using Chromas Pro. Version 1.34 software and compared with previously subgrouping of 27 isolates of the virus retrieved from the GenBank database. Both CMV-wild tobacco and CMV-cucumber isolates were closely related to the isolate with the accession number AJ585086 with a similarity of 97.07% and 98.54%, respectively, suggesting that the two isolates belong to subgroup II. According to the available literature, this is the first report in Egypt where CMV isolates belonging to subgroup II have been obtained","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78780082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-13DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3415
M. Iqbal, S. Naz, S. Khan, Shumaila Farooq, G. Mohy-ud-din, M. Idrees, S. Mehboob, H. Riaz
Culture and nutrition conditions of Myrothecium roridum Tode were optimized by conducting a series of interlined experiments on a growth medium, temperature, pH, and photoperiod. In contrast, relation of culture age with virulence was measured by fungal development on young leaves of bitter gourd. The physiological response was measured on colony radial growth and spore production. Among the six test growth media, i.e., nutrient agar (NA), potato dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek-Dox agar (CDA), glucose agar (GA), malt extract agar (MEA), and bitter gourd agar (BGA), the highest radial growth (77 mm) and the highest number of spores (239 × 106 spores/ml) were observed on PDA. Incubation temperature was evaluated between a range of 15-40 °C, and the highest colony growth (87 mm) was observed at 30 °C, whereas the highest spore production (315 × 106 spores/ml) was at 35 °C. Different pH levels, i.e., 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, and 7.5, were optimized, and the highest colony growth (87 mm) and spore production (504 × 106 spores/ml) was recorded at pH 5.0. Impact of photoperiod was studied, and the highest mycelial growth (88 mm) and maximum spore production (524 × 106 spores/ml) was observed at 16/8 h alternate light and dark period. It was concluded that the optimum conditions for mycelia growth and spore production was pH 5.0-6.0 and at 30 ± 2 °C in PDA with 16/8 h alternate light and dark photoperiod.
{"title":"Optimization of Culture Conditions for Mycelial Growth and Sporulation of Myrothecium roridum","authors":"M. Iqbal, S. Naz, S. Khan, Shumaila Farooq, G. Mohy-ud-din, M. Idrees, S. Mehboob, H. Riaz","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3415","url":null,"abstract":"Culture and nutrition conditions of Myrothecium roridum Tode were optimized by conducting a series of interlined experiments on a growth medium, temperature, pH, and photoperiod. In contrast, relation of culture age with virulence was measured by fungal development on young leaves of bitter gourd. The physiological response was measured on colony radial growth and spore production. Among the six test growth media, i.e., nutrient agar (NA), potato dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek-Dox agar (CDA), glucose agar (GA), malt extract agar (MEA), and bitter gourd agar (BGA), the highest radial growth (77 mm) and the highest number of spores (239 × 106 spores/ml) were observed on PDA. Incubation temperature was evaluated between a range of 15-40 °C, and the highest colony growth (87 mm) was observed at 30 °C, whereas the highest spore production (315 × 106 spores/ml) was at 35 °C. Different pH levels, i.e., 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, and 7.5, were optimized, and the highest colony growth (87 mm) and spore production (504 × 106 spores/ml) was recorded at pH 5.0. Impact of photoperiod was studied, and the highest mycelial growth (88 mm) and maximum spore production (524 × 106 spores/ml) was observed at 16/8 h alternate light and dark period. It was concluded that the optimum conditions for mycelia growth and spore production was pH 5.0-6.0 and at 30 ± 2 °C in PDA with 16/8 h alternate light and dark photoperiod.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82221426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-13DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3506
Iqra Khan, A. Javaid, S. F. Naqvi
Penicillium expansum Link causes an economically important postharvest blue mold disease in a number of fruits and vegetables. In the present study, this fungus was isolated from rotted grapes and identified on morphological basis. Identification of the pathogen was further confirmed on molecular basis by using four different primer pairs namely ITS, β-tubulin, CMD and CF under accession numbers MN752155, MN787831, MN787832 and MN787833, respectively. Leaf extract of Chenopodium murale was assessed for its potential to control in vitro growth of P. expansum. For this purpose, leaves were extracted in methanol and after evaporation of the solvent, the resulting extract was successively partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol followed by antifungal bioassays with different concentrations (1.562 to 200 mg mL-1) each organic solvent fraction. Although all the fractions variably controlled the fungal pathogen, however, n-butanol fraction showed the highest antifungal activity causing 45–86% reduction in biomass of the pathogen. Ethyl acetate fraction was also highly antifungal and reduced fungal biomass by 44–81%. Chloroform and n-hexane fractions were comparatively less effective and reduced biomass of P. expansum by 30–72% and 11–44%, respectively. This study concludes that ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions are highly antifungal in nature against P. expansum.
{"title":"Molecular Characterization of Penicillium expansum Isolated from Grapes and its Management by Leaf Extract of Chenopodium murale","authors":"Iqra Khan, A. Javaid, S. F. Naqvi","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3506","url":null,"abstract":"Penicillium expansum Link causes an economically important postharvest blue mold disease in a number of fruits and vegetables. In the present study, this fungus was isolated from rotted grapes and identified on morphological basis. Identification of the pathogen was further confirmed on molecular basis by using four different primer pairs namely ITS, β-tubulin, CMD and CF under accession numbers MN752155, MN787831, MN787832 and MN787833, respectively. Leaf extract of Chenopodium murale was assessed for its potential to control in vitro growth of P. expansum. For this purpose, leaves were extracted in methanol and after evaporation of the solvent, the resulting extract was successively partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol followed by antifungal bioassays with different concentrations (1.562 to 200 mg mL-1) each organic solvent fraction. Although all the fractions variably controlled the fungal pathogen, however, n-butanol fraction showed the highest antifungal activity causing 45–86% reduction in biomass of the pathogen. Ethyl acetate fraction was also highly antifungal and reduced fungal biomass by 44–81%. Chloroform and n-hexane fractions were comparatively less effective and reduced biomass of P. expansum by 30–72% and 11–44%, respectively. This study concludes that ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions are highly antifungal in nature against P. expansum.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78906460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-13DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3516
Sabir I. Khoso, Jamal-u-ddin Hajano, Ali A. Lakho, M. Abro, K. H. Dhiloo, K. Wagan, F. N. Khoso, A. R. Jarwar, S. Qazi, S. Rizwan
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) can contract okra yellow vein mosaic disease (OYVMD) caused by Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus (genus: Begomovirus and family: Geminiviridae), vectored by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). This study was carried out to screen okra varieties for resistance to OYVMD and to determine the correlation of vector population with the severity of the disease. Six varieties namely, Tulsi, Durgah, Sabz Pari, Sarahariya, Ramaan Kirshna and Pooja were grown under field conditions at localities of Shahpur, Tando Adam and Peer Kathi during rabi (winter cropping) and kharif (summer cropping) seasons during 2016 and 2017, respectively. The first incidence percent of the disease was recorded in the 8th week during rabi and the 6th week during kharif growing season. The Tulsi variety remained disease-free during both growing seasons. A significantly lower disease incidence % was recorded in Sabz Pari (29.32%) and Sarahariya (30.09%) varieties than Durgah, Ramaan Kirshna and Pooja during the rabi growing season. Both varieties were disease-free during the kharif season. There was remarkable variation in disease severity recorded in okra varieties at different trials during rabi and kharif seasons using a 0-6 rating scale (i.e., 0 = The disease-free plants, 1 = 1-10 % vein clearing, 2 = 11-25 % vein yellowing of small leaves , 3 = 26-50 % yellow network on some leaves, 4 = 51-60 % yellow network on all leaves, 5 = 60-70 % complete leaves turn yellow or cream color and 6 = 70 % plant stunted, deformed and small fruit and whole plants becomes colorless). Whitefly appeared in the 5th week during the rabi and 4th week during the kharif growing seasons. Vector population during the rabi growing season was significantly higher than in the kharif season. There was a nonsignificant relationship between disease severity and whitefly population in Ramaan Kirshna, Sarahariya, and Sabz Pari varieties. The disease severity in the Pooja variety showed a significant relationship with vector population, but only in the Tando Adam trial (R2= 0.7455, P= 0.0084), whereas the Durgah variety showed a significant relationship between disease severity and vector population in Shahpur (R2= 0.6615, P= 0.0267) and Tando Adam trials (R2= 0.8235, P= 0.0018). The same variety showed a nonsignificant relationship between disease severity and vector population in the Peer Kathi trial. It is concluded that Sabz Pari and Tulsi varieties are resistant to the disease
{"title":"Screening of Okra Varieties for Resistance to Okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Disease under Field Conditions","authors":"Sabir I. Khoso, Jamal-u-ddin Hajano, Ali A. Lakho, M. Abro, K. H. Dhiloo, K. Wagan, F. N. Khoso, A. R. Jarwar, S. Qazi, S. Rizwan","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3516","url":null,"abstract":"Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) can contract okra yellow vein mosaic disease (OYVMD) caused by Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus (genus: Begomovirus and family: Geminiviridae), vectored by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). This study was carried out to screen okra varieties for resistance to OYVMD and to determine the correlation of vector population with the severity of the disease. Six varieties namely, Tulsi, Durgah, Sabz Pari, Sarahariya, Ramaan Kirshna and Pooja were grown under field conditions at localities of Shahpur, Tando Adam and Peer Kathi during rabi (winter cropping) and kharif (summer cropping) seasons during 2016 and 2017, respectively. The first incidence percent of the disease was recorded in the 8th week during rabi and the 6th week during kharif growing season. The Tulsi variety remained disease-free during both growing seasons. A significantly lower disease incidence % was recorded in Sabz Pari (29.32%) and Sarahariya (30.09%) varieties than Durgah, Ramaan Kirshna and Pooja during the rabi growing season. Both varieties were disease-free during the kharif season. There was remarkable variation in disease severity recorded in okra varieties at different trials during rabi and kharif seasons using a 0-6 rating scale (i.e., 0 = The disease-free plants, 1 = 1-10 % vein clearing, 2 = 11-25 % vein yellowing of small leaves , 3 = 26-50 % yellow network on some leaves, 4 = 51-60 % yellow network on all leaves, 5 = 60-70 % complete leaves turn yellow or cream color and 6 = 70 % plant stunted, deformed and small fruit and whole plants becomes colorless). Whitefly appeared in the 5th week during the rabi and 4th week during the kharif growing seasons. Vector population during the rabi growing season was significantly higher than in the kharif season. There was a nonsignificant relationship between disease severity and whitefly population in Ramaan Kirshna, Sarahariya, and Sabz Pari varieties. The disease severity in the Pooja variety showed a significant relationship with vector population, but only in the Tando Adam trial (R2= 0.7455, P= 0.0084), whereas the Durgah variety showed a significant relationship between disease severity and vector population in Shahpur (R2= 0.6615, P= 0.0267) and Tando Adam trials (R2= 0.8235, P= 0.0018). The same variety showed a nonsignificant relationship between disease severity and vector population in the Peer Kathi trial. It is concluded that Sabz Pari and Tulsi varieties are resistant to the disease","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81741781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-13DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3505
J. Dooh, Djilé Bouba, Djongnang Gabriel, Tchoupou T. D. Brice, Yamagui Rita, Ntatsinda C. Durel, Heu Alain, A. Zachée
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most widely grown cereals in the world. However, in Cameroon, particularly in the Far North Region, yields remain low because of diseases increasing due to farming practices and climate change. This work aimed to characterize Brown Spot and Stalk Rot of corn and evaluate the susceptibility of two maize varieties to Physoderma maydis in field conditions. Two maize varieties, CMS9015, and CMS8704 were evaluated in a randomized block design. Disease symptoms were observed and described using identification keys. Microscopic characteristics of pathogens were performed using a microscope. Incidence, severity, and areas under disease curve progress (AUIPC and AUSiPC) were calculated. Brown spot occurred 3 or 4 weeks after sowing (WAS) at the growing stage in CMS8704 variety first, and stalk rot 7 WAS. Brown spot appeared in leaves and is characterized by oval yellowish spots in the leaf blade and brownish spots in the midrid. Stalk rot infects stem nodes and is characterized by brownish spots, leading to the broken stem. The incidence of brown spot increased with time and environmental conditions (rainfall). The highest incidence of Physoderma Brown Spot was recorded with CMS8704 variety 53.06 % against 51.72 % with CMS9015. Severity was respectively 54.40 % and 47.12 % with CMS8704 and CMS9015. The incidence and severity of stalk rot were almost identical in both varieties. AUIPC of PBS and PSR was higher in CMS9015 than in CMS 8704, 63 DAS. PBS and PSR infect maize production, and both varieties are susceptible to P. maydis.
{"title":"Brown Spot and Stalk Rot Diseases of Maize (Zea Mays) and Susceptibility of Two Varieties to Physoderma Maydis in Far North Cameroon","authors":"J. Dooh, Djilé Bouba, Djongnang Gabriel, Tchoupou T. D. Brice, Yamagui Rita, Ntatsinda C. Durel, Heu Alain, A. Zachée","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.010.01.3505","url":null,"abstract":"Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most widely grown cereals in the world. However, in Cameroon, particularly in the Far North Region, yields remain low because of diseases increasing due to farming practices and climate change. This work aimed to characterize Brown Spot and Stalk Rot of corn and evaluate the susceptibility of two maize varieties to Physoderma maydis in field conditions. Two maize varieties, CMS9015, and CMS8704 were evaluated in a randomized block design. Disease symptoms were observed and described using identification keys. Microscopic characteristics of pathogens were performed using a microscope. Incidence, severity, and areas under disease curve progress (AUIPC and AUSiPC) were calculated. Brown spot occurred 3 or 4 weeks after sowing (WAS) at the growing stage in CMS8704 variety first, and stalk rot 7 WAS. Brown spot appeared in leaves and is characterized by oval yellowish spots in the leaf blade and brownish spots in the midrid. Stalk rot infects stem nodes and is characterized by brownish spots, leading to the broken stem. The incidence of brown spot increased with time and environmental conditions (rainfall). The highest incidence of Physoderma Brown Spot was recorded with CMS8704 variety 53.06 % against 51.72 % with CMS9015. Severity was respectively 54.40 % and 47.12 % with CMS8704 and CMS9015. The incidence and severity of stalk rot were almost identical in both varieties. AUIPC of PBS and PSR was higher in CMS9015 than in CMS 8704, 63 DAS. PBS and PSR infect maize production, and both varieties are susceptible to P. maydis.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77915282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.009.03.3432
N. Patrice, Heu Alain, M. Bertrand, K. T. Norbert, K. N. A. Nourou, Tchoupou T. D. Brice, Amani G. Honorine, Jeutsa A. Dolaris, Djilé Bouba, A. Zachée
In August 2020, a disease with symptoms identical to red rust caused by Cephaleuros virescens was found in orchards of mangoes besides orchards of Anacardium surveyed in Maroua and Garoua (Cameroon). The objective of this research was to study this disease with characterizing its causal organism using morphological methods. Mango leaves exhibiting clear symptoms of red rust with pathogen somatic and reproductive structures were used for morphological characterization and identification of the causal pathogen. Leaves were collected based on the symptoms, size and number of lesions associated. The survey results indicate that orange coloured, small circular lesions were found on the upper leaf surfaces and coalescing in midrib were observed. Circular lesions on the leaves were of varied diameter from 1 to 5 mm with an average of 1.6 (coefficient of variation 34%). Among symptomatic leaves showing lesions, 60% were exhibiting lesions smaller than 2 mm in diameter. The length and width of sporangiophores and sporangia were 237.62 - 4645.85 × 15.5 μm and 20.6 - 41.32 × 20.6 μm, respectively. Based on the symptoms observed and microscopic morphological studies, the recovered pathogen was identified as Cephaleuros virescens. This is the first report of algal leaf disease on M. indica in Cameroon.
{"title":"First Report of Red Rust Disease caused by Cephaleuros virescens on Mango (Mangifera indica) Tree in Cameroon","authors":"N. Patrice, Heu Alain, M. Bertrand, K. T. Norbert, K. N. A. Nourou, Tchoupou T. D. Brice, Amani G. Honorine, Jeutsa A. Dolaris, Djilé Bouba, A. Zachée","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.009.03.3432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.009.03.3432","url":null,"abstract":"In August 2020, a disease with symptoms identical to red rust caused by Cephaleuros virescens was found in orchards of mangoes besides orchards of Anacardium surveyed in Maroua and Garoua (Cameroon). The objective of this research was to study this disease with characterizing its causal organism using morphological methods. Mango leaves exhibiting clear symptoms of red rust with pathogen somatic and reproductive structures were used for morphological characterization and identification of the causal pathogen. Leaves were collected based on the symptoms, size and number of lesions associated. The survey results indicate that orange coloured, small circular lesions were found on the upper leaf surfaces and coalescing in midrib were observed. Circular lesions on the leaves were of varied diameter from 1 to 5 mm with an average of 1.6 (coefficient of variation 34%). Among symptomatic leaves showing lesions, 60% were exhibiting lesions smaller than 2 mm in diameter. The length and width of sporangiophores and sporangia were 237.62 - 4645.85 × 15.5 μm and 20.6 - 41.32 × 20.6 μm, respectively. Based on the symptoms observed and microscopic morphological studies, the recovered pathogen was identified as Cephaleuros virescens. This is the first report of algal leaf disease on M. indica in Cameroon.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77868116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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