Pub Date : 2023-07-26DOI: 10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-190-203
O. Voronova, A. A. Babro, A. Lyubchenko
Background. Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is a valuable agricultural plant, characterized by mostly vegetative propagation and depression of sexual process. This feature notably impedes breeding improvement of both Jerusalem artichoke and its hybrids with sunflower. That is why a detailed investigation of possible reasons for the failure of seed setting is very important for this crop. Materials and methods. Jerusalem artichoke accessions from the VIR collection: cvs. ‘Topianka’ (k-70), ‘М-24-29’ (k-90), ‘2М-22-29’ (k-119), Skatovsky (k-123), and ‘Kievsky krasny’ (k-170), grown at Maikop Experiment Station of VIR, were examined. The material for embryological analysis was fixed at the stage of anthesis, processed, and analyzed at the Embryology and Reproductive Biology Lab of the Komarov Botanical Institute. Results. A cytomorphological analysis of pollen grains and examination of anther walls and ovules with embryo sacs showed that from 51 to 95 % of the pollen grains and from 23.1 % to 66.6 % of the embryo sacs were formed normally. Abnormalities in female reproductive structures appeared more frequently but they did not determine the poor seed setting. Among the studied accessions, both cvs. ‘Kievsky krasny’, with the greatest number of abnormalities in male and female reproductive structures, and ‘Topianka’, with the smallest number, produced almost no seeds. The greatest number of seeds (from 207 to 1164) were set in ‘2M-22-29’, with the medium amount of normal generative structures, both male (pollen fertility was 81 %) and female ones (59,4 % of viable embryo sacs). Self-incompatibility observed in cv. ‘Topianka’ could cause the pollination failure, destruction of normal embryo sacs, and seed production decrease. Conclusion. Thus, a combination of several factors (absence of developmental abnormalities in generative structures, crosspollination, and a compatible pollinizer) is necessary for successful seed setting in Jerusalem artichoke.
{"title":"Comparative embryological study of some Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) accessions with different seed-setting ability from the VIR collection","authors":"O. Voronova, A. A. Babro, A. Lyubchenko","doi":"10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-190-203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-190-203","url":null,"abstract":" Background. Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is a valuable agricultural plant, characterized by mostly vegetative propagation and depression of sexual process. This feature notably impedes breeding improvement of both Jerusalem artichoke and its hybrids with sunflower. That is why a detailed investigation of possible reasons for the failure of seed setting is very important for this crop. Materials and methods. Jerusalem artichoke accessions from the VIR collection: cvs. ‘Topianka’ (k-70), ‘М-24-29’ (k-90), ‘2М-22-29’ (k-119), Skatovsky (k-123), and ‘Kievsky krasny’ (k-170), grown at Maikop Experiment Station of VIR, were examined. The material for embryological analysis was fixed at the stage of anthesis, processed, and analyzed at the Embryology and Reproductive Biology Lab of the Komarov Botanical Institute. Results. A cytomorphological analysis of pollen grains and examination of anther walls and ovules with embryo sacs showed that from 51 to 95 % of the pollen grains and from 23.1 % to 66.6 % of the embryo sacs were formed normally. Abnormalities in female reproductive structures appeared more frequently but they did not determine the poor seed setting. Among the studied accessions, both cvs. ‘Kievsky krasny’, with the greatest number of abnormalities in male and female reproductive structures, and ‘Topianka’, with the smallest number, produced almost no seeds. The greatest number of seeds (from 207 to 1164) were set in ‘2M-22-29’, with the medium amount of normal generative structures, both male (pollen fertility was 81 %) and female ones (59,4 % of viable embryo sacs). Self-incompatibility observed in cv. ‘Topianka’ could cause the pollination failure, destruction of normal embryo sacs, and seed production decrease. Conclusion. Thus, a combination of several factors (absence of developmental abnormalities in generative structures, crosspollination, and a compatible pollinizer) is necessary for successful seed setting in Jerusalem artichoke.","PeriodicalId":36512,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85452285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-26DOI: 10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-226-234
E. Rogozina, A. A. Gurina
Background. Potato due to its vegetative propagation is affected by viruses, among which potato viruses Y (PVY), S (PVS) and M (PVM) are spread across all Russia’s territory. The VIR collection presents the diversity of the potato gene pool, including potato cultivars and related tuber-forming species. Diagnostics of viral infections in plants saved for several years by obtaining tuber reproductions is an important part of the work on the conservation and sustainable utilization of the potato gene pool. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the distribution of PVX, PVY, PVS and PVM on plants of potato cultivars and related Solanum spp. in the VIR field collection. Material and methods. Evaluation covered 315 accessions representing all groups of the potato gene pool. Diagnosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was carried out on plants that did not display symptoms of a virus infection. The Russian test system of RPA “BioTechnologies” and foreign one of Bioreba AG (Switzerland) were used. Statistical data processing was performed by the Statistica StatSoft 13 program. Results. Mosaic viruses are distributed with different frequencies on potato plants in the field collection: PVM dominates, detected in 64% of potato accessions; PVY is found in 41 %, PVX on 24 %, and PVS in 18 % of accessions. The connection between the botanical and taxonomic origin of potato accessions and their infection with viruses has been confirmed. Among wild species, more than half of accessions, while among cultivated species, only 5% are affected by XBK. PVM, on the contrary, was detected in a significant part (77–91%) of cultivated potato accessions. and much less frequently (16%) in accessions of wild species. Cvs, ‘Grand’, ‘Krasa Meshchery’, ‘Yantar’ and ‘Nur-Alem’, hybrids 99-1-3, 952-35 and 914-5-2018, accessions of wild species from North America, and cultivated species Solanum goniocalyx Juz. et Buk. (k-9922) are not affected by viruses.
{"title":"Distribution of potato mosaic viruses on plants of the Petota Dumort. section of Solanum L. in the VIR collection","authors":"E. Rogozina, A. A. Gurina","doi":"10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-226-234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-226-234","url":null,"abstract":" Background. Potato due to its vegetative propagation is affected by viruses, among which potato viruses Y (PVY), S (PVS) and M (PVM) are spread across all Russia’s territory. The VIR collection presents the diversity of the potato gene pool, including potato cultivars and related tuber-forming species. Diagnostics of viral infections in plants saved for several years by obtaining tuber reproductions is an important part of the work on the conservation and sustainable utilization of the potato gene pool. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the distribution of PVX, PVY, PVS and PVM on plants of potato cultivars and related Solanum spp. in the VIR field collection. Material and methods. Evaluation covered 315 accessions representing all groups of the potato gene pool. Diagnosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was carried out on plants that did not display symptoms of a virus infection. The Russian test system of RPA “BioTechnologies” and foreign one of Bioreba AG (Switzerland) were used. Statistical data processing was performed by the Statistica StatSoft 13 program. Results. Mosaic viruses are distributed with different frequencies on potato plants in the field collection: PVM dominates, detected in 64% of potato accessions; PVY is found in 41 %, PVX on 24 %, and PVS in 18 % of accessions. The connection between the botanical and taxonomic origin of potato accessions and their infection with viruses has been confirmed. Among wild species, more than half of accessions, while among cultivated species, only 5% are affected by XBK. PVM, on the contrary, was detected in a significant part (77–91%) of cultivated potato accessions. and much less frequently (16%) in accessions of wild species. Cvs, ‘Grand’, ‘Krasa Meshchery’, ‘Yantar’ and ‘Nur-Alem’, hybrids 99-1-3, 952-35 and 914-5-2018, accessions of wild species from North America, and cultivated species Solanum goniocalyx Juz. et Buk. (k-9922) are not affected by viruses.","PeriodicalId":36512,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85385859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-139-148
P. Stepochkin, E. I. Gordeeva, Е. K. Khlestkina
Background. Cereals whose grain contains antioxidants salutary for human health are promising for functional nutrition. Anthocyanins inducing purple grain color are antioxidants, and it is crucial to make efforts towards increasing their content in grain. The objective of this work was to assess the content of anthocyanins in emmer grain and the productivity of breeding lines with purple grain. Materials and methods. The study included the F9 lines developed by two-step hybridization between purple-colored Ethiopian wheat (Triticum aethiopicum Jakubz. var. arraseita) and emmer (Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schuebl.), and those isolated in F2 using marker-based selection for homozygous dominant alleles of two genes. The parent forms of the hybrids were a naked-grain emmer cultivar ‘Gremme’, an awnless emmer accession (k-25516) from the VIR collection, and an accession from the collection of IPK Gatersleben (Ethiopian wheat line TRI 15744), the donor of the purple color. The content of anthocyanins in whole-grain flour was measured in 12 lines, a structural analysis of plants was carried out, and their quantitative characteristics were assessed. Results. The highest anthocyanin content (82.5 µg per 1 g) was observed in line No. 10 of the 27-3 hybrid. The largest share of threshed naked grains (86.9 ± 7.3 %) was recorded for line No. 6 of the 31-19 hybrid. Line No. 11 of the 27-12 hybrid had the highest test weight (802 ± 13 g/L). Line No. 9 of the 27-1 hybrid showed the best index of grain productivity (389 ± 25 g/m2). Conclusion. Marker-assisted selection made it possible to identify homozygous dominant alleles of the two complementary interacting genes, Pp3 and Pp-B1, which cause the purple color of the grain pericarp. Breeding lines with purple-colored grain demonstrated different levels of the total anthocyanin content, test weight, and grain yield. The lines with high indices of these traits are valuable for breeding practice.
{"title":"Marker-assisted breeding of hybrid lines of Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schuebl. × Triticum aethiopicum Jakubz. with purple grain","authors":"P. Stepochkin, E. I. Gordeeva, Е. K. Khlestkina","doi":"10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-139-148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-139-148","url":null,"abstract":" Background. Cereals whose grain contains antioxidants salutary for human health are promising for functional nutrition. Anthocyanins inducing purple grain color are antioxidants, and it is crucial to make efforts towards increasing their content in grain. The objective of this work was to assess the content of anthocyanins in emmer grain and the productivity of breeding lines with purple grain. Materials and methods. The study included the F9 lines developed by two-step hybridization between purple-colored Ethiopian wheat (Triticum aethiopicum Jakubz. var. arraseita) and emmer (Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schuebl.), and those isolated in F2 using marker-based selection for homozygous dominant alleles of two genes. The parent forms of the hybrids were a naked-grain emmer cultivar ‘Gremme’, an awnless emmer accession (k-25516) from the VIR collection, and an accession from the collection of IPK Gatersleben (Ethiopian wheat line TRI 15744), the donor of the purple color. The content of anthocyanins in whole-grain flour was measured in 12 lines, a structural analysis of plants was carried out, and their quantitative characteristics were assessed. Results. The highest anthocyanin content (82.5 µg per 1 g) was observed in line No. 10 of the 27-3 hybrid. The largest share of threshed naked grains (86.9 ± 7.3 %) was recorded for line No. 6 of the 31-19 hybrid. Line No. 11 of the 27-12 hybrid had the highest test weight (802 ± 13 g/L). Line No. 9 of the 27-1 hybrid showed the best index of grain productivity (389 ± 25 g/m2). Conclusion. Marker-assisted selection made it possible to identify homozygous dominant alleles of the two complementary interacting genes, Pp3 and Pp-B1, which cause the purple color of the grain pericarp. Breeding lines with purple-colored grain demonstrated different levels of the total anthocyanin content, test weight, and grain yield. The lines with high indices of these traits are valuable for breeding practice.","PeriodicalId":36512,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74525891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-112-119
E. Zaikina, R. R. Kayumova, A. R. Kuluev, R. Ismagilov, B. Kuluev
Rye (Secale cereale L.) is the most important crop in Russia, its grain quality depends on the content of water-soluble pentosans. The grain of rye cultivars with high content of water-soluble pentosans has good baking properties, but low fodder qualities. Methods of marker-assisted selection for this trait in rye remain undeveloped. For Triticeae, the content of pentosans in grain may be associated with the GT47 glycosyltransferase genes, but the genes of this family have not been identified in rye. The aim of this study was amplification, sequencing, and search for single nucleotide substitutions or other mutations in the GT47 gene in various rye cultivars differing in the content of water-soluble pentosans in their grain and the viscosity of their aqueous extract. DNA from rye leaves was isolated by the standard CTAB method. Based on the nucleotide sequences of the bread wheat and barley GT47 genes, universal primers were selected, then a fragment of the open reading frames of the studied gene was amplified, and the nucleotide sequences were determined by automatic capillary sequencing. The population cultivars of rye, ‘Chulpan 7’ and ‘Podarok’, and F1 hybrids ‘KVS Aviator’, ‘KVS Magnifico’ and ‘KVS Eterno’ were analyzed. The highest content of pentosans and the highest kinematic viscosity of the aqueous extract were found in cv. ‘Chulpan 7’. The lowest values of these indicators were shown by the hybrid cv. ‘KVS Aviator’. The analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the GT47 gene revealed the presence of single-nucleotide substitutions in seven loci, in which the studied rye cultivars differed. Of these, the high-pentosan cv. ‘Chulpan 7’ and the low-pentosan cv, ‘KVS Aviator’ differed in three nucleotide substitutions: 159 (G/A), 204 (C/T), and 327 (G/A). It is suggested that these SNPs can be used for genotyping rye cultivars for the content of water-soluble pentosans in grain.
{"title":"Analysis of nucleotide sequences of the GT47 glycosyltransferase gene in rye cultivars differing in the content of water-soluble pentosans in grain","authors":"E. Zaikina, R. R. Kayumova, A. R. Kuluev, R. Ismagilov, B. Kuluev","doi":"10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-112-119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-112-119","url":null,"abstract":" Rye (Secale cereale L.) is the most important crop in Russia, its grain quality depends on the content of water-soluble pentosans. The grain of rye cultivars with high content of water-soluble pentosans has good baking properties, but low fodder qualities. Methods of marker-assisted selection for this trait in rye remain undeveloped. For Triticeae, the content of pentosans in grain may be associated with the GT47 glycosyltransferase genes, but the genes of this family have not been identified in rye. The aim of this study was amplification, sequencing, and search for single nucleotide substitutions or other mutations in the GT47 gene in various rye cultivars differing in the content of water-soluble pentosans in their grain and the viscosity of their aqueous extract. DNA from rye leaves was isolated by the standard CTAB method. Based on the nucleotide sequences of the bread wheat and barley GT47 genes, universal primers were selected, then a fragment of the open reading frames of the studied gene was amplified, and the nucleotide sequences were determined by automatic capillary sequencing. The population cultivars of rye, ‘Chulpan 7’ and ‘Podarok’, and F1 hybrids ‘KVS Aviator’, ‘KVS Magnifico’ and ‘KVS Eterno’ were analyzed. The highest content of pentosans and the highest kinematic viscosity of the aqueous extract were found in cv. ‘Chulpan 7’. The lowest values of these indicators were shown by the hybrid cv. ‘KVS Aviator’. The analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the GT47 gene revealed the presence of single-nucleotide substitutions in seven loci, in which the studied rye cultivars differed. Of these, the high-pentosan cv. ‘Chulpan 7’ and the low-pentosan cv, ‘KVS Aviator’ differed in three nucleotide substitutions: 159 (G/A), 204 (C/T), and 327 (G/A). It is suggested that these SNPs can be used for genotyping rye cultivars for the content of water-soluble pentosans in grain.","PeriodicalId":36512,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86153814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-149-159
E. Zhmud, I. Kuban, A. Achimova, M. B. Yamtyrov, O. Dorogina
Background. Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin (Asteraceae) is a rare species for the Altai Republic (AR). The purpose of this study was to characterize the genetic polymorphism of Rhaponticum carthamoides at the inter- and intrapopulation level in a comparative analysis for subsequent selection of seed samples from the genetically most heterogeneous natural populations of the AR for practical purposes. Materials and methods. The species was studied for ISSR variability in five habitats in the AR. DNA from dried leaves of R. carthamoides was isolated using the STAB method. For testing seventeen ISSR primers were used, seven of which were selected as most informative ones. Results and conclusion. The analysis showed that individual plants from five cenopopulations (CP) were distributed into three groups of similarity on the dendrogram. A separate clade was formed by plant samples from two CPs of the Katun Nature Reserve (KNR). Samples of one of those CPs grew on well-warmed southern slopes and exhibited a higher genetic heterogeneity than the others. The highest intrapopulation and interpopulation similarity in the distribution of DNA fragments was also found in two CPs from habitats with the smallest geographic distance from each other. Representatives of a separate population, least in size and number of individuals in the KNR, showed a high level of similarity in the distribution of DNA fragments. Significantly lower coefficients of genetic similarity with other CPs were found in plants from a small isolated CP from the Shavlinsky Protected Area. It can be assumed that one of the main reasons for the least genetic similarity of this population with others is its location in the immediate vicinity of the foothill at the pass to Achik (Ongudaysky District; absolute height: 2300 masl). This location can be a limiting factor for the exchange of genetic information with individuals from other populations.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of genetic polymorphism in Rhaponticum carthamoides (Asteraceae) populations by ISSR markers in the Altai Republic","authors":"E. Zhmud, I. Kuban, A. Achimova, M. B. Yamtyrov, O. Dorogina","doi":"10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-149-159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-149-159","url":null,"abstract":" Background. Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin (Asteraceae) is a rare species for the Altai Republic (AR). The purpose of this study was to characterize the genetic polymorphism of Rhaponticum carthamoides at the inter- and intrapopulation level in a comparative analysis for subsequent selection of seed samples from the genetically most heterogeneous natural populations of the AR for practical purposes. Materials and methods. The species was studied for ISSR variability in five habitats in the AR. DNA from dried leaves of R. carthamoides was isolated using the STAB method. For testing seventeen ISSR primers were used, seven of which were selected as most informative ones. Results and conclusion. The analysis showed that individual plants from five cenopopulations (CP) were distributed into three groups of similarity on the dendrogram. A separate clade was formed by plant samples from two CPs of the Katun Nature Reserve (KNR). Samples of one of those CPs grew on well-warmed southern slopes and exhibited a higher genetic heterogeneity than the others. The highest intrapopulation and interpopulation similarity in the distribution of DNA fragments was also found in two CPs from habitats with the smallest geographic distance from each other. Representatives of a separate population, least in size and number of individuals in the KNR, showed a high level of similarity in the distribution of DNA fragments. Significantly lower coefficients of genetic similarity with other CPs were found in plants from a small isolated CP from the Shavlinsky Protected Area. It can be assumed that one of the main reasons for the least genetic similarity of this population with others is its location in the immediate vicinity of the foothill at the pass to Achik (Ongudaysky District; absolute height: 2300 masl). This location can be a limiting factor for the exchange of genetic information with individuals from other populations.","PeriodicalId":36512,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82766731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-176-189
D. Anatov, Z. Asadulaev, Z. R. Ramazanova, R. Osmanov
Background. The adaptive changes during the distribution of Prunus armeniaca L. in Dagestan are important for understanding microevolution, structural and functional differentiation processes of populations along environmental gradients based on the organism’s reaction norm. They can be examined by studying leaf anatomical features, having ecologically differentiating significance in natural populations with contrasting growth conditions. Materials and methods. The material for the study of leaf anatomical features was taken from 7 apricot trees in 3 growing areas of Mountainous Dagestan. Comparative analysis was carried out for 42 morphological, anatomical and index parameters of the lamina and petiole. Results. The anocytic structure type of the stomatal apparatus was found in all apricot samples. The differences were determined by the degree of stomata submergence depending on the cuticle’s development. Trees from greater heights had more trichomes on the leaf’s upper side than on its underside. Significant differences between the extreme height reference points were recorded for the number of stomata, cells of the lower epidermis, layers of the sclerenchyma, and xylem thickness. Most of the traits of the lamina decreased, and those of the petiole increased with the altitude. Conclusion. The traits corresponding to the lower and upper altitude limits of P. armeniaca were identified on the basis of the lamina and petiole anatomical features. More xerophytic leaf traits were recorded for the altitudes of 550 m and 1900 m, and mesophytic ones for 1700 m and 1800 m. Endoderm thickness, number of endosperm layers, petiole index, and stomatal index were identified as stable indicators according to the reaction norm within the scope of altitudes: The differences were proved for more plastic traits (number of cells of the upper and lower epidermis, number of stomata, thickness of the lamina and cuticle, and the petiole’s long axis diameter).
{"title":"Features of the anatomical structure of leaves depending on the high-altitude growth of apricot in Dagestan","authors":"D. Anatov, Z. Asadulaev, Z. R. Ramazanova, R. Osmanov","doi":"10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-176-189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-176-189","url":null,"abstract":" Background. The adaptive changes during the distribution of Prunus armeniaca L. in Dagestan are important for understanding microevolution, structural and functional differentiation processes of populations along environmental gradients based on the organism’s reaction norm. They can be examined by studying leaf anatomical features, having ecologically differentiating significance in natural populations with contrasting growth conditions. Materials and methods. The material for the study of leaf anatomical features was taken from 7 apricot trees in 3 growing areas of Mountainous Dagestan. Comparative analysis was carried out for 42 morphological, anatomical and index parameters of the lamina and petiole. Results. The anocytic structure type of the stomatal apparatus was found in all apricot samples. The differences were determined by the degree of stomata submergence depending on the cuticle’s development. Trees from greater heights had more trichomes on the leaf’s upper side than on its underside. Significant differences between the extreme height reference points were recorded for the number of stomata, cells of the lower epidermis, layers of the sclerenchyma, and xylem thickness. Most of the traits of the lamina decreased, and those of the petiole increased with the altitude. Conclusion. The traits corresponding to the lower and upper altitude limits of P. armeniaca were identified on the basis of the lamina and petiole anatomical features. More xerophytic leaf traits were recorded for the altitudes of 550 m and 1900 m, and mesophytic ones for 1700 m and 1800 m. Endoderm thickness, number of endosperm layers, petiole index, and stomatal index were identified as stable indicators according to the reaction norm within the scope of altitudes: The differences were proved for more plastic traits (number of cells of the upper and lower epidermis, number of stomata, thickness of the lamina and cuticle, and the petiole’s long axis diameter).","PeriodicalId":36512,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72554912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-160-175
V. V. Sidorova, A. V. Konarev, Y. Kerv
The effective use of maize (Zea mays L.) in agriculture depends entirely on the knowledge of its gene pool, which, in turn, needs to undergo registration and certification as new data become available. Maize is one of the model objects for applying the marker methodology. This article summarizes the results of a long-term study of the maize gene pool at N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) in two main areas: identification of the world genetic diversity of maize (including the most important wild relatives for breeding use), and search for reliable protein (zein) markers of traits valuable for breeding in order to use them in improvement, seed production, and seed control of this crop. Specific examples show the effectiveness of using zein markers in the development of new inbred lines and improvement of the existing ones. On the examples of such agronomic traits as early maturity, explosiveness, and waxiness of maize grain, the possibility of controlling the “inclusion” of these traits in the breeding material with the help of zein markers has been demonstrated. Evidence of the effectiveness of applying zein markers in the selection of parental pairs to obtain highly heterotic hybrids is presented. The nomenclature of zein adopted at VIR after its separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in an acidic buffer was compared with the nomenclature of zein after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE) adopted among the foreign scientific community. The studies were performed on a large volume of accessions from the VIR collection as well as on breeding material provided by the country’s leading breeders.
{"title":"Zein patterns as effective markers of valuable agronomic traits in maize","authors":"V. V. Sidorova, A. V. Konarev, Y. Kerv","doi":"10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-160-175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-160-175","url":null,"abstract":" The effective use of maize (Zea mays L.) in agriculture depends entirely on the knowledge of its gene pool, which, in turn, needs to undergo registration and certification as new data become available. Maize is one of the model objects for applying the marker methodology. This article summarizes the results of a long-term study of the maize gene pool at N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) in two main areas: identification of the world genetic diversity of maize (including the most important wild relatives for breeding use), and search for reliable protein (zein) markers of traits valuable for breeding in order to use them in improvement, seed production, and seed control of this crop. Specific examples show the effectiveness of using zein markers in the development of new inbred lines and improvement of the existing ones. On the examples of such agronomic traits as early maturity, explosiveness, and waxiness of maize grain, the possibility of controlling the “inclusion” of these traits in the breeding material with the help of zein markers has been demonstrated. Evidence of the effectiveness of applying zein markers in the selection of parental pairs to obtain highly heterotic hybrids is presented. The nomenclature of zein adopted at VIR after its separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in an acidic buffer was compared with the nomenclature of zein after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE) adopted among the foreign scientific community. The studies were performed on a large volume of accessions from the VIR collection as well as on breeding material provided by the country’s leading breeders.","PeriodicalId":36512,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding","volume":"168 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72407736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-120-138
P. Nikolaev, O. Yusova, N. Aniskov, O. Kovaleva, I. Safonova
Plant breeding is an endless conveyor belt: cultivars developed earlier are included in hybridization plans and become the sources for new ones. The main tasks in barley improvement through breeding include raising the productivity of cultivars, improving their quality, and strengthening disease resistance. Correct selection, use, and studying of the source material – that is the key to successful breeding efforts. The first and most important step in constructing a cultivar is the process of hybridization. A valuable source of aid, and often the basis for newly developed cultivars, is the global collection of VIR, whose importance can hardly be overestimated. From 1936 to 2021, 27 barley cultivars were released: they are widely cultivated in Russia and Kazakhstan. Of these, 19 cultivars were obtained by pair hybridization; 4 cultivars by the complex stepwise hybridization technique; 4 cultivars through individual selection using the population approach. Despite the high importance of germplasm collection materials, 21 cultivars were produced by hybridization using a genotype selected at Omsk as one of the parental forms: in 16 cultivars, a local genotype was used as a maternal parent; in 12, as a paternal one; and in 8 cultivars, both parent forms were bred at Omsk Agricultural Scientific Center. Our retrospective analysis of a number of Omsk spring barley cultivars, on the one hand, confirms the earlier conclusions of Siberian scientists about a limited number of base crop cultivars, and on the other, attests to very rich pedigrees of spring barley cultivars in terms of the number of parent forms from the VIR global collection. Siberian barley ecotypes, characterized by increased adaptability to local harsh climate factors, should be further preserved in the national crop germplasm repository at VIR.
{"title":"Retrospective analysis of spring barley cultivars developed by Omsk breeders (1936–2021)","authors":"P. Nikolaev, O. Yusova, N. Aniskov, O. Kovaleva, I. Safonova","doi":"10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-120-138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-120-138","url":null,"abstract":" Plant breeding is an endless conveyor belt: cultivars developed earlier are included in hybridization plans and become the sources for new ones. The main tasks in barley improvement through breeding include raising the productivity of cultivars, improving their quality, and strengthening disease resistance. Correct selection, use, and studying of the source material – that is the key to successful breeding efforts. The first and most important step in constructing a cultivar is the process of hybridization. A valuable source of aid, and often the basis for newly developed cultivars, is the global collection of VIR, whose importance can hardly be overestimated. From 1936 to 2021, 27 barley cultivars were released: they are widely cultivated in Russia and Kazakhstan. Of these, 19 cultivars were obtained by pair hybridization; 4 cultivars by the complex stepwise hybridization technique; 4 cultivars through individual selection using the population approach. Despite the high importance of germplasm collection materials, 21 cultivars were produced by hybridization using a genotype selected at Omsk as one of the parental forms: in 16 cultivars, a local genotype was used as a maternal parent; in 12, as a paternal one; and in 8 cultivars, both parent forms were bred at Omsk Agricultural Scientific Center. Our retrospective analysis of a number of Omsk spring barley cultivars, on the one hand, confirms the earlier conclusions of Siberian scientists about a limited number of base crop cultivars, and on the other, attests to very rich pedigrees of spring barley cultivars in terms of the number of parent forms from the VIR global collection. Siberian barley ecotypes, characterized by increased adaptability to local harsh climate factors, should be further preserved in the national crop germplasm repository at VIR.","PeriodicalId":36512,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87931745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-24DOI: 10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-87-100
A. A. Kochegina, V. M. Koryakina
Studying plants of the wheatgrass genus as a unique and valuable fodder and phytomeliorating perennial arid xerophytic crop is of great interest to plant breeders, geneticists, biologists, ecologists, agriculturists, and forestry experts in southern regions of Russia, the ex-USSR republics, a number of European and Asia Minor countries, the U. S., Canada, and China. Accessions from the VIR collection representing five wheatgrass species were studied for the first time under the harsh conditions of extremely continental climate in the northern region of Central Yakutia. Introducing wheatgrass, widespread in this region, into cultivation, and releasing new cultivars adapted to local conditions are urgent tasks in forage production. Agropyron Gaertn. incorporates polyploid series, which expands the possibilities of using its accessions in hybridization. The aim of this study was to analyze and select promising accessions as sources for further use in breeding practice to develop a new cultivar for hay and pasture purposes, and identify genotypes with the best agronomic characteristics. Results of a three-year (2018–2020) study involving 22 wheatgrass accessions of various ecogeographic origin are presented. The accessions identified over a two-year period for their average yield of green fodder biomass were k-52382 (143.7 g/plant) from Pavlodar Region of Kazakhstan, and the Kazakh cultivar ‘Batyr’ (142.5 g/plant); for the yield of dry fodder biomass, crested wheatgrass k-52382 (on average 65.8 g/plant), k-51330 from Chelyabinsk Province (56.1 g/plant), and cv. ‘Batyr’ (53.2 g/plant); for high seed yield, Siberian wheatgrass accession k-52440 (28.4 g/m2), wild crested wheatgrass k-51330 (25.2 g/m2) and k-52380 (19.4 g/m2), and Kerch wheatgrass k-48705 (17.3 g/m2). Nutrients and energy in the tested accessions were assessed.
{"title":"Evaluation of commercial traits in the accessions of the wheatgrass genus (Agropyron Gaertn.) under the conditions of Central Yakutia","authors":"A. A. Kochegina, V. M. Koryakina","doi":"10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-87-100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-87-100","url":null,"abstract":" Studying plants of the wheatgrass genus as a unique and valuable fodder and phytomeliorating perennial arid xerophytic crop is of great interest to plant breeders, geneticists, biologists, ecologists, agriculturists, and forestry experts in southern regions of Russia, the ex-USSR republics, a number of European and Asia Minor countries, the U. S., Canada, and China. Accessions from the VIR collection representing five wheatgrass species were studied for the first time under the harsh conditions of extremely continental climate in the northern region of Central Yakutia. Introducing wheatgrass, widespread in this region, into cultivation, and releasing new cultivars adapted to local conditions are urgent tasks in forage production. Agropyron Gaertn. incorporates polyploid series, which expands the possibilities of using its accessions in hybridization. The aim of this study was to analyze and select promising accessions as sources for further use in breeding practice to develop a new cultivar for hay and pasture purposes, and identify genotypes with the best agronomic characteristics. Results of a three-year (2018–2020) study involving 22 wheatgrass accessions of various ecogeographic origin are presented. The accessions identified over a two-year period for their average yield of green fodder biomass were k-52382 (143.7 g/plant) from Pavlodar Region of Kazakhstan, and the Kazakh cultivar ‘Batyr’ (142.5 g/plant); for the yield of dry fodder biomass, crested wheatgrass k-52382 (on average 65.8 g/plant), k-51330 from Chelyabinsk Province (56.1 g/plant), and cv. ‘Batyr’ (53.2 g/plant); for high seed yield, Siberian wheatgrass accession k-52440 (28.4 g/m2), wild crested wheatgrass k-51330 (25.2 g/m2) and k-52380 (19.4 g/m2), and Kerch wheatgrass k-48705 (17.3 g/m2). Nutrients and energy in the tested accessions were assessed.","PeriodicalId":36512,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85245323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-24DOI: 10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-101-111
O. Radchenko, L. Novikova
Background. Monitoring of phenological rhythms in plants is one of the stages in the study of new genotypes. The adaptive potential of a genotype at the northern border of the area of plum distribution is the main criterion characterizing a cultivar. The main role in the formation of the assortment of diploid plum species in Russia is played by cherry plum, Chinese plum, and Russian plum. The goal of this study was to identify the factors affecting the dates of the growing season and flowering onsets for diploid plums under the conditions of Northwestern Russia. Materials and methods. The dates of the onsets of the vegetative and flowering phases in 50 accessions of cherry, Russian and Chinese plums in 1986–2020 served as the material for the study under the conditions of collection plantations at Pushkin and Pavlovsk Laboratories of VIR. Results and conclusion. All the species demonstrated a tendency towards a shift of phenodates to earlier dates with an average rate of 1-2 days/10 years caused by warming. The conditions of the year had the greatest effect on phenodates, as they determined 67.0–68.3 % of the variability in the phenophase onset dates; the impact of the species factor was manifold less: 0.5–1.1 %. Russian plum occupied an intermediate position between cherry plum and Chinese plum in the onsets of both the vegetative and flowering phases. No differences were observed between the species in the duration of the period between the onsets of the vegetative phase and flowering. According to the long-term observations, the most adaptive cultivars were cv. ‘Podarok Sankt-Peterburgu’ (k-41445) of Russian plum, with medium dates of both the vegetative and flowering phase onsets, and with a 20-day difference in years in the onsets of these phases, cv. ‘14-1-14’ (k-7375А) of Russian plum, and cherry plum cvs. ‘Pchelnikovskaya’ (k-41446) and ‘Krasnaya 25-29’ (k-15792А).
{"title":"Biological features of the vegetative and flowering phenophase onsets among diploid plum species in Northwestern Russia","authors":"O. Radchenko, L. Novikova","doi":"10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-101-111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-101-111","url":null,"abstract":" Background. Monitoring of phenological rhythms in plants is one of the stages in the study of new genotypes. The adaptive potential of a genotype at the northern border of the area of plum distribution is the main criterion characterizing a cultivar. The main role in the formation of the assortment of diploid plum species in Russia is played by cherry plum, Chinese plum, and Russian plum. The goal of this study was to identify the factors affecting the dates of the growing season and flowering onsets for diploid plums under the conditions of Northwestern Russia. Materials and methods. The dates of the onsets of the vegetative and flowering phases in 50 accessions of cherry, Russian and Chinese plums in 1986–2020 served as the material for the study under the conditions of collection plantations at Pushkin and Pavlovsk Laboratories of VIR. Results and conclusion. All the species demonstrated a tendency towards a shift of phenodates to earlier dates with an average rate of 1-2 days/10 years caused by warming. The conditions of the year had the greatest effect on phenodates, as they determined 67.0–68.3 % of the variability in the phenophase onset dates; the impact of the species factor was manifold less: 0.5–1.1 %. Russian plum occupied an intermediate position between cherry plum and Chinese plum in the onsets of both the vegetative and flowering phases. No differences were observed between the species in the duration of the period between the onsets of the vegetative phase and flowering. According to the long-term observations, the most adaptive cultivars were cv. ‘Podarok Sankt-Peterburgu’ (k-41445) of Russian plum, with medium dates of both the vegetative and flowering phase onsets, and with a 20-day difference in years in the onsets of these phases, cv. ‘14-1-14’ (k-7375А) of Russian plum, and cherry plum cvs. ‘Pchelnikovskaya’ (k-41446) and ‘Krasnaya 25-29’ (k-15792А).","PeriodicalId":36512,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86130260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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