International Journal of Thermofluids最新文献

{"title":"Python-Based Simulation of Rotating MHD Jeffrey Nanofluid Flow over a Permeable Stretching Surface Subject to Hall and Ion Slip Effects","authors":"Wubale Demis Alamirew ,&nbsp;Gurju Awgichew ,&nbsp;Eshetu Haile","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a numerical investigation of the three-dimensional rotating flow of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Jeffrey nanofluid over a permeable stretching surface. The model comprehensively incorporates the effects of Hall and ion slip currents, Coriolis force, nonlinear thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, Joule heating, internal heat generation/absorption, and a first-order chemical reaction. The Buongiorno model is employed to account for Brownian motion and thermophoresis mechanisms in nanoparticle transport. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into a system of coupled ordinary differential equations using similarity variables and solved numerically using a high-precision sixth-order Runge–Kutta (RK6) method with a shooting technique, implemented in Python programming. The numerical code is rigorously validated against established benchmark studies, showing excellent agreement. Simulation results, presented graphically and in tables, demonstrate that streamwise velocity increases with Hall and ion slip parameters but decreases with the relaxation parameter. The Nusselt number, quantifying heat transfer, is enhanced by Hall currents and the Prandtl number but suppressed by nonlinear thermal radiation. Conversely, the Sherwood number, representing nanoparticle mass transfer, increases with both the chemical reaction rate and nonlinear thermal radiation. These insights are vital for optimizing the performance of advanced engineering systems, including MHD power generators, nanofluid-based cooling technologies, and materials processing operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101517"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability and regression analysis of MHD radiative flow with different shaped Al2O3nanoparticles in a semi-porous channel","authors":"Abdul Awal,&nbsp;Md.Maidul Islam,&nbsp;Md.Sarwar Alam,&nbsp;Sumaiya Akter","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanofluids have recently gained prominence as advanced working fluids in thermal management and fluid dynamics. Detailed assessment of their thermophysical properties particularly shape effect under thermal radiation is crucial for evaluating heat transfer efficiency of channel flow. This study presents a novel analytical and statistical approach for analyzing and optimizing the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) two-dimensional Al₂O₃–water nanofluid flow through a semi-porous channel with expanding and contracting walls, focusing on the influence of nanoparticles’ shape on flow and thermal radiation effect. The partial differential equations governing the flow are simplified into a system of coupled, non-dimensional ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. An analytical solution is obtained using the power series method, and then analyzed using Hermite–Padé approximation approach. The study explores the impact of several physical parameters including Reynolds number, magnetic parameter, expansion/contraction ratio, Prandtl number, Brinkman number, radiation parameter, nanoparticle volume fraction, and shape factor on the velocity and temperature profiles. Results indicate that platelet-shaped (at<span><math><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>5.7</mn></mrow></math></span>) nanoparticles yield the highest temperature distribution, while increased nanoparticle concentration over 5 % and shape factor <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>5.7</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> tend to reduce heat transfer. Stability analysis of the solution confirmed the physically viable solution branch of the heat transfer rate and the singular point of the effective physical parameter.</div><div>Additionally, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is employed to develop a statistical model for optimizing heat transfer performance, where the local Nusselt number is considered the key response variable. The adequacy and predictive capability of the regression model are verified through ANOVA, demonstrating both significance and accuracy, with an R² value of 99.95 %. This integrated approach delivers significant insights into the interaction effects of multiple parameters and supports the design of efficient nanofluid-based thermal systems. This research investigates which shaped nanoparticle provides superior thermal performance in nanofluid-based cooling systems and how the expansion/contraction parameter affect the flow and heat transfer mechanism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101514"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced heat transport in magneto-nanofluidic thermal systems: adiabatic block effects in grooved channels and ANN modeling","authors":"Dipak Kumar Mandal ,&nbsp;Nirmal K. Manna ,&nbsp;Nirmalendu Biswas ,&nbsp;Tansu Rudra ,&nbsp;Rajesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Ali Cemal Benim","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates heat transfer enhancement in magneto-nanofluidic systems through the strategic placement of adiabatic blocks in grooved channels. Using CuO<img>H₂O nanofluid in a bottom-heated channel with circular expansion, we examine the complex interactions between forced convection, magnetic fields, and buoyancy effects. Through systematic numerical analysis, we explore the combined influences of Rayleigh, Reynolds, and Hartmann numbers on thermal performance. Our findings reveal significant heat transfer enhancement (up to 137 %) under optimal conditions, particularly with vertical magnetic field orientation at <em>Re</em> = 100 and Ha = 30. The results demonstrate how adiabatic blocks modify flow structures, with larger blocks diminishing vortex intensity while elevated Ra generates secondary vortices that interact with primary circulations. Magnetic field effects show notable dependence on orientation, with vertical fields generally promoting better heat transfer than horizontal configurations. To complement the numerical analysis, we develop a predictive model using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for Nusselt numbers across various operating conditions, achieving over 99 % accuracy. The integrated computational-ANN approach offers significant advancements in optimizing thermal systems in various areas, ranging from electronics cooling to microfluidic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101515"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the impact of variable viscosity on thermal mechanics in Casson hybrid nanofluid flow in a porous channel","authors":"Annapurna Tarapuram ,&nbsp;Syed Mohiuddin ,&nbsp;Suneetha Kolasani ,&nbsp;M. Karuna Prasad","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the mixed convective and heat transfer flow characteristics of a Casson hybrid nanofluid, consisting of gold (<em>Au</em>) and titanium (<em>Ti</em>) nanoparticles suspended in blood, traversing a vertical channel within a porous medium. Motivated by the growing relevance of nanofluids in biomedical applications, particularly in targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia-based cancer treatments, this work aims to understand how variable viscosity and thermal conductivity influence heat transfer enhancement. The research addresses a key gap in the literature by modeling a non-Newtonian blood-based hybrid nanofluid using Casson fluid theory, which better represents the rheological properties of blood compared to Newtonian assumptions. The governing nonlinear momentum and energy equations are obtained and translated by similarity transformations, and hence, solved numerically using MATLAB's BVP5C technique. Quantitative results show that the incorporation of nanoparticles enhances the heat transfer rate by up to 21.7 % compared to the nanofluid and 46.06 % to the viscous fluid.</div><div>Additionally, variable viscosity significantly modulates flow velocity, while variable thermal conductivity sharply constrains thermal diffusion. Velocity and temperature contour plots, accompanied by the tabulated skin friction and Nusselt number, provide a detailed overview of parameter effects. The novelty of this work lies in the absorption of blood-based Casson hybrid nanofluid with variable thermophysical properties, enabling a more realistic model for biomedical heat transfer processes. This model holds promise for optimizing cooling techniques in therapeutic procedures and designing advanced drug delivery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101513"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixed convective two phase flow of an electrically conducting micropolar nanofluid in a double lid-driven square cavity","authors":"Vasileios C. Loukopoulos ,&nbsp;Georgios C. Bourantas ,&nbsp;Vasileios P. Georgopoulos ,&nbsp;Vasilis N. Burganos","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We study the non-stationary, incompressible, laminar mixed-convection flow in a double lid-driven square enclosure filled with an electrically conducting micropolar nanofluid under the influence of an external magnetic field. The aim is to enhance understanding of heat and mass transport phenomena in nanofluids by examining the impact of key flow parameters – including the Grashof, Hartmann, Reynolds, and Prandtl numbers, as well as the micropolar material parameter, lid-motion parameter, Brownian motion, buoyancy ratio, and thermophoresis – on heat and mass transfer characteristics, expressed through local and average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, streamlines, isotherms, microrotation, and concentration contours. The nanofluid is modeled as a two-phase mixture following a modified form of Buongiorno’s framework, which incorporates nanoparticle redistribution via an advection–diffusion concentration equation coupled with the Navier–Stokes equations. The governing system is solved numerically using a meshless point collocation method (MPCM), where spatial derivatives are computed through the Discretization-Corrected Particle Strength Exchange (DC PSE) technique, and transient terms are approximated using the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg (RKF) scheme. This work is the first to couple Buongiorno’s two-phase nanofluid model with micropolar effects and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) forces in a double lid-driven cavity. The results demonstrate that buoyancy enhancement (higher Gr) strengthens convection, whereas magnetic damping (higher Ha) suppresses it by flattening streamlines and thickening thermal layers. Tilting the magnetic field toward the vertical direction restores circulation and enhances heat transfer. Increasing the micropolar coupling parameter (K) augments microrotation and improves both heat and mass transport, partially counteracting magnetic damping. The lid-motion parameter (<span><math><mi>λ</mi></math></span>) governs flow symmetry: co-directional motion enhances, while counter-motion weakens convection, whereas higher nanoparticle concentration (<span><math><mi>ϕ</mi></math></span>) further boosts thermal performance due to increased effective conductivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101508"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic optimization of magnetic hyperthermia via elasticity tuning in non-Newtonian blood flow","authors":"Ali Ahmadi Azar,&nbsp;Zahra Poolaei Moziraji","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Weissenberg number (<em>We</em>) quantifies the relative dominance of elastic over viscous forces in tangent‐hyperbolic fluids such as blood and is classically divided into three regimes—low to moderate elasticity (<em>We</em> ≈ 0.01–0.1), transitional elasticity (<em>We</em> ≈ 0.1–1.0), and high elasticity (<em>We</em> ≈ 1.0–2.0). A unified analysis reveals that average velocity decreases by 0.17 %, 1.82 %, and 2.27 % across these regimes (from 0.0968 to 0.0927), skin friction intensifies by 0.23 %, 2.43 %, and 3.10 % (from –1.1616 to –1.0957), Nusselt number rises by 0.06 %–0.86 % (from –5.6063 to –5.5192), entropy‐generation rates grow by 0.14 %–2.08 % (from 0.0233 to 0.0242), and temperature distributions shift by less than 0.05 %. Progressive viscoelasticity restructures velocity profiles via boundary‐layer thinning and 0.17–2.27 % velocity reduction; coupled radiation–magnetic effects leave temperature invariant (&lt;0.05 % variation); skin friction and Nusselt number respond through amplified shear and thermal gradients (increasing by 0.23–3.10 % and 0.06–0.86 %, respectively); entropy generation rises by 0.14–2.08 % with viscous dissipation dominating beyond <em>We</em> ≈ 1.0; the critical <em>We</em> for irreversibility shift is ≈1.0; and entropy minimization in magnetic hyperthermia is achieved in the low elasticity regime (<em>We</em> ≤ 0.1). The novelty of the governing equations necessitates validation via residual error assessment of the computational solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101499"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of surface heat transfer on the dynamic stall performance of a pitching airfoil in turbulent flow","authors":"Abbas Dorri,&nbsp;Masoud Darbandi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamic stall phenomenon has been extensively studied in literature. Despite various innovative interventions focused on understanding its behavior, there are few efforts to study the influence of heat transfer on the dynamic stall performance of pitching airfoils, particularly in turbulent flows. This work investigates the effects of surface temperature variations on the dynamic stall of a NACA 0012 pitching airfoil at Re = 135,000. The temperature difference between the airfoil surface and the freestream temperatures was ΔT= 50, 100, and 150 K. The flow field around the airfoil was simulated using the computational fluid dynamics, and solving the Navier-Stokes equations incorporated with the k-ω/SST turbulence model. After validating the thermo-fluid solver, the aerodynamic response of the pitching airfoil was analyzed under upper surface cooling (USC) and upper surface heating (USH). The results showed that despite changes in the surface temperature, the drag coefficient remained nearly unchanged in both cases. However, the lift coefficient increased in USC and decreased in USH. In USC, the aerodynamic performance improved as much as 6.2 % at ΔT = 150 K. However, it was not affected that much in USH by varying ΔT. The USC tended to keep the flow attached to the surface, increasing the skin friction drag and lowering the pressure drag. The local Reynolds number increased since the USC raised the airflow velocity over the airfoil. Conversely, USH led to opposite effects on the flow characteristics. Overall, unlike USH, USC improved the dynamic stall performance of the pitching airfoil in the turbulent flow. The findings indicate that the airfoil’s surface heat transfer can effectively manipulate the dynamic stall behavior, offering a promising strategy for dynamic stall control in aeronautical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat and mass transmission in Maxwell nanofluid flow over an exponential stretchable surface with swimming of motile gyrotactic microorganisms","authors":"Nisha Chouhan ,&nbsp;Reema Jain ,&nbsp;K. Loganathan ,&nbsp;S. Eswaramoorthi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The flow of nanofluid across an exponential stretchable surface becoming a growing topic in past few decades due to its numerous usages in industrial and engineering areas. Particularly, glass blowing, polymer extrusion, wire drawing, hot rolling, annealing, etc. This communication mainly focuses on the flow of Maxwell nanofluid via an exponential stretchable surface with magnetic impact and heat consumption. Thermophoresis and Brownian motion are also considered with the existence of heat radiation and fluid dissipation in a two dimensional model with gyrotactic microorganisms. The nonlinear governing models are changed into an ordinary differential models by incorporating the appropriate translation variables. The remodeled equations are numerically computed by utilizing the bvp4c approach in MATLAB. The impact of the physical features on velocity, temperature, nanofluid concentration, and microorganisms profiles, as well as the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt, Sherwood and motile density numbers are evaluated. Further, findings revealed that the fluid velocity diminishes when enriching the values of the magnetic and material parameters. The thermophoresis parameter causes the nanofluid temperature and concentration profiles to develop. The microorganisms profile declines when enriching the Peclet and Lewis numbers. The radiation parameter improves the heat and mass transference rates. The motile density number develops for greater quantity of the microorganism difference parameter with the presence of the Peclet number.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon emission reduction potential calculation method based on rapid selection of carbon emission factors and time series analysis","authors":"Zhibin Yan ,&nbsp;Xuwei Xia ,&nbsp;Shuang Zhang ,&nbsp;Dongge Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current calculation method struggles to ensure data integrity and consistency and overlooks the combined effects of other influencing factors, leading to results that fail to fully reflect the actual carbon emission reduction situation. Therefore, a method for calculating carbon emission reduction potential based on rapid selection of carbon emission factors and time series analysis is proposed. A comprehensive and systematic carbon emission inventory is established, carbon emission coefficients are accounted for, carbon emission intensity is calculated, and a real-time carbon emission calculation model is constructed. Using the autoregressive distributed lag model from time series analysis, a model for predicting energy consumption and industrial output based on electricity consumption is developed. Multiple methods for selecting energy carbon emission factors are introduced, the most reasonable carbon emission factor is selected, a carbon emission efficiency evaluation model is constructed, and the carbon reduction potential is calculated. Experimental results indicate that the carbon emissions per 10,000 yuan of output value obtained by the proposed method remain below 0.8 t, demonstrating the highest emission reduction potential across all years. The carbon emission factor remains lower than 65, and the carbon emission efficiency exceeds 0.8, reaching a maximum of 0.98.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101463"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical and numerical investigation of MHD viscoelastic flow with heat and mass transfer in an asymmetric wavy channel","authors":"Ali Ahmadi Azar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive analytical and numerical investigation of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) viscoelastic fluid flow with heat and mass transfer in an asymmetric wavy channel. The primary objective is to explore the behavior of chemically reactive, thermally radiating non-Newtonian fluids under complex boundary conditions and oscillatory pressure gradients. A distinctive feature of this work lies in the formulation and solution of complex differential equations, which are decomposed into real and imaginary components to capture the full dynamics of the system. Three solution techniques—including one exact analytical and two semi-analytical methods—are employed, enabling a robust validation framework. The novelty of the study stems from the comparative analysis of semi-analytical methods against exact solutions, offering a unique benchmark for future modeling efforts. Parametric studies reveal that specific physical parameters selectively influence either the real or imaginary components of velocity, temperature, and concentration fields. These findings have direct relevance to engineering applications such as thermal management, biomedical flows, and porous media transport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101456"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}