The usual procedure in plant design has been to identify potential hazards and operating problems. A technique such as hazard and operability studies is used and protective equipment is added to control potential hazards. In an inherently safer design the author tries to avoid hazards and operating problems by a change in the design. He asks if one can manage with less of the hazardous material (intensification); if one can use the hazardous material in a less dangerous form (attenuation). Alternatively he asks if one can limit the effect of hazards, not by adding something on but by changing reaction conditions, or by limiting the amount of energy available.
{"title":"Inherently safer plants: An update","authors":"T. Kletz","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720100206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720100206","url":null,"abstract":"The usual procedure in plant design has been to identify potential hazards and operating problems. A technique such as hazard and operability studies is used and protective equipment is added to control potential hazards. In an inherently safer design the author tries to avoid hazards and operating problems by a change in the design. He asks if one can manage with less of the hazardous material (intensification); if one can use the hazardous material in a less dangerous form (attenuation). Alternatively he asks if one can limit the effect of hazards, not by adding something on but by changing reaction conditions, or by limiting the amount of energy available.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122378428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Operational safety program: Union Carbide chemicals and plastics company Inc.","authors":"B. Perry","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720090414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720090414","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121124682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) constructed the Liquefied Gaseous Fuels Spill Test Facility (LGFSTF) to provide a facility on a user-free basis to private and public sector test sponsors who are concerned with the safety of hazardous liquids and gases. The LGFSTF provides a facility for testing under controlled conditions to determine: patterns of dispersion, mitigation techniques, combustion characteristics, cleanup techniques, environmental impacts, and emergency planning guidelines. A further goal of the LGFSTF Program is to provide a framework for establishing relationships for joint government-industry participation.
{"title":"Hazard materials testing at the U.S. department of energy's liquefied gaseous fuels spill test facility","authors":"F. Leone","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720090408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720090408","url":null,"abstract":"The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) constructed the Liquefied Gaseous Fuels Spill Test Facility (LGFSTF) to provide a facility on a user-free basis to private and public sector test sponsors who are concerned with the safety of hazardous liquids and gases. The LGFSTF provides a facility for testing under controlled conditions to determine: patterns of dispersion, mitigation techniques, combustion characteristics, cleanup techniques, environmental impacts, and emergency planning guidelines. A further goal of the LGFSTF Program is to provide a framework for establishing relationships for joint government-industry participation.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114791699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on the new Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis recently published by the AIChE Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS). CCPS was formed soon after the disasters in Mexico City and Bhopal. CCPS was established in 1985 by the AIChE to develop and disseminate technical information for use in the prevention of major chemical accidents. The center is supported by over 60 industrial sponsors in the chemical process industry (CPI), who provide the necessary funding and professional guidance to its technical committees. The major product of CCPS activities has been a series of guideline books. Table I presents a list of the currently available CCPS guidelines. The first book, Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures (HEP), presented various structured qualitative techniques (HAZOP, FMEA, etc.) that could be used to identify possible hazards in a chemical facility. The Technical Steering Committee of CCPS decided that a sequel to HEP should be developed which would present quantitative methods for acute process hazards. The Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis (CPQRA) resulted from that decision.
{"title":"CCPS guidelines for chemical process quantitative risk analysis","authors":"R. Freeman","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720090409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720090409","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the new Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis recently published by the AIChE Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS). CCPS was formed soon after the disasters in Mexico City and Bhopal. CCPS was established in 1985 by the AIChE to develop and disseminate technical information for use in the prevention of major chemical accidents. The center is supported by over 60 industrial sponsors in the chemical process industry (CPI), who provide the necessary funding and professional guidance to its technical committees. \u0000 \u0000The major product of CCPS activities has been a series of guideline books. Table I presents a list of the currently available CCPS guidelines. The first book, Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures (HEP), presented various structured qualitative techniques (HAZOP, FMEA, etc.) that could be used to identify possible hazards in a chemical facility. The Technical Steering Committee of CCPS decided that a sequel to HEP should be developed which would present quantitative methods for acute process hazards. The Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis (CPQRA) resulted from that decision.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116477393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prevention of chemical incidents is an important issue in the chemical petroleum industries. This issue is receiving focus and attention from a wide spectrum—Industry, Labor, Professional Associations, Environmental Groups Government and the Public. The purpose of this paper is to review the various regulatory initiatives and related activities regarding chemical process safety.
{"title":"Regulatory initiatives and related activities in the United States","authors":"A. F. Burk","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720090416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720090416","url":null,"abstract":"Prevention of chemical incidents is an important issue in the chemical petroleum industries. This issue is receiving focus and attention from a wide spectrum—Industry, Labor, Professional Associations, Environmental Groups Government and the Public. The purpose of this paper is to review the various regulatory initiatives and related activities regarding chemical process safety.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133097086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Canadian chemical producers' association transportation code of practice","authors":"R. Burns","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720090412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720090412","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133129055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The workshop presented a semi-quantitative risk assessment technique that can be used to judge the total risk on all undesired consequences/events for a product manufacturing operation. The technique requires an experienced team to judge risk utilizing a numerical rating system that, although arbitrarily chosen, is self consistent and provides a relative assessment of product manufacturing risk. Once calculated, the risk is compared to the product's net income for making risk management and product planning decisions. The workshop included an exercise where all participants could try the technique.
{"title":"Semi‐quantitative risk assessment method for product management","authors":"W. J. Fraser, R. Bussey, J. C. Johnston","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720090415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720090415","url":null,"abstract":"The workshop presented a semi-quantitative risk assessment technique that can be used to judge the total risk on all undesired consequences/events for a product manufacturing operation. The technique requires an experienced team to judge risk utilizing a numerical rating system that, although arbitrarily chosen, is self consistent and provides a relative assessment of product manufacturing risk. Once calculated, the risk is compared to the product's net income for making risk management and product planning decisions. The workshop included an exercise where all participants could try the technique.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133042640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents and discusses the principles and essential features of a process safety management system which if practiced and implemented will prevent industrial catastrophes. The importance of the corporate mission/philosophy and of establishing that sense of operating discipline are also discussed. The corporate mission/philosophy provides the leadership and foundation for a process safety management system. Operating discipline is what takes a process safety management effort from a “paper” program to an “action” program!
{"title":"Process safety management within Dupont","authors":"A. F. Burk, William L. Smith","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720090419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720090419","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents and discusses the principles and essential features of a process safety management system which if practiced and implemented will prevent industrial catastrophes. The importance of the corporate mission/philosophy and of establishing that sense of operating discipline are also discussed. The corporate mission/philosophy provides the leadership and foundation for a process safety management system. Operating discipline is what takes a process safety management effort from a “paper” program to an “action” program!","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134283757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the early 1970's AIChE established the concept of Design Institutes. These are cooperative, industrially sponsored research efforts based on getting work done in an area of general interest at low cost to supporters. There are now four active AIChE groups. These are, with date of organization: Design Institute for Physical Property Data (DIPPR), 1978; Research Institute for Food Engineering (RIFE), 1984; Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS), 1985; and Center for Waste Reduction Technologies (CWRT), 1989. A fifth, Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) has completed its work and established a user's group. The subject of this paper, DIPPR, is now in its eleventh year of funded project work. A symposium honoring the completion of DIPPR's tenth year was held in San Francisco in November, 1989. There were 11 papers presented, along with an historical overview. Copies of the 11 papers are available from the Engineering Societies Library in New York City, as Session 40. The papers were published as an AIChE Symposium Series in 1990 [1]. The DIPPR project results that can be used in reactive chemical hazard assessment are highlighted.
{"title":"Use of DIPPR data in reactive chemical hazard assessment","authors":"T. B. Selover","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720090405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720090405","url":null,"abstract":"In the early 1970's AIChE established the concept of Design Institutes. These are cooperative, industrially sponsored research efforts based on getting work done in an area of general interest at low cost to supporters. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000There are now four active AIChE groups. These are, with date of organization: Design Institute for Physical Property Data (DIPPR), 1978; Research Institute for Food Engineering (RIFE), 1984; Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS), 1985; and Center for Waste Reduction Technologies (CWRT), 1989. A fifth, Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) has completed its work and established a user's group. The subject of this paper, DIPPR, is now in its eleventh year of funded project work. A symposium honoring the completion of DIPPR's tenth year was held in San Francisco in November, 1989. There were 11 papers presented, along with an historical overview. Copies of the 11 papers are available from the Engineering Societies Library in New York City, as Session 40. The papers were published as an AIChE Symposium Series in 1990 [1]. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The DIPPR project results that can be used in reactive chemical hazard assessment are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124273240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In large, complex facilities such as refineries and chemical facilities, it is difficult to identify and compare the risks from many different threats to personnel and production activities. Such a comparison, however, is worthwhile because managers can use this information in allocating limited loss prevention resources. A facility risk review (FRR), as described in this paper, is an effective means of identifying and ranking risks in a facility.
{"title":"Facility risk review as an approach to prioritizing loss prevention efforts","authors":"M. Casada, J. Kirkman, H. M. Paula","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720090406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720090406","url":null,"abstract":"In large, complex facilities such as refineries and chemical facilities, it is difficult to identify and compare the risks from many different threats to personnel and production activities. Such a comparison, however, is worthwhile because managers can use this information in allocating limited loss prevention resources. A facility risk review (FRR), as described in this paper, is an effective means of identifying and ranking risks in a facility.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116154302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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