Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4271
Anjum Faraz, I. Haq, S. Ijaz, S. T. Sahi, Imran H. Khan
Sclerotinia trifoliorum, the fungal plant pathogen first reported in 2021 from Pakistan on Trifolium alexandrinum L. (Egyptian clover; an annual winter fodder crop), causing Stem and crown rot disease. About 46% to 55% incidence of this disease was recorded on E. clover cultivated in the irrigated tract of the country in 2018-19. This disease is subjecting significant crop losses and drastically reducing growth. An integrated disease management approach employing biological and chemical control was adopted to manage this wide-spreading fungal pathogen. The fungal antagonists, including Trichoderma harzianum, T. longibrachiatum, and T. asperellum Moreover, fungicides, including Thiophanate Methyl, Tebuconazole, Tubeconazole+Emdachloprid, Chlorothalonil+cymoxanil, Azoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin+Metiram, and Mancozeb+Metalaxyl were tested under in vitro and field conditions. Among Trichoderma species, the best response was achieved by T. harzianum with 80.61% inhibition compared to control. Among concentrations of T. harzianum, the best response was achieved on 1/10 (1.24 cm) with 2.4 average No. of Sclerotia and 66% inhibition. Under filed condition experiments, the data regarding Disease severity in T. harzianum treated trays was 51.7% compared to untreated/control 73.5%. Besides disease control, the application of T. harzianum showed a significant increase in green and dry fodder weight (851 grams with 87 grams of dry weight) than untreated/control (561 grams with 55 grams of dry weight) in the fourth cut. For chemical evaluation, seven fungicides tested at three concentrations under in vitro trials among these Thiophanate methyl (0.5 cm) with 90.7% inhibition were found more effective. Thiophanate Methyl's application significantly reduced the disease severity compared to control plants with disease severity in fungicide-treated trays was 28.7% compared to untreated/control 73.5% and significant increase green and dry fodder weight (931 grams with 92 grams of dry weight) than untreated/control (561 grams with 55 grams of dry weight) in the fourth cut.
{"title":"Antimycotic Potential Assessment of Trichoderma Species and Fungicides for Sustainable Management of Sclerotinia trifoliorum causing Stem and Crown Rot of Trifolium alexandrinum L.","authors":"Anjum Faraz, I. Haq, S. Ijaz, S. T. Sahi, Imran H. Khan","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4271","url":null,"abstract":"Sclerotinia trifoliorum, the fungal plant pathogen first reported in 2021 from Pakistan on Trifolium alexandrinum L. (Egyptian clover; an annual winter fodder crop), causing Stem and crown rot disease. About 46% to 55% incidence of this disease was recorded on E. clover cultivated in the irrigated tract of the country in 2018-19. This disease is subjecting significant crop losses and drastically reducing growth. An integrated disease management approach employing biological and chemical control was adopted to manage this wide-spreading fungal pathogen. The fungal antagonists, including Trichoderma harzianum, T. longibrachiatum, and T. asperellum Moreover, fungicides, including Thiophanate Methyl, Tebuconazole, Tubeconazole+Emdachloprid, Chlorothalonil+cymoxanil, Azoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin+Metiram, and Mancozeb+Metalaxyl were tested under in vitro and field conditions. Among Trichoderma species, the best response was achieved by T. harzianum with 80.61% inhibition compared to control. Among concentrations of T. harzianum, the best response was achieved on 1/10 (1.24 cm) with 2.4 average No. of Sclerotia and 66% inhibition. Under filed condition experiments, the data regarding Disease severity in T. harzianum treated trays was 51.7% compared to untreated/control 73.5%. Besides disease control, the application of T. harzianum showed a significant increase in green and dry fodder weight (851 grams with 87 grams of dry weight) than untreated/control (561 grams with 55 grams of dry weight) in the fourth cut. For chemical evaluation, seven fungicides tested at three concentrations under in vitro trials among these Thiophanate methyl (0.5 cm) with 90.7% inhibition were found more effective. Thiophanate Methyl's application significantly reduced the disease severity compared to control plants with disease severity in fungicide-treated trays was 28.7% compared to untreated/control 73.5% and significant increase green and dry fodder weight (931 grams with 92 grams of dry weight) than untreated/control (561 grams with 55 grams of dry weight) in the fourth cut.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82805529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4274
M. Hussain, Amir Afzal, M. Zeeshan, Sairah Syed, T. Hussain, G. Nabi, B. Ahmad, M. Ijaz
Among foliar diseases Leaf spot, yellow mosaic virus (YMV) and Urd bean leaf crinkle virus (ULCV) are destructive diseases of mash bean (Vigna mungo) in Pakistan. Incorporation of resistance against biotic stress in plants is traditional strategy of crop improvement through breeding. Effective breeding for biotic stresses entails readily accessible resistant germplasm. 67 genotypes were evaluated for multi disease resistance was tested for two consecutive years (2019 and 2020) at Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal. Experiment was repeated with an idea to decrease the effect of environment and those material was selected which performed same in both years. Out of 67 genotypes 12 were resistant against leaf spot infection and 19 genotypes were found highly resistant against yellow mosaic virus during both years. In case of ULCV disease did not appear during 2020. However, 19 genotypes showed resistance against ULCV during first year of experiment. Two genotypes namely 3CM-703 and 4CM-720 exhibited resistance response to all foliar diseases under study. Three genotypes viz. 4CM-716, 4CM-720, 5CM-708 demonstrated resistance against YMV as well as leaf spot. 4CM716, 4CM720, 5CM708, 7CM701, 7CM702, 7CM704, 7CM705, 7CM706 expressed resistance against leaf spot and ULCV simultaneously. The data generated is useful for improvement of mash bean through breeding.
{"title":"Detection of Resistance against Leaf Spot, Yellow Mosaic and Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Viruses in Mash Bean (Vigna mungo)","authors":"M. Hussain, Amir Afzal, M. Zeeshan, Sairah Syed, T. Hussain, G. Nabi, B. Ahmad, M. Ijaz","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.02.4274","url":null,"abstract":"Among foliar diseases Leaf spot, yellow mosaic virus (YMV) and Urd bean leaf crinkle virus (ULCV) are destructive diseases of mash bean (Vigna mungo) in Pakistan. Incorporation of resistance against biotic stress in plants is traditional strategy of crop improvement through breeding. Effective breeding for biotic stresses entails readily accessible resistant germplasm. 67 genotypes were evaluated for multi disease resistance was tested for two consecutive years (2019 and 2020) at Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal. Experiment was repeated with an idea to decrease the effect of environment and those material was selected which performed same in both years. Out of 67 genotypes 12 were resistant against leaf spot infection and 19 genotypes were found highly resistant against yellow mosaic virus during both years. In case of ULCV disease did not appear during 2020. However, 19 genotypes showed resistance against ULCV during first year of experiment. Two genotypes namely 3CM-703 and 4CM-720 exhibited resistance response to all foliar diseases under study. Three genotypes viz. 4CM-716, 4CM-720, 5CM-708 demonstrated resistance against YMV as well as leaf spot. 4CM716, 4CM720, 5CM708, 7CM701, 7CM702, 7CM704, 7CM705, 7CM706 expressed resistance against leaf spot and ULCV simultaneously. The data generated is useful for improvement of mash bean through breeding.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"375 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72400914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.01.3555
Ahmad R. Alvi, S. Chohan, M. Abid, M. T. Malik, H. Riaz
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is widely considered an important fruit and a major crop in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Mango is susceptible to a variety of diseases throughout its life cycle, but diseases that strike during the flowering stage cause significant losses and have a direct impact on productivity. Flowering in mango is unreliable from season to season because environmental signals for flower initiation are frequently inconsistent. During the current research, we identify the most promising laboratory-grade synthetic chemical, chemical fungicide, or their feasible combination that promotes floral development, induces flowering, and combats inflorescence diseases, which reduce production. For this investigation, a field trial was conducted with multiple treatments. Compared to the control, the potassium nitrate treatment resulted in the highest flowering/flower emergence (8.67%), followed by calcium carbonate (7.33%) and potassium nitrate with the combination of Champion (6.66%) and Cabrio Top (5.32). Minimum flowering occurred on plants treated with fungicides alone, i.e., Contaf Plus (3.33%), compared to the control (1.33%). Contaf Plus was the most effective chemical against all inflorescence diseases in the field. The disease with the highest incidence was blossom blight at 42.90%, followed by apical necrosis at 39%, mango deformity at 17.70%, and powdery mildew at a low of 0.40%. The combined application of potassium nitrate and Copper hydroxide exhibited the best response in the field for inducing flowering and flower set on mango inflorescences, while potassium nitrate and calcium nitrate were the most effective for inducing flowers on mango trees when treated independently. Current research is extensive on the inducement of flowering and inhibition of flower disease through the application of chemicals alone or in combination.
{"title":"Flower Induction and Control of Inflorescence Diseases in Mangoes using selected Fungicides and Chemical Fertilizers","authors":"Ahmad R. Alvi, S. Chohan, M. Abid, M. T. Malik, H. Riaz","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.01.3555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.01.3555","url":null,"abstract":"Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is widely considered an important fruit and a major crop in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Mango is susceptible to a variety of diseases throughout its life cycle, but diseases that strike during the flowering stage cause significant losses and have a direct impact on productivity. Flowering in mango is unreliable from season to season because environmental signals for flower initiation are frequently inconsistent. During the current research, we identify the most promising laboratory-grade synthetic chemical, chemical fungicide, or their feasible combination that promotes floral development, induces flowering, and combats inflorescence diseases, which reduce production. For this investigation, a field trial was conducted with multiple treatments. Compared to the control, the potassium nitrate treatment resulted in the highest flowering/flower emergence (8.67%), followed by calcium carbonate (7.33%) and potassium nitrate with the combination of Champion (6.66%) and Cabrio Top (5.32). Minimum flowering occurred on plants treated with fungicides alone, i.e., Contaf Plus (3.33%), compared to the control (1.33%). Contaf Plus was the most effective chemical against all inflorescence diseases in the field. The disease with the highest incidence was blossom blight at 42.90%, followed by apical necrosis at 39%, mango deformity at 17.70%, and powdery mildew at a low of 0.40%. The combined application of potassium nitrate and Copper hydroxide exhibited the best response in the field for inducing flowering and flower set on mango inflorescences, while potassium nitrate and calcium nitrate were the most effective for inducing flowers on mango trees when treated independently. Current research is extensive on the inducement of flowering and inhibition of flower disease through the application of chemicals alone or in combination.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76596744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4079
Amir Afzal, A. Riaz, Sharmin Ashraf, Javed Iqbal, M. Ijaz, F. Naz, Syed K. N. Shah
Yellow (stripe) rust of wheat is responsible for a severe decrease in crop yield worldwide. Deployment of durable disease resistant cultivars is the best strategy being cost effective and safe. A comprehensive study was conducted to identify sources of durable resistance against stripe rust of wheat. Initially, surveillance of the crop was conducted to expose the status of the dilemma. The study discovered that disease is more prevalent in the region existing in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and the Northern Region of Punjab. Race identification of the pathogen under glasshouse conditions revealed high diversity and at least eleven races were designated. Prevalence of the race 70E0 was most dominating (39 %). Cultivation of multi-location trap nurseries yielded valuable information demonstrating disease-fighting genes where, at all locations, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, and YrSp were effective. Seventy-two advanced lines collected from research institutions were screened in a glasshouse to categorize the test material based on their response to disease at the seedling stage. Test material comprising seventy-two advanced lines collected from different research institutions was screened in a glasshouse to categorize the test material on the ground of their response against disease at the seedling stage. Slow and fast rusters were categorized by studying susceptible and moderately susceptible seedlings in the field for two years. Genetic diversity in the host allows changes in the genetic organization to adapt to environmental changes. Coefficient parentage revealed the test material's restricted genetic base. In the pedigree of wheat advanced lines, Pastor, Kauz, Inqilab-91, Sokoll, Ae. Aquarosa (211), WBLL-1, Kukuna, and Millan were 60% out of a total of 72 parents. Findings of the present studies revealed persistent resistant genotypes with a broad genetic background are needed to feed a growing population.
{"title":"Identification of Durable Resistance against Yellow Rust","authors":"Amir Afzal, A. Riaz, Sharmin Ashraf, Javed Iqbal, M. Ijaz, F. Naz, Syed K. N. Shah","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4079","url":null,"abstract":"Yellow (stripe) rust of wheat is responsible for a severe decrease in crop yield worldwide. Deployment of durable disease resistant cultivars is the best strategy being cost effective and safe. A comprehensive study was conducted to identify sources of durable resistance against stripe rust of wheat. Initially, surveillance of the crop was conducted to expose the status of the dilemma. The study discovered that disease is more prevalent in the region existing in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and the Northern Region of Punjab. Race identification of the pathogen under glasshouse conditions revealed high diversity and at least eleven races were designated. Prevalence of the race 70E0 was most dominating (39 %). Cultivation of multi-location trap nurseries yielded valuable information demonstrating disease-fighting genes where, at all locations, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, and YrSp were effective. Seventy-two advanced lines collected from research institutions were screened in a glasshouse to categorize the test material based on their response to disease at the seedling stage. Test material comprising seventy-two advanced lines collected from different research institutions was screened in a glasshouse to categorize the test material on the ground of their response against disease at the seedling stage. Slow and fast rusters were categorized by studying susceptible and moderately susceptible seedlings in the field for two years. Genetic diversity in the host allows changes in the genetic organization to adapt to environmental changes. Coefficient parentage revealed the test material's restricted genetic base. In the pedigree of wheat advanced lines, Pastor, Kauz, Inqilab-91, Sokoll, Ae. Aquarosa (211), WBLL-1, Kukuna, and Millan were 60% out of a total of 72 parents. Findings of the present studies revealed persistent resistant genotypes with a broad genetic background are needed to feed a growing population.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88807626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4092
W. Khan, N. Javed, M. Naveed, S. Khan, S. Ahmad
Present study was conducted to explore the nematicidal potential of different synthetic chemicals, biopesticides and antagonists against citrus decline. Effect of eleven chemicals, seven biopesticides and two antagonists on juvenile mortality was evaluated in vitro. Four concentrations (2S, S, S/2 and S/4) of each chemical were prepared on the basis of recommended dose for each chemical. Juvenile mortality of citrus nematodes was calculated after 24, 48 and 72 hour of exposure to chemicals. Rugby expressed maximum percentage of juvenile mortality at 2S, S, S/2 and S/4 concentration. Mortality percentage observed by Rugby, Furadan, Match and Cartap after 72 h at 2S concentration was (100, 100, 95.44, 88.23%) whereas at S/4 concentration mortality percentage was (76.32, 81.18, 62.15, 55.28%) respectively. Among biopesticides maximum percentage mortality observed by Proclaim and Cure after 72 hours at 2S concentration was (83.87, 80.44%) while at S/4 concentration it was (59.87, 57.38%) respectively. Cultural filtrates of two antagonist Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viridi were evaluated at S, S/2 and S/4 concentration under lab conditions. Maximum mortality (88.42%) was observed when both antagonists were applied in combined treatment at S concentration after 72 hours of exposure. Two best performing chemicals, one biopesticide and one antagonist were evaluated under greenhouse against T. semipenetrans on Citrus jambhiri Lush (rough lemon) and their effect on plant growth and nutrient uptake was measured. Nitrogen uptake was measured by following micro Kjeldahl method. For phosphorus and potassium uptake absorbance of samples at 720 nm was measured with the help of spectrophotometer. Phosphorus was calculated by comparing standard curve already prepared while potassium uptake was assessed by flame photometer method after digestion. All the treatments were found significantly effective against citrus nematode but maximum plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, root length, root weight, shoot weight, and number of feeder roots (90 cm, 2.4 cm, 102, 48.3 g, 12.1 g, 48.8 g and 70) as compared to control when Rugby, Furadan, Proclaim and T. harzianum were applied in combination. Similarly maximum uptake of Nitrogen (3.14) Phosphorous (2.44%) and Potassium (1.95%) was observed when all the treatments were applied in combination. The results of present study will be helpful in selecting the suitable chemicals for growers having problems of citrus nematodes in orchards.
{"title":"Evaluation of Integrated Management Approaches against Citrus Nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) in Pakistan","authors":"W. Khan, N. Javed, M. Naveed, S. Khan, S. Ahmad","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4092","url":null,"abstract":"Present study was conducted to explore the nematicidal potential of different synthetic chemicals, biopesticides and antagonists against citrus decline. Effect of eleven chemicals, seven biopesticides and two antagonists on juvenile mortality was evaluated in vitro. Four concentrations (2S, S, S/2 and S/4) of each chemical were prepared on the basis of recommended dose for each chemical. Juvenile mortality of citrus nematodes was calculated after 24, 48 and 72 hour of exposure to chemicals. Rugby expressed maximum percentage of juvenile mortality at 2S, S, S/2 and S/4 concentration. Mortality percentage observed by Rugby, Furadan, Match and Cartap after 72 h at 2S concentration was (100, 100, 95.44, 88.23%) whereas at S/4 concentration mortality percentage was (76.32, 81.18, 62.15, 55.28%) respectively. Among biopesticides maximum percentage mortality observed by Proclaim and Cure after 72 hours at 2S concentration was (83.87, 80.44%) while at S/4 concentration it was (59.87, 57.38%) respectively. Cultural filtrates of two antagonist Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viridi were evaluated at S, S/2 and S/4 concentration under lab conditions. Maximum mortality (88.42%) was observed when both antagonists were applied in combined treatment at S concentration after 72 hours of exposure. Two best performing chemicals, one biopesticide and one antagonist were evaluated under greenhouse against T. semipenetrans on Citrus jambhiri Lush (rough lemon) and their effect on plant growth and nutrient uptake was measured. Nitrogen uptake was measured by following micro Kjeldahl method. For phosphorus and potassium uptake absorbance of samples at 720 nm was measured with the help of spectrophotometer. Phosphorus was calculated by comparing standard curve already prepared while potassium uptake was assessed by flame photometer method after digestion. All the treatments were found significantly effective against citrus nematode but maximum plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, root length, root weight, shoot weight, and number of feeder roots (90 cm, 2.4 cm, 102, 48.3 g, 12.1 g, 48.8 g and 70) as compared to control when Rugby, Furadan, Proclaim and T. harzianum were applied in combination. Similarly maximum uptake of Nitrogen (3.14) Phosphorous (2.44%) and Potassium (1.95%) was observed when all the treatments were applied in combination. The results of present study will be helpful in selecting the suitable chemicals for growers having problems of citrus nematodes in orchards.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76790466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4044
N. P. Angèle, Soupi N. M. Solange, Gbaporo G. F. Christian, Mvondo N. Dorotée, A. Zachée
In soybean production, qualities of grains harvested are usually affected according to the development of diseases and control methods used in the field. This study aims to evaluate the impact of neem seeds extract (AENS) on soybean grains health after crops treatment in field conditions for the control against Asian rust. Experiment was conducted in Mimetala and Nkometou, located in the agroecological zone V of Cameroun. Three varieties of soybean (“Locale”, TGX 1835-10E and TGX1910-14E) were used in a completely randomized blocks design containing five treatments: T0 (control), T1, T2, T3 (25, 50, 100 g/L of extract respectively) and T4 (5.33 g/L of Plantineb 80wp). The disease was identified on the harvested grains; its incidence on those grains was evaluated and some biochemical parameters were assessed by extraction and determination of their contents. Many grains were attacked by Asian rust. The highest incidence was obtained in the seeds from untreated plots (35 %), compared to those from T1, T2, T3 (1.14; 1.07 and 0.95 % respectively). The different doses of AENS improved the content of all biochemical compounds tested in harvested grains compared with the T0 and T4 treatments. TGX1910-14E variety presented the highest content. In T3,grain contents in biochemical compounds were 415.17; 118.83; 118.33; 44.43; 36.53 and 10.83 mg/g of dry matter from total proteins, globulin, albumin, Glutelin, prolamin and glucide respectively. Meanwhile, in T4 treatments, grain contents were 403.49; 112.95; 112.78; 40.58; 33.90 and 9.91 mg/g of dry matter from the same compounds respectively. This study shows that the application of neem seeds extract on soybean crops for the control of Asian rust in field conditions at the maximum dose (e.g. 100 g/L) can improve the qualities of harvested grains. The neem extract as a natural substance should be used in integrated pest management of soybean and other crops.
{"title":"Qualities of Soybean Grains Harvested on Crops Treated with Neem Seeds Extract in Field Conditions against Asian Rust","authors":"N. P. Angèle, Soupi N. M. Solange, Gbaporo G. F. Christian, Mvondo N. Dorotée, A. Zachée","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4044","url":null,"abstract":"In soybean production, qualities of grains harvested are usually affected according to the development of diseases and control methods used in the field. This study aims to evaluate the impact of neem seeds extract (AENS) on soybean grains health after crops treatment in field conditions for the control against Asian rust. Experiment was conducted in Mimetala and Nkometou, located in the agroecological zone V of Cameroun. Three varieties of soybean (“Locale”, TGX 1835-10E and TGX1910-14E) were used in a completely randomized blocks design containing five treatments: T0 (control), T1, T2, T3 (25, 50, 100 g/L of extract respectively) and T4 (5.33 g/L of Plantineb 80wp). The disease was identified on the harvested grains; its incidence on those grains was evaluated and some biochemical parameters were assessed by extraction and determination of their contents. Many grains were attacked by Asian rust. The highest incidence was obtained in the seeds from untreated plots (35 %), compared to those from T1, T2, T3 (1.14; 1.07 and 0.95 % respectively). The different doses of AENS improved the content of all biochemical compounds tested in harvested grains compared with the T0 and T4 treatments. TGX1910-14E variety presented the highest content. In T3,grain contents in biochemical compounds were 415.17; 118.83; 118.33; 44.43; 36.53 and 10.83 mg/g of dry matter from total proteins, globulin, albumin, Glutelin, prolamin and glucide respectively. Meanwhile, in T4 treatments, grain contents were 403.49; 112.95; 112.78; 40.58; 33.90 and 9.91 mg/g of dry matter from the same compounds respectively. This study shows that the application of neem seeds extract on soybean crops for the control of Asian rust in field conditions at the maximum dose (e.g. 100 g/L) can improve the qualities of harvested grains. The neem extract as a natural substance should be used in integrated pest management of soybean and other crops.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79157630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4131
Basharat Mehmood, A. Azad, Nasir Rahim, Shameem Arif, M. R. Khan, Abid Hussain, Muhammad Tariq-Khan, Muhammad T. Younis, A. Bashir, Sohail Ahmed, J. R. Khan, Sahira Tariq, Muhammad Jamil
Phytophthora infestans causing late blight is one of the most devastating tomato and potato disease that caused considerable yield losses globally including Pakistan. Due to repeated and injudicious synthetic fungicides applications for the control of late blight of potato, the fungicide resistance in P. infestans led to persistence and surveillance late blight of potato. The study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of Garlic (Allium sativum), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Mint (Mentha) at 10%, 20% and 30% concentration as bio-fungicides against late blight of potato. In-vitro effect of plant extracts of A. sativum, A. indica, C. longa and Mentha were evaluated on percent inhibition and radial growth of pathogen. A. sativum and A. indica at 30% concentration was found more effective in minimizing the mycelial growth of P. infestans with inhibition of 58.4% and 43.9% respectively as compared to control. In the greenhouse trial, overall potato late blight disease incidence was minimum 5.81% where A. sativum extract was used followed by A. indica at 30% concentration resulted 8.45% incidence as compared to control 61.18%. Furthermore, the 30% aqueous extracts of A. sativum found highly effective against late blight disease with 15.4% severity, as compared to control with 54.13% disease coverage. Application of A. sativum and A. indica aqueous plant extracts with a concentration of 30% was found most promising and effective measure against late blight pathogen. Study provides environmentally benign mileage in organic vegetable production against hazardous synthetic agro-chemicals.
{"title":"Late Blight of Potato (Phytophthora Infestans) Management through Botanical Aqueous Extracts in Temperate Climatic Conditions","authors":"Basharat Mehmood, A. Azad, Nasir Rahim, Shameem Arif, M. R. Khan, Abid Hussain, Muhammad Tariq-Khan, Muhammad T. Younis, A. Bashir, Sohail Ahmed, J. R. Khan, Sahira Tariq, Muhammad Jamil","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4131","url":null,"abstract":"Phytophthora infestans causing late blight is one of the most devastating tomato and potato disease that caused considerable yield losses globally including Pakistan. Due to repeated and injudicious synthetic fungicides applications for the control of late blight of potato, the fungicide resistance in P. infestans led to persistence and surveillance late blight of potato. The study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of Garlic (Allium sativum), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Mint (Mentha) at 10%, 20% and 30% concentration as bio-fungicides against late blight of potato. In-vitro effect of plant extracts of A. sativum, A. indica, C. longa and Mentha were evaluated on percent inhibition and radial growth of pathogen. A. sativum and A. indica at 30% concentration was found more effective in minimizing the mycelial growth of P. infestans with inhibition of 58.4% and 43.9% respectively as compared to control. In the greenhouse trial, overall potato late blight disease incidence was minimum 5.81% where A. sativum extract was used followed by A. indica at 30% concentration resulted 8.45% incidence as compared to control 61.18%. Furthermore, the 30% aqueous extracts of A. sativum found highly effective against late blight disease with 15.4% severity, as compared to control with 54.13% disease coverage. Application of A. sativum and A. indica aqueous plant extracts with a concentration of 30% was found most promising and effective measure against late blight pathogen. Study provides environmentally benign mileage in organic vegetable production against hazardous synthetic agro-chemicals.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80588325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4181
G. H. Jatoi, M. Abro, S. M. Ahmed, L. Al-Ani, Umed Ali, M. A. Jatoi, Isabel M. G. Figari, Jahansher Qambrani, I. Ahmed, A. S. Soomro, N. K. Khaskheli
Botrytis cinerea is a plant fungal pathogen causing the grey mold disease of rose (Rosa indica L.). Finding new and alternative environment-friendly control strategies than hazardous chemicals on different crop diseases is a crucial and healthy step to cope with the current challenges of climate change. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different botanical extracts and biocontrol agents (biopesticides) along with different fungicides against B. cinerea under in-vitro conditions. Three different concentrations i.e., 100, 200, and 300 ppm of five fungicides namely Acrobate, Melody, Cabrio top, Antracol, and Copper oxychloride, botanical extracts of eight plants Dhatura, Ginger, Aak, Neem and Onion, at three different doses of 5, 10, and 15%, and eleven biocontrol fungal agents were used as antagonistic under in-vitro on rose plants, The survey of disease incidence% of grey mold on the rose crop in the region shows that the Hyderabad region has a maximum (60%) disease incidence as compared to Tandojam region (40%). Among fungicides, the Cabrio top significantly reduced linear colony growth (31 mm) of B. cinerea at 300 ppm concentration. Among botanicals, extract of neem plant exhibited significantly lowest colony growth (23.33 mm) followed by the ginger plant (25 mm) and dhatura plant (26 mm). The higher concentration of fungicides and higher doses (15%) of botanicals extracts appeared significantly efficient to control the pathogen B. cinerea. Among biopesticides, Fusarium solani appeared prominent in reducing colony growth (25.16 mm) of the pathogen but the difference was not significant 300 with most of the tested biocontrol agents. The recommendation in this study is the high ability of botanical extracts and biocontrol agents in reducing the growth of grey mold, potentially considering using them instead of synthetic fungicides and more safety for the ecosystem. Keywords: Trichoderma, Fusarium, dhatura, botanical, biological control, synthetic fungicides.
{"title":"Preliminary Selection and Evaluation of Fungicides and Natural Compounds to Control Grey Mold Disease of Rose Caused by Botrytis cinerea","authors":"G. H. Jatoi, M. Abro, S. M. Ahmed, L. Al-Ani, Umed Ali, M. A. Jatoi, Isabel M. G. Figari, Jahansher Qambrani, I. Ahmed, A. S. Soomro, N. K. Khaskheli","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4181","url":null,"abstract":"Botrytis cinerea is a plant fungal pathogen causing the grey mold disease of rose (Rosa indica L.). Finding new and alternative environment-friendly control strategies than hazardous chemicals on different crop diseases is a crucial and healthy step to cope with the current challenges of climate change. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different botanical extracts and biocontrol agents (biopesticides) along with different fungicides against B. cinerea under in-vitro conditions. Three different concentrations i.e., 100, 200, and 300 ppm of five fungicides namely Acrobate, Melody, Cabrio top, Antracol, and Copper oxychloride, botanical extracts of eight plants Dhatura, Ginger, Aak, Neem and Onion, at three different doses of 5, 10, and 15%, and eleven biocontrol fungal agents were used as antagonistic under in-vitro on rose plants, The survey of disease incidence% of grey mold on the rose crop in the region shows that the Hyderabad region has a maximum (60%) disease incidence as compared to Tandojam region (40%). Among fungicides, the Cabrio top significantly reduced linear colony growth (31 mm) of B. cinerea at 300 ppm concentration. Among botanicals, extract of neem plant exhibited significantly lowest colony growth (23.33 mm) followed by the ginger plant (25 mm) and dhatura plant (26 mm). The higher concentration of fungicides and higher doses (15%) of botanicals extracts appeared significantly efficient to control the pathogen B. cinerea. Among biopesticides, Fusarium solani appeared prominent in reducing colony growth (25.16 mm) of the pathogen but the difference was not significant 300 with most of the tested biocontrol agents. The recommendation in this study is the high ability of botanical extracts and biocontrol agents in reducing the growth of grey mold, potentially considering using them instead of synthetic fungicides and more safety for the ecosystem. Keywords: Trichoderma, Fusarium, dhatura, botanical, biological control, synthetic fungicides.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78996533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4148
S. Saeed, S. T. Sahi, M. Atiq, Muhammad Shahid, Muhammad Arshad
Chilli (capsicum annum L.) is an important edible spice crop grown in tropical areas of world due to its richness of nutrients like carotinoides, fibers, mineral components, oils, proteins and vitamins. A number of biotic and abiotic factors are challenging devastatingly the successful production of chilli. Among all of these factors, Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.capsici (Foc) is a potential risk of declining its yield every year. Among all management approaches, use of resistant varieties is the best option towards Foc. For this purpose in contemporary study twenty five varieties/advanced lines of chilli were evaluated against Fusarium wilt under natural field conditions in research area, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad for two years 2017-18 and 2018-19 under randomized complete block design (RCBD). Results exhibited that none of varieties/advanced line expressedimmune response against the disease. Only one variety (BPVLC 14-1) was resistant with 18.76% disease incidence. Uttal, fengaio, Glaxy-2, Big daddy, GHHP 01, PH-275, Super sky AB, HPO33 and Super king were found moderately resistant (MR) with 21-40% disease incidence. Four varieties/advanced lines Hot-701. Hot shot, Omega and Silkey Red showed moderately susceptible response (MS) with 41-50% and Four (Super hot, Patyala F1, Angel F1 and Green king) were susceptible (S) with 51-70% incidence of Fusarium wilt. Seven (Tejal, BSS-410, Big Red AB, SB 6864-HM, Glory F1, Revival and Amber F1) varieties / advanced lines exhibited highly susceptible (HS) response.
{"title":"Exploration of Resistance and Susceptibility in Chilli Varieties/Advanced Lines against Fusarium Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici (FOC)","authors":"S. Saeed, S. T. Sahi, M. Atiq, Muhammad Shahid, Muhammad Arshad","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4148","url":null,"abstract":"Chilli (capsicum annum L.) is an important edible spice crop grown in tropical areas of world due to its richness of nutrients like carotinoides, fibers, mineral components, oils, proteins and vitamins. A number of biotic and abiotic factors are challenging devastatingly the successful production of chilli. Among all of these factors, Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.capsici (Foc) is a potential risk of declining its yield every year. Among all management approaches, use of resistant varieties is the best option towards Foc. For this purpose in contemporary study twenty five varieties/advanced lines of chilli were evaluated against Fusarium wilt under natural field conditions in research area, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad for two years 2017-18 and 2018-19 under randomized complete block design (RCBD). Results exhibited that none of varieties/advanced line expressedimmune response against the disease. Only one variety (BPVLC 14-1) was resistant with 18.76% disease incidence. Uttal, fengaio, Glaxy-2, Big daddy, GHHP 01, PH-275, Super sky AB, HPO33 and Super king were found moderately resistant (MR) with 21-40% disease incidence. Four varieties/advanced lines Hot-701. Hot shot, Omega and Silkey Red showed moderately susceptible response (MS) with 41-50% and Four (Super hot, Patyala F1, Angel F1 and Green king) were susceptible (S) with 51-70% incidence of Fusarium wilt. Seven (Tejal, BSS-410, Big Red AB, SB 6864-HM, Glory F1, Revival and Amber F1) varieties / advanced lines exhibited highly susceptible (HS) response.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88931963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4130
S. Bibi, M. Inam-ul-Haq, A. Riaz, S. Malik
Bacterial canker disease caused by the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. syrinagae (Pss) has been spread widely in Pakistan, in Punjab and KPK provinces specially in strone fruits like apricot, Peach and Plum. During the 2014–2015 growing period, diseased samples were obtained from peach, plum and apricot trees showing bacterial canker symptoms in Punjab and KPK provinces and 48 Pseudomonas syringae isolates were obtained. The main aim of this research study was to find out host resistance in the cultivars of Apricot, Peach and Plum against bacterial canker caused by Pss in Peach, Plum and Apricot cultivars grown in Punjab and KPK province of Pakistan. In a pathogenicity test, three Pss isolates (PS3, PS9 and PS17) were found to be highly virulent in peach, plum and apricot and were tested for cultivar resistance to Pss. Leaves and shoots of five varieties of Peach Early grand, Florida king, 4 ½, 5 ½, 6 ½, Four varieties of Plum Red beauty, Fazal-e- manani, Stanley, Producer and Two varieties of Apricot Chinese apricot and golden amber were foliar sprayed with a mixed culture of Pss having concentration of 10-8 cfu ml−1 . Sprayed cultivars were covered with plastic bags for 3 days for retaining moisture and kept in glass house and were keenly observed for appearance of symptoms. 5 ½ of peach, Fazal-e-manani of plum and Chinese apricot of apricot were found resistant while 6 ½ of peach, Stanley of plum were found susceptible and Golden amber of apricot was found moderately susceptible to Pss. This is the first report of host resistance response of apricot, peach and plum cultivars grown in Pakistan to Pss.
{"title":"Identification of Host Resistance against Bacterial Canker Disease on Apricot, Plum and Peach Grown in Punjab and KPK","authors":"S. Bibi, M. Inam-ul-Haq, A. Riaz, S. Malik","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.01.4130","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial canker disease caused by the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. syrinagae (Pss) has been spread widely in Pakistan, in Punjab and KPK provinces specially in strone fruits like apricot, Peach and Plum. During the 2014–2015 growing period, diseased samples were obtained from peach, plum and apricot trees showing bacterial canker symptoms in Punjab and KPK provinces and 48 Pseudomonas syringae isolates were obtained. The main aim of this research study was to find out host resistance in the cultivars of Apricot, Peach and Plum against bacterial canker caused by Pss in Peach, Plum and Apricot cultivars grown in Punjab and KPK province of Pakistan. In a pathogenicity test, three Pss isolates (PS3, PS9 and PS17) were found to be highly virulent in peach, plum and apricot and were tested for cultivar resistance to Pss. Leaves and shoots of five varieties of Peach Early grand, Florida king, 4 ½, 5 ½, 6 ½, Four varieties of Plum Red beauty, Fazal-e- manani, Stanley, Producer and Two varieties of Apricot Chinese apricot and golden amber were foliar sprayed with a mixed culture of Pss having concentration of 10-8 cfu ml−1 . Sprayed cultivars were covered with plastic bags for 3 days for retaining moisture and kept in glass house and were keenly observed for appearance of symptoms. 5 ½ of peach, Fazal-e-manani of plum and Chinese apricot of apricot were found resistant while 6 ½ of peach, Stanley of plum were found susceptible and Golden amber of apricot was found moderately susceptible to Pss. This is the first report of host resistance response of apricot, peach and plum cultivars grown in Pakistan to Pss.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74774547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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