Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4241
Muhammad Muhammad, A. Hussain, Sartaj Ali, W. Akram, Ishrat Roomi, F. Faiz, Iqbal Hussain
Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is the most common, high-income generative fruit and consequently plays an important part in the region's socio-economic growth. However, apricots are susceptible to several diseases and pests that cause lower yields and significant financial losses, including apricot shot hole disease brought on by Wilsonomyces carpophilus, a polyphagous fungus, creates a serious threat to stone fruits, particularly the apricot tree. The current study used descriptive statistics and geostatistical approaches to evaluate the geographical distribution of the apricot shot hole disease (5 valleys, 30 orchards, and 480 apricot trees) in district Nagar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. From each apricot tree, 150 apricot fruits, a total of 72,000, were randomly selected to assess the incidence, disease index, and severity. Results revealed that the disease is spatially distributed within the study area, varying within valleys and orchards. The range of disease prevalence was 50.0-67.70%, incidence 56.97-64.01%, index 32.49-40.56% and mean severity 0.21-0.24%. Geostatistical techniques were used to predict the spatial dependency class. Results revealed that disease prevalence had a nugget/sill ratio of 0.915, inferring weak spatial dependence, whereas incidence, disease index, and severity inferred moderate spatial dependence with nugget/sill ratios of 0.479, 0.628, and 0.393, respectively. Moreover, the spherical semivariogram model, trend analysis graph, and GIS maps indicate the region's spatial distribution of apricot shot hole disease. This information linked to metrological data (temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity) seemingly favored the apricot shot hole disease development during the growing period. Evaluation of geostatistical mapping strategies in monitoring spatial distributions of apricot shot hole disease in a field setting will improve the decision support for disease management, selection of resistant variety, and improve sanitation condition of apricot orchards. Continuous climate and pest monitoring are essential for creating an efficient disease warning system for farmers and other organizations involved in agriculture to prevent future plant epidemics.
{"title":"Geostatistical Analysis of Apricot Shot Hole Disease and Influence Factors in District Nagar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Muhammad, A. Hussain, Sartaj Ali, W. Akram, Ishrat Roomi, F. Faiz, Iqbal Hussain","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4241","url":null,"abstract":"Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is the most common, high-income generative fruit and consequently plays an important part in the region's socio-economic growth. However, apricots are susceptible to several diseases and pests that cause lower yields and significant financial losses, including apricot shot hole disease brought on by Wilsonomyces carpophilus, a polyphagous fungus, creates a serious threat to stone fruits, particularly the apricot tree. The current study used descriptive statistics and geostatistical approaches to evaluate the geographical distribution of the apricot shot hole disease (5 valleys, 30 orchards, and 480 apricot trees) in district Nagar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. From each apricot tree, 150 apricot fruits, a total of 72,000, were randomly selected to assess the incidence, disease index, and severity. Results revealed that the disease is spatially distributed within the study area, varying within valleys and orchards. The range of disease prevalence was 50.0-67.70%, incidence 56.97-64.01%, index 32.49-40.56% and mean severity 0.21-0.24%. Geostatistical techniques were used to predict the spatial dependency class. Results revealed that disease prevalence had a nugget/sill ratio of 0.915, inferring weak spatial dependence, whereas incidence, disease index, and severity inferred moderate spatial dependence with nugget/sill ratios of 0.479, 0.628, and 0.393, respectively. Moreover, the spherical semivariogram model, trend analysis graph, and GIS maps indicate the region's spatial distribution of apricot shot hole disease. This information linked to metrological data (temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity) seemingly favored the apricot shot hole disease development during the growing period. Evaluation of geostatistical mapping strategies in monitoring spatial distributions of apricot shot hole disease in a field setting will improve the decision support for disease management, selection of resistant variety, and improve sanitation condition of apricot orchards. Continuous climate and pest monitoring are essential for creating an efficient disease warning system for farmers and other organizations involved in agriculture to prevent future plant epidemics.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81422667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4329
H. Mahfouze, Sneha Yogindran, S. Mahfouze, M. Rajam
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a specialized group of small RNAs (sRNAs) that regulate gene expression in plants at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Numerous families of miRNA target genes are involved in regulating plant immunity. In this study, we studied the role of miRNAs in the defensive response against a fungal pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, which causes wilt disease in tomatoes. Furthermore, the expression patterns of two novel miRNAs and their targets were validated by qRT-PCR. Moreover, two new miRNAs (miR30 and miR33) were further sequenced by Applied Biosystems, using gene-specific primers. The results showed that four miRNAs, two novel (miR30 and miR33), and two known miRNAs (miR46 and miR49) and their target genes were differentially expressed during the infection with the pathogen. On the other hand, two targets (P4) and (β-1,3-glucanase) showed an inverse correlation in expression with their corresponding (miR46), and (miR33, and miR49), respectively. Our results showed that tomato cv. Pusa Early Dwarf is moderately susceptible to the fungus because its resistance is not well-expressed enough to be attributed to miRNAs. Sequences analysis showed that miR30 and miR33 are highly conserved and are found in different plant species. We predicted the secondary structures of miR30 and miR33 by minimum free energy (MFE). The total free energy of miRNA30 and miR33 was -1.2 and -0.4 kcal/mol respectively, predicted by the Vienna RNA package program V.1.7. The result of this study could improve our comprehension of the role that miRNAs play in tomato resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. In addition, it will provide novel gene sources to develop resistant breeds.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)是一类特殊的小rna (sRNAs)，在植物的转录和转录后水平上调节基因表达。许多miRNA靶基因家族参与调控植物免疫。在这项研究中，我们研究了mirna在抵抗真菌病原体番茄枯萎病(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici)防御反应中的作用。此外，通过qRT-PCR验证了两个新mirna及其靶点的表达模式。此外，应用生物系统公司使用基因特异性引物对两个新的mirna (miR30和miR33)进行了进一步测序。结果表明，4种mirna、2种新mirna (miR30和miR33)和2种已知mirna (miR46和miR49)及其靶基因在病原菌感染过程中存在差异表达。另一方面，两个靶标(P4)和(β-1,3-葡聚糖酶)的表达分别与其对应的(miR46)、(miR33、miR49)呈负相关。结果表明，番茄cv。Pusa Early Dwarf对这种真菌有中度易感性，因为它的抗性表达不够好，不能归因于miRNAs。序列分析表明，miR30和miR33具有高度保守性，存在于不同的植物物种中。我们用最小自由能(MFE)预测了miR30和miR33的二级结构。miRNA30和miR33的总自由能分别为-1.2和-0.4 kcal/mol，由维也纳RNA包程序V.1.7预测。本研究结果有助于进一步了解mirna在番茄抗尖孢菌中的作用。此外，它将为培育耐药品种提供新的基因来源。
{"title":"Identification and Validation of Mirnas and their Targets that Regulate the Resistance Genes against Fusarium Wilt in Tomato","authors":"H. Mahfouze, Sneha Yogindran, S. Mahfouze, M. Rajam","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4329","url":null,"abstract":"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a specialized group of small RNAs (sRNAs) that regulate gene expression in plants at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Numerous families of miRNA target genes are involved in regulating plant immunity. In this study, we studied the role of miRNAs in the defensive response against a fungal pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, which causes wilt disease in tomatoes. Furthermore, the expression patterns of two novel miRNAs and their targets were validated by qRT-PCR. Moreover, two new miRNAs (miR30 and miR33) were further sequenced by Applied Biosystems, using gene-specific primers. The results showed that four miRNAs, two novel (miR30 and miR33), and two known miRNAs (miR46 and miR49) and their target genes were differentially expressed during the infection with the pathogen. On the other hand, two targets (P4) and (β-1,3-glucanase) showed an inverse correlation in expression with their corresponding (miR46), and (miR33, and miR49), respectively. Our results showed that tomato cv. Pusa Early Dwarf is moderately susceptible to the fungus because its resistance is not well-expressed enough to be attributed to miRNAs. Sequences analysis showed that miR30 and miR33 are highly conserved and are found in different plant species. We predicted the secondary structures of miR30 and miR33 by minimum free energy (MFE). The total free energy of miRNA30 and miR33 was -1.2 and -0.4 kcal/mol respectively, predicted by the Vienna RNA package program V.1.7. The result of this study could improve our comprehension of the role that miRNAs play in tomato resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. In addition, it will provide novel gene sources to develop resistant breeds.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74316256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4352
Muhammad Iqbal, N. Javed, Muhammad Shahid, Safdar Ali, Muhammad Arshad
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sowing times and genetic resistance of 10 commercially important rice varieties on the percent disease severity (PDS) of narrow brown leaf spot (NBLS) caused by Cercospora oryzae. Two sowing time treatments (mid-May and mid-June) each year were evaluated for this 2-year study. Rice varieties were drill seeded and arranged in randomized complete block designed plots with four replications for each variety. The effects of environmental factors (high and low temperature, relative humidity and precipitation) on the NBLS severity of the rice varieties at both sowing times were also evaluated. Disease data was analyzed using computer software GenStat 10th edition. Results: By changing cultivation timing of rice varieties, B-Chenab, KSK-434, PK-386, B-Kissan, and KSK-133 from mid-May to mid-June, their resistance levels were also changed from a higher to a lower. Weather conditions during the mid-June cultivation of 2019 induced a higher level of disease severity than did the mid-May weather conditions of 2018. The variation in temperatures affected the percent disease severity more as compared to relative humidity and precipitation. High temperature of 31-33˚C and low temperature of 18-21˚C were found to be most effective in enhancing the NBLS development. Minimum NBLS severity 4.75% and 8.25% was noted on variety B-515 in mid-May and mid-June sowings respectively. Thus, its rating changed from resistant to mildly susceptible by changing sowing timing. Rice variety PK-1121 depicted maximum NBLS severity 60.25 % in mid-May sowings, rated as very highly susceptible, while severity increased to 79.25% in mid-June sowings, and rated as completely susceptible. It is concluded that the severity of NBLS was affected by genetic resistance level of rice varieties, sowing times and weather conditions thus consideration of these factors is the key to the integrated management of the NBLS in rice.
{"title":"Effect of Sowing Times and Rice Varietal Resistance on the Severity of Narrow Brown Leaf Spot Disease in Relation to Environmental Conditions","authors":"Muhammad Iqbal, N. Javed, Muhammad Shahid, Safdar Ali, Muhammad Arshad","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4352","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sowing times and genetic resistance of 10 commercially important rice varieties on the percent disease severity (PDS) of narrow brown leaf spot (NBLS) caused by Cercospora oryzae. Two sowing time treatments (mid-May and mid-June) each year were evaluated for this 2-year study. Rice varieties were drill seeded and arranged in randomized complete block designed plots with four replications for each variety. The effects of environmental factors (high and low temperature, relative humidity and precipitation) on the NBLS severity of the rice varieties at both sowing times were also evaluated. Disease data was analyzed using computer software GenStat 10th edition. Results: By changing cultivation timing of rice varieties, B-Chenab, KSK-434, PK-386, B-Kissan, and KSK-133 from mid-May to mid-June, their resistance levels were also changed from a higher to a lower. Weather conditions during the mid-June cultivation of 2019 induced a higher level of disease severity than did the mid-May weather conditions of 2018. The variation in temperatures affected the percent disease severity more as compared to relative humidity and precipitation. High temperature of 31-33˚C and low temperature of 18-21˚C were found to be most effective in enhancing the NBLS development. Minimum NBLS severity 4.75% and 8.25% was noted on variety B-515 in mid-May and mid-June sowings respectively. Thus, its rating changed from resistant to mildly susceptible by changing sowing timing. Rice variety PK-1121 depicted maximum NBLS severity 60.25 % in mid-May sowings, rated as very highly susceptible, while severity increased to 79.25% in mid-June sowings, and rated as completely susceptible. It is concluded that the severity of NBLS was affected by genetic resistance level of rice varieties, sowing times and weather conditions thus consideration of these factors is the key to the integrated management of the NBLS in rice.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82956849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4309
S. Iqbal, M. Ashfaq, A. Malik, Muhammad Inam -ul-Haq, K. Khan
Trichoderma, a major fungal genus attaining importance due to its diverse application in biological control programs and is considered a substitute for chemical pesticides. This research was conducted to characterize various Trichoderma species isolated from rhizospheric soil samples morphologically followed by its confirmation using molecular tools. A systematic survey of Trichoderma populations associated with soils of different vegetable hosts would enable a clear picture of the distribution of species in the region. Samples were collected from the rhizospheres of a variety of vegetable hosts and obtained numerous Trichoderma isolates (T. harzianum, T. viride, T. hamatum, T. longibrachiatum, T. asperellum, T. koningii and T. longipile). Morphological characteristics revealed that T. harzianum resembles T. viride but is more pigmented with confined rings than T. viride and other associated species. T. viride sporulation was more rapid than other species, producing a soft mat on PDA media. T. viride produces a sweet smell of coconut; T. asperellum produces a misty odour while T. longibrachiatum produces a yellow pigmentation in the media. Fifty out of 200 morphologically identified species were genetically characterized using universal primers (ITS-1 and ITS-4). ITS-based sequencing resulted in a product of 650 bp in all the isolates. The sequencing of these isolates showed five different species. As per rDNA, the species identified are: T. harzianum, T. hamatum, T. longibrachiatum, T. asperellum and T. viride with 98-100% sequence similarities to other related Trichoderma isolates reported from China, India, Mexico, USA, Portugal, Germany, Spain and Brazil. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted using maximum parsimony (MP) that supports the resemblance of the present study Trichoderma species with species reported from other countries. It is concluded that Trichoderma strains with biocontrol activity are genetically different compared to the pathogenic ones. The findings of this study help in providing an opportunity to test these isolates against different plant pathogens and ultimately leads to the development of bio-pesticides that could be eco-friendly and cost-effective with no chance of resistance development
{"title":"Morpho-Molecular Characterization of Trichoderma Isolates from Rhizospheric Soils of Vegetables in Pakistan","authors":"S. Iqbal, M. Ashfaq, A. Malik, Muhammad Inam -ul-Haq, K. Khan","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4309","url":null,"abstract":"Trichoderma, a major fungal genus attaining importance due to its diverse application in biological control programs and is considered a substitute for chemical pesticides. This research was conducted to characterize various Trichoderma species isolated from rhizospheric soil samples morphologically followed by its confirmation using molecular tools. A systematic survey of Trichoderma populations associated with soils of different vegetable hosts would enable a clear picture of the distribution of species in the region. Samples were collected from the rhizospheres of a variety of vegetable hosts and obtained numerous Trichoderma isolates (T. harzianum, T. viride, T. hamatum, T. longibrachiatum, T. asperellum, T. koningii and T. longipile). Morphological characteristics revealed that T. harzianum resembles T. viride but is more pigmented with confined rings than T. viride and other associated species. T. viride sporulation was more rapid than other species, producing a soft mat on PDA media. T. viride produces a sweet smell of coconut; T. asperellum produces a misty odour while T. longibrachiatum produces a yellow pigmentation in the media. Fifty out of 200 morphologically identified species were genetically characterized using universal primers (ITS-1 and ITS-4). ITS-based sequencing resulted in a product of 650 bp in all the isolates. The sequencing of these isolates showed five different species. As per rDNA, the species identified are: T. harzianum, T. hamatum, T. longibrachiatum, T. asperellum and T. viride with 98-100% sequence similarities to other related Trichoderma isolates reported from China, India, Mexico, USA, Portugal, Germany, Spain and Brazil. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted using maximum parsimony (MP) that supports the resemblance of the present study Trichoderma species with species reported from other countries. It is concluded that Trichoderma strains with biocontrol activity are genetically different compared to the pathogenic ones. The findings of this study help in providing an opportunity to test these isolates against different plant pathogens and ultimately leads to the development of bio-pesticides that could be eco-friendly and cost-effective with no chance of resistance development","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79252096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.33687/10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4259
A. Hussain, A. Raza, A. Ameen, H. A. Rehman, Hafiz Khawar, Jazaib A. Irfan, Wajih Maqsood, Saqib Wains, N. Khan, M. S. Nawaz, Aqsa Qurban
Plants have the ability to show responses against various environmental stresses. It is one of the necessities to understand stress response mechanisms to improve crops productivity and quality, under the stressed condition. The AP2/ERF transcription factors are one of the putative candidates that are involved in the regulation of biotic and abiotic stress. Most of the research has been conducted on functional analysis of AP2/ERF genes in many plants; however, a comprehensive review is required to show a broad picture of functionally characterized AP2/ERF in different plants. In this study, a comprehensive review is carried on genome-wide studies of AP2/ERF gene family and their evolutionary divergence in plant species including mustard (Arabidopsis, brassica), cereal (rice, wheat, maize, sorghum), and fiber (upland cotton and island cotton). Review exhibited that AP2/ERF superfamily is classified into four sub-families e.g. AP2, DREB, ERF, RAV and solicit, in which the ERF was the largest sub-family of AP2/ERF superfamily. Each subfamily was further divided into multiple groups and sub-groups. Furthermore, each plant species showed different number of paralogs showing correspondence to the plant genome size .e.g. higher genome possess higher gene copy number. The change in copy number may be due to either tandem gene duplication or whole genome duplication during evolutionary adaptation that developed special feature in plant species under environmental stresses. Moreover, current study also surveyed on the expression of AP/ERF genes with the conclusion that expression of AP2/ERF produced tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses. However further studies are required to improve crops resistance by studying the same variables and gene families in different plants.
{"title":"Research Progress of AP2/ERF Transcription Factor Family in Important Crops","authors":"A. Hussain, A. Raza, A. Ameen, H. A. Rehman, Hafiz Khawar, Jazaib A. Irfan, Wajih Maqsood, Saqib Wains, N. Khan, M. S. Nawaz, Aqsa Qurban","doi":"10.33687/10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4259","url":null,"abstract":"Plants have the ability to show responses against various environmental stresses. It is one of the necessities to understand stress response mechanisms to improve crops productivity and quality, under the stressed condition. The AP2/ERF transcription factors are one of the putative candidates that are involved in the regulation of biotic and abiotic stress. Most of the research has been conducted on functional analysis of AP2/ERF genes in many plants; however, a comprehensive review is required to show a broad picture of functionally characterized AP2/ERF in different plants. In this study, a comprehensive review is carried on genome-wide studies of AP2/ERF gene family and their evolutionary divergence in plant species including mustard (Arabidopsis, brassica), cereal (rice, wheat, maize, sorghum), and fiber (upland cotton and island cotton). Review exhibited that AP2/ERF superfamily is classified into four sub-families e.g. AP2, DREB, ERF, RAV and solicit, in which the ERF was the largest sub-family of AP2/ERF superfamily. Each subfamily was further divided into multiple groups and sub-groups. Furthermore, each plant species showed different number of paralogs showing correspondence to the plant genome size .e.g. higher genome possess higher gene copy number. The change in copy number may be due to either tandem gene duplication or whole genome duplication during evolutionary adaptation that developed special feature in plant species under environmental stresses. Moreover, current study also surveyed on the expression of AP/ERF genes with the conclusion that expression of AP2/ERF produced tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses. However further studies are required to improve crops resistance by studying the same variables and gene families in different plants.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83114229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4260
A. W. Channa, H. Bux, G. H. Jatoi, M. A. Sial, S. M. A. Shah, Isabel M. G. Figari, Naimatullah Koondhar
Leaf rust is amongst major biotic constraints of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) having ability to cause substantial yield reductions worldwide. A continuous exploration for novel sources of resistance is pre-requisite for its management. Objectives of study were to conduct resistance evaluation of 112 Pakistani landraces and 48 advanced lines/ cultivars at seedling stage with total 10 virulent pathotypes of leaf rust, 3 from Pakistan and 7 from U.S.A and to detect closely linked markers for Lr10, 16, 34 and 67 genes through marker-assisted selection (MAS). Findings revealed most of Pakistani landraces showed lack of resistance at seedling stage. Only 7 accessions of landraces and 11 advanced lines were found highly resistant against all pathotypes of Pakistan. Similarly, 10 advanced lines exhibited high resistance while variability in resistance was recorded for landraces against all pathotypes tested from USA. Marker-assisted selection revealed Lr genes i.e. Lr10, Lr16, Lr34 and Lr67 were present at various frequencies. Highest frequency was observed for Lr34 followed by Lr16 Lr67 while lowest was recorded for Lr10. These genetic resources and lines identified effective against Pakistan and USA pathotypes are potential sources for improvement of leaf rust (LR) resistance and can be utilized as valuable material for breeding resistant wheat cultivars.
{"title":"Evaluation of Seedling Resistance and Marker Assisted Selection for Leaf Rust (Puccinia triticina) Resistance in Pakistani Wheat Landraces, Cultivars and Advanced Lines","authors":"A. W. Channa, H. Bux, G. H. Jatoi, M. A. Sial, S. M. A. Shah, Isabel M. G. Figari, Naimatullah Koondhar","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4260","url":null,"abstract":"Leaf rust is amongst major biotic constraints of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) having ability to cause substantial yield reductions worldwide. A continuous exploration for novel sources of resistance is pre-requisite for its management. Objectives of study were to conduct resistance evaluation of 112 Pakistani landraces and 48 advanced lines/ cultivars at seedling stage with total 10 virulent pathotypes of leaf rust, 3 from Pakistan and 7 from U.S.A and to detect closely linked markers for Lr10, 16, 34 and 67 genes through marker-assisted selection (MAS). Findings revealed most of Pakistani landraces showed lack of resistance at seedling stage. Only 7 accessions of landraces and 11 advanced lines were found highly resistant against all pathotypes of Pakistan. Similarly, 10 advanced lines exhibited high resistance while variability in resistance was recorded for landraces against all pathotypes tested from USA. Marker-assisted selection revealed Lr genes i.e. Lr10, Lr16, Lr34 and Lr67 were present at various frequencies. Highest frequency was observed for Lr34 followed by Lr16 Lr67 while lowest was recorded for Lr10. These genetic resources and lines identified effective against Pakistan and USA pathotypes are potential sources for improvement of leaf rust (LR) resistance and can be utilized as valuable material for breeding resistant wheat cultivars.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90442392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4314
U. Fayaz, S. Banday, A. Bhat, Nisar A. Khan, Efath Shahnaz
Grape an important fruit crop, has been found to face a serious threat due to anthracnose disease. The disease on leaves appeared as small irregular dark brown lesions, which later developed greyish centre with dark brown margins that eventually dried and dropped resulting in peculiar shot hole appearance. On twigs (vines) the disease initially appeared as light brown circular lesion which on elongation became elliptical and developed sunken ashy grey centre. Coalescing of numerous such lesions culminated in canker formation. Berry symptoms were initiated as circular reddish brown lesions, which later coalesced, resulting in shrivelling and mummification of berries. The pathogen was isolated on potato dextrose agar medium and its pathogenicity was proved. The fungus produced circular, cottony colony with light green centre and creamish margins which later turned olive green with radial furrows. Acervuli and conidia were formed 10 days after incubation at 25±2 oC. Conidia (6.21 × 3.87μm) were oblong and hyaline to brownish in colour. Based on its colony characters, morphological characters and by comparing with authentic descriptions as well as through pathogenicity the pathogen causing anthracnose disease of grapes was identified as Gloeosporium ampelophagum (Pass.)Sacc. The fungus showed highest mycelial sporulation of 0.81×106/ml on oat meal agar with a pH 6.5 at 25-30 oC. Among the bio-agents screened, Trichoderma harzianum exhibited maximum inhibition in mycelial growth of 62.53 per cent that can be effectively used for the management of the disease.
{"title":"Morphological Characterization and Biological Management of Gloeosporium ampelophagum (Pass.) Sacc Causing Anthracnose of Grapes in India","authors":"U. Fayaz, S. Banday, A. Bhat, Nisar A. Khan, Efath Shahnaz","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4314","url":null,"abstract":"Grape an important fruit crop, has been found to face a serious threat due to anthracnose disease. The disease on leaves appeared as small irregular dark brown lesions, which later developed greyish centre with dark brown margins that eventually dried and dropped resulting in peculiar shot hole appearance. On twigs (vines) the disease initially appeared as light brown circular lesion which on elongation became elliptical and developed sunken ashy grey centre. Coalescing of numerous such lesions culminated in canker formation. Berry symptoms were initiated as circular reddish brown lesions, which later coalesced, resulting in shrivelling and mummification of berries. The pathogen was isolated on potato dextrose agar medium and its pathogenicity was proved. The fungus produced circular, cottony colony with light green centre and creamish margins which later turned olive green with radial furrows. Acervuli and conidia were formed 10 days after incubation at 25±2 oC. Conidia (6.21 × 3.87μm) were oblong and hyaline to brownish in colour. Based on its colony characters, morphological characters and by comparing with authentic descriptions as well as through pathogenicity the pathogen causing anthracnose disease of grapes was identified as Gloeosporium ampelophagum (Pass.)Sacc. The fungus showed highest mycelial sporulation of 0.81×106/ml on oat meal agar with a pH 6.5 at 25-30 oC. Among the bio-agents screened, Trichoderma harzianum exhibited maximum inhibition in mycelial growth of 62.53 per cent that can be effectively used for the management of the disease.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81716689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4278
Serge P. Seri, D. L. M. Kouadio, A. F. Kabran, Phillipe Gnonhouri, K. B. Attioua, L. Turquin
Nematodes are among the most economically damaging parasites of bananas (Musa AAA) and plantains (Musa AAB). The restriction on the use of nematicides has encouraged the development of alternative strategies. This work aimed to study the effects of plantain and banana lixiviate on Pratylenchus coffeae and Radopholus similis in vitro essay. P. coffeae and R. similis were exposed to four concentrations (5%, 15%, 25% and 35%) of each lixiviate for 48 hrs. These effects were compared with a water control and Fluopyram at 10%. Then they were transferred to water for 24 hours to assess the viability of the immobile nematodes. The percentages of immobility and mortality of the nematodes were determined. A phytochemical screening of plantain and banana lixiviate to identify their composition in secondary metabolites was also performed. Lixiviate presented nematostatic activity at 15%. Also, lixiviate showed nematicide activity at 25% and 35%. The percentage of mortality was higher in Pratylenchus coffeae than in Radopholus similis (40% against 30% for plantain lixiviate and 39% against 29% for banana lixiviate). The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of secondary metabolites in proportions which vary few in the two compounds. In this study, we showed that plantain and banana lixiviate can be encouraging for developing methods for the biological control of banana parasitic nematodes.
{"title":"Phytochemical Screening and Nematicidal Activity of Lixiviate from Plantain and Banana Rachis","authors":"Serge P. Seri, D. L. M. Kouadio, A. F. Kabran, Phillipe Gnonhouri, K. B. Attioua, L. Turquin","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4278","url":null,"abstract":"Nematodes are among the most economically damaging parasites of bananas (Musa AAA) and plantains (Musa AAB). The restriction on the use of nematicides has encouraged the development of alternative strategies. This work aimed to study the effects of plantain and banana lixiviate on Pratylenchus coffeae and Radopholus similis in vitro essay. P. coffeae and R. similis were exposed to four concentrations (5%, 15%, 25% and 35%) of each lixiviate for 48 hrs. These effects were compared with a water control and Fluopyram at 10%. Then they were transferred to water for 24 hours to assess the viability of the immobile nematodes. The percentages of immobility and mortality of the nematodes were determined. A phytochemical screening of plantain and banana lixiviate to identify their composition in secondary metabolites was also performed. Lixiviate presented nematostatic activity at 15%. Also, lixiviate showed nematicide activity at 25% and 35%. The percentage of mortality was higher in Pratylenchus coffeae than in Radopholus similis (40% against 30% for plantain lixiviate and 39% against 29% for banana lixiviate). The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of secondary metabolites in proportions which vary few in the two compounds. In this study, we showed that plantain and banana lixiviate can be encouraging for developing methods for the biological control of banana parasitic nematodes.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86339661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4258
Sehrish Saba, T. Mukhtar, M. Inam-ul-Haq, S. Malik
The per acre yield of chili in Pakistan is quite low as compared to large producers of this vegetable in the world and can be attributed to an assortment of factors both biotic as well as abiotic. Among biotic factors, chili is susceptible to damping off caused by Pythium spp. and causes lots of damage in Pakistan. There is scantly information on the incidence and severity of Pythium associated with chili. Therefore, the current studies were carried out to determine the incidence and severity of Pythium in the Pothwar region of Pakistan. An overall incidence of 14.08% of Pythium damping off was recorded on chili in Pothwar. Attock showed the maximum incidence of 19.86% followed by Rawalpindi and Chakwal districts having 16.22% and 10.22% disease incidences respectively. Jhelum had the minimum disease incidence of 10.05%. Disease severity was the maximum in district Attock (11.03%) followed by Rawalpindi (9.11%), and was the minimum in Chakwal (5.42%) followed by Jhelum (5.67%). The finding of these studies will be helpful for the farmers in designing control strategies for this pathogen accordingly.
{"title":"Occurrence of Damping Off of Chili caused by Pythium spp. in the Pothwar Region of Pakistan","authors":"Sehrish Saba, T. Mukhtar, M. Inam-ul-Haq, S. Malik","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4258","url":null,"abstract":"The per acre yield of chili in Pakistan is quite low as compared to large producers of this vegetable in the world and can be attributed to an assortment of factors both biotic as well as abiotic. Among biotic factors, chili is susceptible to damping off caused by Pythium spp. and causes lots of damage in Pakistan. There is scantly information on the incidence and severity of Pythium associated with chili. Therefore, the current studies were carried out to determine the incidence and severity of Pythium in the Pothwar region of Pakistan. An overall incidence of 14.08% of Pythium damping off was recorded on chili in Pothwar. Attock showed the maximum incidence of 19.86% followed by Rawalpindi and Chakwal districts having 16.22% and 10.22% disease incidences respectively. Jhelum had the minimum disease incidence of 10.05%. Disease severity was the maximum in district Attock (11.03%) followed by Rawalpindi (9.11%), and was the minimum in Chakwal (5.42%) followed by Jhelum (5.67%). The finding of these studies will be helpful for the farmers in designing control strategies for this pathogen accordingly.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89617738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4034
K. Kacem, H. Chikh-Rouhou
Powdery mildew is a devastating disease of melon worldwide. Safe guarding the melon production requires to tackle this disease, either by chemical control or by developing resistant cultivars with the latter being the most sustainable, inexpensive and environmentally friendly approach. The use of genetic resistance is a safe alternative to overcome the hazardous chemical contaminants. Thus, in the present study 56 melon landraces were evaluated for their response to powdery mildew and for a set of agro-morphological and quality traits. The results showed that 4 landraces were highly resistant to powdery mildew, with low symptoms and disease incidence not exceeding 10%, and 11 landraces were moderately resistant. The agro-morphological assessment of the selected resistant landraces showed that the fruit weight ranged between 433 and 1300 g with a total soluble solids ranging between 7.93 and 13.57 °Brix. This local germplasm is of great potential and the highly resistant landraces should be exploited as potential sources of resistance to powdery mildew in future breeding programs.
{"title":"Preliminary Selection and Phenotypic Characterization of Melon Landraces Exhibiting Resistance to Powdery Mildew","authors":"K. Kacem, H. Chikh-Rouhou","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4034","url":null,"abstract":"Powdery mildew is a devastating disease of melon worldwide. Safe guarding the melon production requires to tackle this disease, either by chemical control or by developing resistant cultivars with the latter being the most sustainable, inexpensive and environmentally friendly approach. The use of genetic resistance is a safe alternative to overcome the hazardous chemical contaminants. Thus, in the present study 56 melon landraces were evaluated for their response to powdery mildew and for a set of agro-morphological and quality traits. The results showed that 4 landraces were highly resistant to powdery mildew, with low symptoms and disease incidence not exceeding 10%, and 11 landraces were moderately resistant. The agro-morphological assessment of the selected resistant landraces showed that the fruit weight ranged between 433 and 1300 g with a total soluble solids ranging between 7.93 and 13.57 °Brix. This local germplasm is of great potential and the highly resistant landraces should be exploited as potential sources of resistance to powdery mildew in future breeding programs.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89170979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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