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Reason, Its Real Use, and the Status of Its Ideas and Principles: Response to Caimi, Gava, and Lewin 理性、理性的真正用途及其思想和原则的地位:对Caimi、Gava和Lewin的回应
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2022-0221
Marcus Willaschek
Abstract In this contribution, I respond to articles published in a Topical Issue of Open Philosophy on Kant’s Transcendental Dialectic by Mario Caimi, Gabriele Gava, and Michael Lewin, who criticize some of the views I put forward in my book Kant on the Sources of Metaphysics: The Dialectic of Pure Reason (Cambridge University Press, 2018). In particular, I discuss the “real use” of reason (in response to Caimi), the “regulative use” of principles and ideas of reason (in response to Gava), and Kant’s conception of reason (in response to Lewin).
在这篇文章中,我回应了马里奥·凯米、加布里埃尔·加瓦和迈克尔·卢因发表在《开放哲学主题问题》上的关于康德先验辩证法的文章,他们批评了我在《康德论形而上学的来源:纯粹理性的辩证法》(剑桥大学出版社,2018年)一书中提出的一些观点。特别是,我讨论了理性的“真实使用”(回应Caimi),理性原则和理念的“调节使用”(回应Gava),以及康德的理性概念(回应Lewin)。
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引用次数: 0
A Bite of the Forbidden Fruit: The Abject of Food and Affirmative Environmental Ethics 一口禁果:食物的唾弃与肯定的环境伦理
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2022-0200
Anne Sauka
Abstract This article explores the negative framing of environmental concern in the context of food procurement and consumption, through the lens of the myth of Eden considering the ontological and genealogical aspects of the experienced exile from nature. The article first considers the theoretical context of the negative framing of food ethics. Demonstrating the consequences of the experience of food as abject, the article then goes on to discuss the exile from Eden as an explanatory myth for the perceptual inbetweenness of humankind. The aim of the article is to outline the genealogical markers of the negative framing of food ethics via the discussion of the exile from Eden. In the context of a new materialist understanding of the nature–culture continuum, the article depicts the exile as a perceptual rather than ontological divide that does not reflect a factual human inbetweenness but mirrors the objectification of nature by stripping the flesh of its spirit. Such reenvisioning is thought to be a pivotal aspect for mitigating the affectual abjectivity of food and recapturing the factual entanglement of body–environment to enable affirmative environmental ethics.
摘要:本文通过伊甸园神话的视角,从本体论和宗谱的角度探讨了食物采购和消费背景下环境问题的负面框架。文章首先考虑了食品伦理的负面框架的理论背景。这篇文章展示了食物作为一种卑下的体验的后果,然后继续讨论了从伊甸园被放逐作为人类感性中间性的解释性神话。本文的目的是通过对伊甸园流放的讨论来概述食物伦理负面框架的宗谱标记。在对自然-文化连续体的新唯物主义理解的背景下,文章将流放描述为一种感性而非本体论的分裂,这种分裂并没有反映出事实上的人类中间性,而是通过剥离自然的肉体和精神来反映自然的客观化。这种重新设想被认为是减轻食物的情感客观性和重新抓住身体环境的事实纠缠的关键方面,以实现积极的环境伦理。
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引用次数: 0
“It’s Time for a Rent Strike”: COVID-19 Rent Strikes and the Absence of State Care “是时候进行租金罢工了”:新冠肺炎租金罢工和缺乏国家护理
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2022-0219
R. Valentine
Abstract COVID-19 unemployed millions of Americans, many of whom already lacked the financial ability to withstand an economic crisis. Mid-quarantine, politicians began to grapple on what protections for renters would stay in place as the assistance bills came to an end. The COVID-19 rent crisis raised significant moral questions to the American populace – namely, that of the State’s responsibility to care for its citizens. This article examines rent strikes in the context of care ethics. Care ethics contends that our actions have moral weight. What we do matters. Rent strikes sit at the intersection of political practice and care ethics. This article contends that rent strikes provided care when the State did not, and that this lack of care highlights the need for solidarity.
摘要新冠肺炎使数百万美国人失业,其中许多人已经缺乏抵御经济危机的经济能力。在隔离期间,随着援助法案的结束,政客们开始纠结于对租房者的哪些保护措施将继续有效。新冠肺炎租金危机给美国民众带来了重大的道德问题 – 即国家照顾公民的责任。本文从护理伦理的角度考察租金罢工。护理伦理学认为,我们的行为具有道德分量。我们做什么很重要。租金罢工是政治实践和护理伦理的交叉点。该条认为,房租罢工提供了照顾,而国家没有,这种缺乏照顾的情况突出了团结的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction to the Topical Issue “Kant’s Transcendental Dialectic: A Re-Evaluation” “康德的超越辩证法:再评价”专题介绍
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2022-0229
M. Lewin, R. Meer
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引用次数: 0
Where Do All These Ideas Come From? Kant on the Formation of Concepts Under the Guidance of Pure Reason 这些想法都是从哪里来的?康德论纯粹理性指导下概念的形成
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2022-0215
S. Klingner
Abstract It is not just rationalist metaphysics, but also Kant’s transcendental philosophy that is teeming with a priori concepts. According to Kant, some of these a priori concepts are “ideas,” and similar to the categories, some of these ideas in turn belong to the nature of human reason, while others can be derived from them. It is therefore part of Kant’s claim in the “Transcendental Dialectic” to be able to explain not only the leading ideas of rational psychology, cosmology, and theology as natural concepts of reason, but the origin of the entire a priori vocabulary of the metaphysica specialis as well. This article outlines how Kant’s derivations of these concepts work. After explaining Kant’s classification of a priori concepts and the derivation of the transcendental ideas, his derivations are explored in more detail using the example of the concepts of the pure doctrine of the soul. This contributes to a better understanding of Kant’s theory of philosophical concepts while also shedding light on the rather rarely treated topic of the “Transcendental Dialectic.”
摘要充满先验概念的不仅仅是理性主义形而上学,还有康德的先验哲学。根据康德的说法,这些先验概念中的一些是“观念”,与这些类别类似,其中一些观念反过来属于人类理性的本质,而另一些则可以从中衍生出来。因此,康德在《超越辩证法》中主张,不仅能够将理性心理学、宇宙学和神学的主要思想解释为自然的理性概念,而且能够解释形而上学专业的整个先验词汇的起源。这篇文章概述了康德对这些概念的推导是如何运作的。在解释了康德先验概念的分类和先验思想的推导之后,以纯粹灵魂学说的概念为例,对康德的推导进行了更详细的探讨。这有助于更好地理解康德的哲学概念理论,同时也揭示了“超越辩证法”这一很少被提及的话题
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引用次数: 0
Adversarial Democracy and the Flattening of Choice: A Marcusian Analysis of Sen’s Capability Theory’s Reliance Upon Universal Democracy as a Means for Overcoming Inequality 对抗性民主与选择的扁平化:对森的能力理论依赖普遍民主作为克服不平等手段的马尔库斯式分析
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2022-0222
Danelle Fourie, Justin Sands
Abstract This article critically examines the competitive, adversarial nature of the Western neoliberal style of democracy. Specifically, this article focuses on Amartya Sen’s notion of a “universal democracy” as a means of addressing socio-economic inequalities through Sen’s capability approach. Sen’s capability theory has become an acclaimed and widely used theory to evaluate and understand development and inequalities. However, we employ a distinctive critique by engaging Amartya Sen through Herbert Marcuse’s analysis of one dimensionality and the adversarial nature of Western democracy. We further highlight how contemporary neoliberal society employ a particular, adversarial form of public participation. Through this, we underline the various neoliberal problemata, such as Western idealism, political passivity, and a “flattening of choice,” within contemporary democracies and locate how their competitive, winner-take-all nature has become essential to contemporary, Western democratic models. Consequently, we argue that democracy, as a functional concept and form of public engagement, should be fundamentally re-examined in order to address inequalities.
本文批判性地考察了西方新自由主义民主的竞争性和对抗性。具体来说,本文主要关注阿马蒂亚·森的“普遍民主”概念,通过森的能力方法来解决社会经济不平等问题。森的能力理论已经成为评价和理解发展与不平等的一个广受好评和广泛应用的理论。然而,我们采用了一种独特的批评,通过赫伯特·马尔库塞对西方民主的单向度和对抗性本质的分析,让阿马蒂亚·森参与其中。我们进一步强调当代新自由主义社会如何采用一种特殊的、对抗性的公众参与形式。通过这一点,我们强调了当代民主国家的各种新自由主义问题,如西方理想主义、政治被动性和“选择的扁平化”,并确定了它们的竞争、赢者通吃的性质如何成为当代西方民主模式的关键。因此,我们认为,民主作为一种功能概念和公众参与的形式,应该从根本上重新审视,以解决不平等问题。
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引用次数: 0
Divergences and Convergences of Perspective: Amerindian Perspectivism, Phenomenology, and Speculative Realism 视角的分歧与趋同:美国视角主义、现象学与思辨现实主义
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2022-0199
Ignas Šatkauskas
Abstract According to Viveiros de Castro, comparison as ontology defines the ontological turn in anthropology. It presents a necessity for philosophy to approach the matter with comparative strategy. Morten Pedersen claims that ontological turn should be interpreted as a fulfillment of an anthropological version of Husserl’s method. Thus, phenomenology enters the field of interest along with its critique in Speculative Realism. In this article, we will see clearly why this selection is not accidental but rather unavoidable. Amerindian perspectivism necessitates the philosophical reconceptualization of perspective in general, which is to be taken as a challenge for the established discourses. The need arises to rethink the problematic of Kantian perspectivism and its offspring. Amerindian perspectivism proposes cosmological deictics that hold a spatiality of the perspective of the other, of the in-itself, thus it comes into an opposition to Kant’s system. Phenomenological perspective, as one of the Kantian offspring, faces a predicament that is interwoven with the critique of correlationism arriving from Speculative Realisms. The synthetic character of phenomenology allows enough flexibility for it to traverse these recent charges. We will draw a comparative picture of dynamic co-evolution of strains of recent thought, striving for a synthetic multiplicity, permeated by a common perspectival thread.
根据卡斯特罗的观点,作为本体论的比较定义了人类学的本体论转向。它提出了哲学用比较策略来处理这个问题的必要性。Morten Pedersen声称本体论转向应该被解释为胡塞尔方法的人类学版本的实现。因此,现象学与它在思辨现实主义中的批判一起进入了人们感兴趣的领域。在这篇文章中,我们将清楚地看到为什么这种选择不是偶然的,而是不可避免的。美洲印第安人的视角主义需要对视角进行哲学上的重新概念化,这将被视为对既定话语的挑战。需要重新思考康德透视主义及其后代的问题。美洲的透视主义提出了宇宙指示论,它持有另一种视角的空间性,也持有其本身的空间性。因此,它与康德的体系形成了对立。作为康德的后代之一,现象学视角面临着一种困境,这种困境与思辨现实主义对关联主义的批判交织在一起。现象学的综合特性允许它有足够的灵活性来遍历这些最近的电荷。我们将绘制一幅近期思想流派动态共同进化的对比图,努力实现综合多样性,贯穿着一条共同的视角线。
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引用次数: 0
The Bureau and the Realism of Spy Fiction 调查局与间谍小说的现实主义
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2020-0178
Pauline Blistène
Abstract This article addresses the issue of realism in relationship to contemporary serial fiction. Drawing on The Bureau (Canal+, 2015–2020), it argues that spy TV series are “realistic” not because they correspond to reality but because of their impact on reality. It begins by giving an overview of the many ways in which “realism,” in the ordinary sense of a resemblance with reality, served as the working framework for The Bureau’s team. It then identifies three distinct types of realisms in the series. The first is a “fictional realism,” namely the ability of The Bureau to conform to the aesthetic and narrative conventions of realistic fictions. The second type of realism, which I qualify as “ordinary,” refers to the possibilities offered by the show’s aesthetics and the enmeshment of The Bureau with viewers’ ordinary experience. The third type of “performative realism” refers to the series’ impact on shared representations and reality. By providing a common language about the secret activities of the state, The Bureau has gone from being a framed version of reality to being one of the defining frameworks through which state secrecy is experienced both individually and collectively, by insiders and the public at large.
摘要本文探讨现实主义与当代连载小说的关系。它借鉴了The Bureau (Canal+, 2015-2020),认为间谍电视剧是“现实的”,不是因为它们与现实相符,而是因为它们对现实的影响。它首先概述了“现实主义”在与现实相似的普通意义上作为主席团工作框架的许多方式。然后,它确定了系列中的三种不同类型的现实主义。第一种是“虚构的现实主义”,即该局符合现实主义小说的审美和叙事惯例的能力。第二种类型的现实主义,我称之为“普通”,指的是这部剧的美学所提供的可能性,以及《The Bureau》与观众普通体验的融合。第三种“行为现实主义”是指该系列对共享表征和现实的影响。通过提供一种关于国家秘密活动的共同语言,该局已经从一个现实的框架版本变成了一个定义框架,通过这个框架,内部人士和广大公众都可以单独和集体地体验国家秘密。
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引用次数: 5
Meillassoux’s Reinterpretation of Kant’s Transcendental Dialectic 梅亚苏对康德先验辩证法的重新诠释
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2022-0224
Kristian Schäferling
Abstract This article attempts to read the Transcendental Dialectic through Meillassoux’s model of the absolute contingency of being in order to rethink some of its central difficulties. Specifically, this concerns better understanding the role played by the categories of relation and modality in the empirical use of the ideas of reason, which underlies their regulative use that is directed at an absolute unity of reason. It will be discussed which questions are implied in the central claim of Meillassoux’s ontology, i.e., that it is possible to derive from the necessity of contingency the existence and noncontradictory being of the thing in itself. First, I will retrace basic points of Meillassoux’s critique of “correlationism”, by means of which he reconfigures the divisions between metaphysics, physics, and ontology. Second, against the background of the Kantian concept of hope, I will examine a relation between the Transcendental Dialectic and ethics, as, respectively, conceived of in Kant and in Meillassoux’s reinterpretation. Third, I will critically ask in how far absolute contingency can be understood as grounding a concept of experience and in which sense the idea of the antinomy chapter in the Transcendental Dialectic contains an argument more complex than Meillassoux’s model suggests.
摘要本文试图通过迈拉索的存在的绝对偶然性模型来解读《超越辩证法》,以期重新思考它的一些核心难点。具体而言,这涉及到更好地理解关系和模态类别在理性思想的实证使用中所起的作用,这是它们针对理性的绝对统一的调节使用的基础。我们将讨论哪些问题隐含在Meillassoux本体论的核心主张中,即有可能从偶然性的必要性中得出事物本身的存在和非根本存在。首先,我将追溯梅拉索对“关联主义”的批判的基本点,他通过这种批判重新界定了形而上学、物理学和本体论之间的界限。其次,在康德希望观的背景下,我将考察超越辩证法与伦理学之间的关系,这分别是康德和梅拉索的重新解释所设想的。第三,我将批判性地问,在多大程度上,绝对偶然性可以被理解为经验概念的基础,在什么意义上,超验辩证法中的矛盾章节的概念包含了一个比Meillassoux的模型所暗示的更复杂的论点。
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引用次数: 0
Determining and Grounding: The Twofold Function of the Transcendental Dialectic 确定与基础:超越辩证法的双重功能
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2022-0201
Martin Bunte
Abstract For a long time, the transcendental dialectic was not at the center of Kant scholarship but was often treated simply as Kant’s reckoning with contemporary metaphysics. Accordingly, the main interest was in the transcendental analytic, especially the transcendental deduction. It is all the more gratifying that in recent times a rethinking seems to be taking place on this issue. In the following, I shall attempt to show why the transcendental dialectic is something more than an addendum to the core business of the Critique of Pure Reason. Rather, it forms the culmination of the work, demanding our full attention. Indeed, it provides the key to the entire critical philosophy by exhibiting reason itself as the ultimate founding principle in the form of its Idea.
摘要在很长一段时间里,先验辩证法并不是康德学术的中心,而往往被简单地视为康德对当代形而上学的清算。因此,主要的兴趣在于先验分析,尤其是先验推导。更令人欣慰的是,最近似乎正在对这个问题进行重新思考。在下文中,我将试图说明为什么先验辩证法不仅仅是《纯粹理性批判》核心业务的补充。相反,它构成了工作的高潮,需要我们的充分关注。事实上,它以其理念的形式展示了理性本身作为终极奠基原则,从而为整个批判哲学提供了关键。
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引用次数: 0
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Open Philosophy
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