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The Analog Ends of Science: Investigating the Analogy of the Laws of Nature Through Object-Oriented Ontology and Ontogenetic Naturalism 科学的类比目的:通过面向对象的本体论和本体论自然主义探究自然法则的类比性
IF 0.5 N/A PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2024-0016
Micah Tewers
This article investigates the analogy of the “laws of nature” through Graham Harman’s Object-Oriented Ontology (OOO) and Gilbert Simondon’s ontogenetic naturalism (ON). Both thinkers challenge the literalist interpretation of scientific knowledge by emphasizing the indirect nature of relation and the primacy of the autonomy of discrete beings over pre-established physical laws. Harman’s OOO defends this autonomy as the irreducible independence of objects from their relations, while Simondon focuses on the modulation of information in shaping the laws of nature through individuation. The article argues that while science remains the best recursive triangulation between logic and empirical evidence, its grasp of an ultimate, literal Truth is constricted by an epistemological relation to autonomous realities, grounded in analogy. Consequently, the laws of nature are considered as legislated by discrete autonomies, with space and time emerging from the things themselves. The article concludes by discussing the consequences of this reframing in light of the ancient conception of díkēkosmos (cosmic justice).
本文通过格雷厄姆-哈曼(Graham Harman)的面向对象的本体论(OOO)和吉尔伯特-西蒙东(Gilbert Simondon)的本体自然主义(ON)来研究 "自然法则 "的类比。这两位思想家都强调了关系的间接性以及离散生命的自主性高于预先设定的物理定律,从而挑战了对科学知识的字面解释。哈曼的 OOO 捍卫了这种自主性,认为对象不可还原地独立于其关系,而西蒙东则侧重于信息通过个体化在塑造自然规律方面的调节作用。文章认为,尽管科学仍然是逻辑与经验证据之间最好的递归三角关系,但它对终极的、字面意义上的真理的把握受到了以类比为基础的、与自主现实的认识论关系的限制。因此,自然规律被认为是由离散的自主性所规定的,空间和时间产生于事物本身。文章最后从古代的 díkēkosmos(宇宙正义)概念出发,讨论了这一重构的后果。
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引用次数: 0
From the Visual to the Auditory in Heidegger’s Being and Time and Augustine’s Confessions 从海德格尔《存在与时间》和奥古斯丁《忏悔录》中的视觉到听觉
IF 0.5 N/A PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-06-25 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2024-0018
Andrew Fuyarchuk
Studies about the influence of sound and ambient environments on understanding and the affects, prior to intentional acts of consciousness, are employed to rectify self-fragmentation exemplified in Heidegger and Augustine. Due to a visual bias that suppresses his auditory disposition in Being and Time, Heidegger gestures toward Dasein’s fulfillment in social-being yet also recoils from it. To ameliorate this impasse, his underdeveloped modification of existence is revisited by way of Augustine’s attunement to rhetoricity during his conversion experience. As a result of embracing a shared ambient space, he brings care for others as oneself into the realm of “the with” and thereby verifies the significance of an auditory way of being-in-the-world to the formation of communities.
在有意识行为之前,研究声音和环境对理解和情感的影响,是为了纠正海德格尔和奥古斯丁所体现的自我分裂。在《存在与时间》一书中,海德格尔的视觉偏差抑制了他的听觉倾向,因此他对社会存在中的 "Dasein "做出了实现的姿态,但同时也对其产生了反感。为了改善这一僵局,海德格尔通过奥古斯丁在皈依经历中对修辞学的领悟,重新审视了他对存在的未充分发展的改造。由于拥抱了一个共享的环境空间,他将对他人的关怀如同对自己的关怀一样带入了 "与 "的领域,从而验证了听觉的世界存在方式对于形成社群的重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Reanimating Public Happiness: Reading Cavarero and Butler beyond Arendt 重塑公共幸福:超越阿伦特解读卡瓦列罗和巴特勒
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2024-0008
Kurt Borg
This article takes as its point of departure Hannah Arendt’s discussion of public happiness, contextualising it within her thoughts on politics, democracy and revolution. It draws on Arendt’s discussion of how the expression “pursuit of happiness” has historically shifted from a public understanding of happiness into an increasingly privatised one. The article engages with Arendt’s account of public happiness in order to reanimate her radical democratic critique of how representative politics reduces the scope of political action and participation; and how the notion of happiness in a neoliberal era can only be interpreted in economistic and subjectivist terms. Furthermore, the article turns to examine how recent works in contemporary political thought, namely, those by Adriana Cavarero and Judith Butler, extend and transform the stakes of Arendt’s account of public happiness. On one hand, Cavarero’s notion of surging democracy is considered as an account of radical politics that keeps alive the Arendtian concern with public happiness by contextualising it within contemporary political struggles and social movements. On the other hand, Butler problematises Arendt’s discussion of politics for its neglect of precarity; however, this article argues that Butler’s work on assembly extends Arendt’s by highlighting possibilities of resistance, radical democracy and even public happiness amid experiences of loss and grief. Although prima facie it might appear that happiness and precarity are opposed to each other, this article points towards contemporary political practices, such as those of Ni Una Menos, that are critically reanimating public happiness through the intertwining of affective registers that range from joy to grief.
本文以汉娜-阿伦特(Hannah Arendt)对公共幸福的讨论为出发点,将其纳入她对政治、民主和革命的思考之中。文章借鉴了阿伦特关于 "追求幸福 "这一表述在历史上如何从对幸福的公共理解转变为日益私有化的理解的讨论。文章引用了阿伦特关于公共幸福的论述,以重新唤起她的激进民主批判,即代议政治如何缩小了政治行动和参与的范围;以及新自由主义时代的幸福概念如何只能从经济学和主观主义的角度来解释。此外,文章转而研究当代政治思想的最新作品,即阿德里安娜-卡瓦列罗和朱迪斯-巴特勒的作品,是如何扩展和改变阿伦特关于公共幸福的论述的利害关系的。一方面,卡瓦列罗的 "澎湃民主"(surging democracy)概念被认为是对激进政治的一种阐述,它通过将阿伦特对公共幸福的关注置于当代政治斗争和社会运动的背景下,使其得以延续。另一方面,巴特勒质疑阿伦特对政治的讨论忽视了不稳定性;然而,本文认为巴特勒关于集会的研究通过强调在失落和悲伤经历中抵抗、激进民主甚至公共幸福的可能性,扩展了阿伦特的研究。虽然从表面上看,幸福与不稳定似乎是相互对立的,但本文指出,当代的政治实践,如 "Ni Una Menos "的政治实践,正在通过交织从欢乐到悲伤的各种情感,批判性地重新唤起公众的幸福感。
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引用次数: 0
Das Unabgeschlossene (das Glück). Walter Benjamin’s “Idea of Happiness” 未完成的(幸福)。瓦尔特-本雅明的 "幸福观"
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2024-0009
Vivian Liska
The considerable literature discussing Walter Benjamin’s “idea of happiness” points both to the important role it plays in his thought and, in this context, to the diversity of interpretations his elliptic style has generated. The pivotal role played by the term in Benjamin’s oeuvre from his early writings on language to his Passagenwerk originates in what has been regarded as his “dialectics of happiness.” While this is certainly a plausible diagnosis, a closer look at the wording of the relevant passages in Benjamin’s oeuvre reveals more nuanced and numerous manifestations of the indirectness that characterizes his approach to happiness. Benjamin invokes the term “happiness” (Glück) at crucial crossroads in his thought. It oscillates between potentiality and inaccessibility; individual and collective experience; commemoration and utopia, Eros and emancipation, concrete phenomena and abstract ideas, and last but not least between politics and theology. Equally striking are the divergent modes of expression in which Benjamin’s notion of happiness is articulated. They range from the inexpressible (das Ausdruckslose) to the most lyrical effusions. My talk will correlate Benjamin’s seemingly incommensurable invocations of happiness with the very detours, incompletions, and indirections in his writings about this state of being.
讨论瓦尔特-本雅明的 "幸福观 "的文献相当多,这既表明了 "幸福观 "在其思想中的重要作用,也表明了他的省略风格所引发的解释的多样性。从本雅明早期的语言著作到他的《通行证》(Passagenwerk),"幸福观 "一词在本雅明的作品中扮演着举足轻重的角色,这源于他的 "幸福辩证法"。这当然是一个貌似合理的诊断,但如果仔细研究本雅明作品中相关段落的措辞,就会发现他对幸福的态度所具有的间接性表现得更加细致入微、不胜枚举。本雅明在其思想的关键十字路口使用了 "幸福"(Glück)一词。它在潜在性与不可及性、个人经验与集体经验、纪念与乌托邦、爱神与解放、具体现象与抽象观念,以及最后但并非最不重要的政治与神学之间摇摆不定。同样引人注目的是,本雅明的幸福概念有多种不同的表达方式。它们既有无法表达的(das Ausdruckslose),也有最抒情的流露。我的演讲将把本雅明对幸福的看似不可通约的援引与他关于幸福状态的著作中的迂回、不完整和间接联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
Self-abnegation, Decentering of Objective Relations, and Intuition of Nature: Toomas Altnurme’s and Cao Jun’s Art 自我否定、客观关系的去中心化和对自然的直觉:托马斯-阿尔特努尔梅和曹俊的艺术
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-18 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2024-0003
Marina Marren
This article analyzes the artwork of two seemingly distant contemporary artists – Toomas Altnurme and Cao Jun – elucidating their creative processes through the theoretical frameworks of Martin Heidegger, Sigmund Freud, and Henri Bergson. In Section 1, I offer reasons for a side-by-side examination of Altnurme’s and Jun’s art. In my discussion of Altnurme’s art in Section 2, I argue that his process exemplifies Heidegger’s view that artists must abnegate themselves in order for their creations to come into being. In Section 3, I elucidate Jun’s painting in its power to decenter the usual, object-oriented, circumspection of the mind. I ground my analyses in Freud’s concept of dream logic. Freud’s work on dreams allows me to approach Jun’s creative process as a work of translation whereby the artist translates the preconscious elements into images that we – the audience – then see on canvas. In Section 4, where I offer a comparative examination of both artists, I rely on Bergson’s articulation of the importance of intuition in order to show that both Altnurme and Jun create artworks that disclose to us the non-objective dimension of life wherein action or process and possibility take precedence over objectively existing things.
本文通过马丁-海德格尔、西格蒙德-弗洛伊德和亨利-柏格森的理论框架,分析了两位看似遥远的当代艺术家--托马斯-阿尔特努尔姆和曹俊--的艺术作品,阐释了他们的创作过程。在第 1 部分,我提出了并列研究阿尔特努尔姆和曹俊艺术的理由。在第 2 部分对阿尔特努尔姆艺术的讨论中,我认为他的创作过程体现了海德格尔的观点,即艺术家必须舍弃自我,他们的创作才能产生。在第 3 部分中,我阐释了淳的绘画所具有的去中心化的力量,即通常的、以对象为导向的、周密的思维。我的分析以弗洛伊德的梦境逻辑概念为基础。弗洛伊德关于梦的研究使我能够将淳于乔的创作过程视为一种翻译工作,艺术家将前意识元素翻译成我们--观众--在画布上看到的图像。在第 4 部分中,我对两位艺术家进行了比较研究,我依据柏格森对直觉重要性的阐述,说明阿尔特努尔姆和淳的艺术作品都向我们揭示了生活的非客观层面,其中行动、过程和可能性优先于客观存在的事物。
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引用次数: 0
Happiness and the Biopolitics of Knowledge: From the Contemplative Lifestyle to the Economy of Well-Being and Back Again 幸福与知识的生物政治学:从沉思的生活方式到幸福经济再到幸福经济
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2024-0004
Antonio Cimino
The article explores the relationship between two different approaches to happiness and knowledge, that is, the contemplative model and the economistic and instrumental model. Whereas the former equates happiness with the contemplative life, the latter separates happiness from knowledge and subordinates both to what present-day policy-makers call “the economy of well-being.” While biopolitical modernity seems to have rendered the contemplative model obsolete and purposeless, the article suggests reviving the contemplative lifestyle, by putting forward three arguments. First, it contends that we should challenge the economistic and instrumental model, by reaffirming the principle that knowledge and happiness are primarily intrinsic values and ends in themselves. Second, the two models do not necessarily exclude each other and we should strive to combine them. Third, the envisaged integration of the two models requires that we revise them significantly. The elitist and metaphysical character of the traditional contemplative model must be abandoned as it is no longer palatable to modernity. Also, the primacy of economic and instrumental rationality that defines the modern biopolitics of knowledge must be questioned.
文章探讨了幸福与知识的两种不同方法之间的关系,即沉思模式与经济学和工具模式。前者将幸福等同于沉思的生活,而后者则将幸福与知识割裂开来,使两者都从属于当今政策制定者所称的 "幸福经济"。虽然生物政治的现代性似乎已经使沉思模式变得过时和没有目的性,但文章通过提出三个论点,建议恢复沉思的生活方式。首先,文章认为我们应该挑战经济主义和工具主义模式,重申知识和幸福主要是内在价值和目的的原则。第二,这两种模式并不一定相互排斥,我们应努力将它们结合起来。第三,设想的两种模式的融合要求我们对其进行重大修改。传统的沉思模式所具有的精英主义和形而上学的特征必须摒弃,因为它已不再为现代人所接受。此外,还必须质疑现代知识生物政治学中经济和工具理性的首要地位。
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引用次数: 0
Albert Camus and Rachel Bespaloff: Happiness in a Challenging World 阿尔贝-加缪和蕾切尔-贝斯帕洛夫:挑战世界中的幸福
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2024-0007
Cécilia Andrée Monique Lombard
Albert Camus and Rachel Bespaloff had an undeniable influence on the existential thought of the twentieth century. The former, by claiming the world to be silent to our search for meaning, based the concept of happiness in the inherent value of life. The latter grounded her happiness in music and transcendence rather than in the acceptance of the absurd human condition, though the two thinkers seem to agree on the importance of subjective contemplation. In this article, I will offer a reading of Camus’s works that emphasizes his view of happiness in awareness of the absurd. I will then argue for the ethical and political challenges that such happiness causes. Finally, by putting into dialogue the philosophies of Camus and Bespaloff, I wish to show that the two thinkers advocate for the possibility of happiness despite the suffering of the world, and show that this concept, understood as contemplation, can be rooted in the absurd as well as in transcendence.
阿尔贝-加缪和蕾切尔-贝斯帕洛夫对二十世纪的存在主义思想有着不可否认的影响。前者声称世界对我们寻找意义的努力保持沉默,将幸福的概念建立在生命的内在价值之上。后者则将幸福建立在音乐和超越之上,而不是接受荒谬的人类境况,尽管两位思想家似乎都同意主观沉思的重要性。在本文中,我将对加缪的作品进行解读,强调他在意识到荒诞中获得幸福的观点。然后,我将论证这种幸福所带来的伦理和政治挑战。最后,我希望通过加缪和贝斯帕洛夫哲学的对话,说明这两位思想家都主张尽管世界充满苦难,但仍有幸福的可能性,并说明这种被理解为沉思的概念可以植根于荒诞和超越之中。
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引用次数: 0
The Poetics of Listening 聆听的诗学
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-27 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2024-0006
Paul Mendes-Flohr
Noting that one may hear without listening, the article probes the phenomenological and epistemic distinction between hearing and listening. To listen is to be attuned to voices muffled by silence or camouflaged by a defensive rhetoric resonant with a voice inflected by festering wounds, existential and political. In exploring how one is to listen to these voices of silence, I draw upon Martin Buber’s concept of dialogical “inclusion” of others’ stories, to listen without interpretation to allow the voice behind his – or her or their – story, be it merely etched viscerally in the language of silence, to dwell aside one’s own story in a dialogue unencumbered by perceptions of the Other forged by cultural, social, political constructs, and perhaps most insidiously one’s own defensive postures.
文章指出,人可以不听而听,探究了听与听之间在现象学和认识论上的区别。倾听就是倾听被沉默所掩盖的声音,或者被防御性修辞所掩盖的声音,这种声音因溃烂的创伤、存在的创伤和政治的创伤而产生共鸣。在探讨如何倾听这些沉默的声音时,我借鉴了马丁-布伯(Martin Buber)关于 "包容 "他人故事的对话概念,不加诠释地倾听,让他--或她--或他们--故事背后的声音--无论它只是直观地刻画在沉默的语言中,在对话中撇开自己的故事,不受文化、社会、政治建构所形成的他者观念的束缚,或许最阴险的是自己的防御姿态。
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引用次数: 0
A Strategy for Happiness, in the Wake of Spinoza 斯宾诺莎之后的幸福战略
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2024-0001
Sonja Lavaert
This article investigates the anthropology of Spinoza as a strategy for happiness, political, as well as individual. Inspired by the readings, comments, and perspectives of Matheron, Deleuze, and Balibar, I will analyze Spinoza’s theory of the affects as the basis for this strategic anthropology. These authors all share an ontological and political vision organized around the concepts of multitude and the transindividual which result directly from Spinoza’s analysis of the human affects in books III and IV of the Ethics, and his theory of political dynamics developed in the Political treatise. They consider Spinoza a contemporary and share with him the idea of a relational ontology and an inextricable and mutual interdependence of the individual and the community which is captured in the concept of the transindividual. With Matheron/Spinoza I will focus on the question of anthropology and the structure of thought, with Deleuze/Spinoza on the kinds of knowledge in relation to the human mind and body, and with Balibar/Spinoza on the transindividual, productive, active, and thus strategic nature of our thinking. These three analyses of human thought and affects all proceed from the hypothesis of conatus/desire as human essence and aim not just at theoretical knowledge but rather at the effective improvement of our well-being and lives, that is, at happiness.
本文研究斯宾诺莎的人类学,将其作为一种幸福、政治以及个人的策略。在马瑟隆、德勒兹和巴利巴的阅读、评论和观点的启发下,我将分析斯宾诺莎的情感理论,将其作为这一策略人类学的基础。斯宾诺莎在《伦理学》第三卷和第四卷中对人类情感的分析,以及他在《政治论》中提出的政治动力学理论,直接产生了 "众人"(multitude)和 "跨个体"(transindividual)这两个概念。他们将斯宾诺莎视为同时代人,并与斯宾诺莎分享了关系本体论以及个人与群体不可分割、相互依存的思想,而这正是跨个体概念所体现的。我将与马瑟隆/斯宾诺莎共同关注人类学和思维结构问题,与德勒兹/斯宾诺莎共同关注与人类身心相关的知识种类,与巴利巴/斯宾诺莎共同关注我们思维的跨个体性、生产性、主动性,以及因此而具有的战略性。这三种对人类思想和情感的分析都是从作为人类本质的 "共通性/欲望 "这一假设出发的,其目的不仅在于理论知识,更在于有效地改善我们的福祉和生活,即幸福。
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引用次数: 0
Sonic Epistemologies: Confrontations with the Invisible 声波认识论:与无形的对抗
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1515/opphil-2024-0002
Salomé Voegelin
With reference to Steven Feld’s “acoustemology,” his epistemology of sounding and listening, developed in the Bosavi Rainforest in Papua New Guinea, where the trees are too dense to afford a distant view and meaning has to be found up close, on the body with other human and more-than-human bodies, this essay deliberates how sound knows in entanglements and from the in-between: in a being with as a knowing with rather than from a distance. In this way, this essay, from the densities of the rainforest, critiques Western knowledge and its reliance on visual categories, straight lines, and universalising principles that pretend objectivity and a distant view. Instead, it turns to the relational indivisibility of sound that lets us hear interdependencies and confronts us with the invisible of which we are part. In conclusion, it proposes that sound studies as applied, transversal studies enable such a paradigm shift that at once reveals what hegemonic knowledge strands exclude and invites a different dialogue from the in-between of everything.
在巴布亚新几内亚的博萨维雨林,树木过于茂密,无法进行远距离观察,必须近距离与其他人类和非人类的身体进行交流,才能发现意义。因此,这篇文章从雨林的密度出发,批判了西方知识及其对视觉分类、直线和普遍化原则的依赖,这些原则假装客观和遥远。相反,它转向了声音的关联性和不可分割性,让我们听到相互依存的关系,让我们面对我们是其中一部分的无形世界。最后,它提出,声音研究作为应用性、横向性研究,能够实现这种范式的转变,既揭示霸权知识所排斥的东西,又从万事万物的中间地带引出不同的对话。
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引用次数: 0
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Open Philosophy
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