Serum uric acid (SUA) has long been linked to elevated blood pressure (BP) in observational clinical studies. Nonetheless, data regarding the correlation between SUA and BP are controversial in randomized controlled trials and mendelian randomization research. Furthermore, it is yet unknown if there is a reciprocal relationship between SUA and BP. This study was conducted to explore the temporal relationship between SUA and BP and related risk factors.
Methods
In this cohort study, 27,581 participants free of hypertension and cardiovascular disease from 2010 to 2016 in the Kailuan study were included. Cross-lagged studies with repeated evaluation of BP and SUA were applied to identify the temporal relationship between SUA and BP. The brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were conducted to evaluate the mediation impact on the correlation between SUA and BP among 6761 participants via mediation analysis.
Results
The cross-lagged path coefficient of baseline SUA and follow-up systolic BP (β2) was 0.06 (95% CI, 0.03–0.08) in the participants with the age of ≤ 45 (n = 12,244), which was greater versus the coefficient of baseline systolic BP and follow-up SUA (β1) 0.04 (95% CI, 0.01–0.07; p < 0.001), in contrast to the participants with the age of > 45 (n = 15337). The positive correlation between SUA and BPs was mediated by baPWV.
Conclusion
SUA may be a precursor to raised BP in young men, vascular stiffness mediated the positive correlation between BP and SUA.
{"title":"Uric Acid, Arterial Stiffness and Blood Pressure: A Population-Based Cohort Study","authors":"Lijun Li, Mengyi Zheng, Miao Wang, Chi Wang, Shouling Wu, Hao Xue","doi":"10.1002/hsr2.71471","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hsr2.71471","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Serum uric acid (SUA) has long been linked to elevated blood pressure (BP) in observational clinical studies. Nonetheless, data regarding the correlation between SUA and BP are controversial in randomized controlled trials and mendelian randomization research. Furthermore, it is yet unknown if there is a reciprocal relationship between SUA and BP. This study was conducted to explore the temporal relationship between SUA and BP and related risk factors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this cohort study, 27,581 participants free of hypertension and cardiovascular disease from 2010 to 2016 in the Kailuan study were included. Cross-lagged studies with repeated evaluation of BP and SUA were applied to identify the temporal relationship between SUA and BP. The brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were conducted to evaluate the mediation impact on the correlation between SUA and BP among 6761 participants via mediation analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The cross-lagged path coefficient of baseline SUA and follow-up systolic BP (β2) was 0.06 (95% CI, 0.03–0.08) in the participants with the age of ≤ 45 (<i>n</i> = 12,244), which was greater versus the coefficient of baseline systolic BP and follow-up SUA (β1) 0.04 (95% CI, 0.01–0.07; <i>p</i> < 0.001), in contrast to the participants with the age of > 45 (<i>n</i> = 15337). The positive correlation between SUA and BPs was mediated by baPWV.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>SUA may be a precursor to raised BP in young men, vascular stiffness mediated the positive correlation between BP and SUA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Trial Registration</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>ChiCTR-TNC-11001489.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36518,"journal":{"name":"Health Science Reports","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hsr2.71471","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145904719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert J. Trager, Zachary A. Cupler, Jordan A. Gliedt, Ryan A. Fischer, Roshini Srinivasan, Hannah Thorfinnson
We thank the author(s) for their interest in our study examining the association between spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) for low back pain (LBP) and opioid use disorder [1] and for their efforts to replicate our query. However, several key aspects of our design and inclusion logic were misinterpreted, leading to incorrect conclusions in their Letter.
In summary, the Letter′s critiques stem from misapplication of our design parameters and misrepresentation of our study purpose. The modest increase in cohort sizes is expected given growth in the TriNetX network size, and does not indicate flaws in our original work. We appreciate opportunities for post-publication dialogue and welcome future critiques. However, we hope that further replication attempts accurately mirror the original study design before drawing conclusions about its accuracy.
Robert J. Trager: conceptualization, writing – original draft, writing – review and editing. Zachary A. Cupler: writing – review and editing. Jordan A. Gliedt: writing – review and editing. Ryan A. Fischer: writing – review and editing. Roshini Srinivasan: writing – review and editing. Hannah Thorfinnson: writing – review and editing.
The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the US Department of Veterans Affairs or the US Government.
Robert J. Trager received consulting fees from Merck for participation in an expert input meeting on chronic low back pain (October 2025) and received royalties from authoring two books on the topic of sciatica.
我们感谢作者对我们的研究感兴趣，研究腰痛（LBP）的脊柱推拿疗法（SMT）与阿片类药物使用障碍[1]之间的关系，并感谢他们努力重复我们的研究。然而，我们的设计和包含逻辑的几个关键方面被误解了，导致他们在信中得出了错误的结论。总之，这封信的批评源于对我们设计参数的误用和对我们研究目的的误解。考虑到TriNetX网络规模的增长，队列规模的适度增加是预期的，并不表明我们的原始工作存在缺陷。我们感谢出版后对话的机会，并欢迎未来的批评。然而，我们希望在得出准确性结论之前，进一步的复制尝试能够准确地反映原始研究设计。罗伯特·j·特雷格：概念化，写作-原稿，写作-审查和编辑。Zachary A. Cupler：写作-评论和编辑。乔丹A.格列特：写作-评论和编辑。Ryan A. Fischer：写作-评论和编辑。Roshini Srinivasan：写作-评论和编辑。汉娜·索芬森：写作-评论和编辑。本文仅代表作者个人观点，并不代表美国退伍军人事务部或美国政府的官方政策或立场。Robert J. Trager因参加慢性腰痛专家意见会议（2025年10月）而获得默克公司的咨询费，并因撰写两本关于坐骨神经痛的书籍而获得版税。
{"title":"Response to: Query Design Logic in TriNetX Studies","authors":"Robert J. Trager, Zachary A. Cupler, Jordan A. Gliedt, Ryan A. Fischer, Roshini Srinivasan, Hannah Thorfinnson","doi":"10.1002/hsr2.71690","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hsr2.71690","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We thank the author(s) for their interest in our study examining the association between spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) for low back pain (LBP) and opioid use disorder [<span>1</span>] and for their efforts to replicate our query. However, several key aspects of our design and inclusion logic were misinterpreted, leading to incorrect conclusions in their Letter.</p><p>In summary, the Letter′s critiques stem from misapplication of our design parameters and misrepresentation of our study purpose. The modest increase in cohort sizes is expected given growth in the TriNetX network size, and does not indicate flaws in our original work. We appreciate opportunities for post-publication dialogue and welcome future critiques. However, we hope that further replication attempts accurately mirror the original study design before drawing conclusions about its accuracy.</p><p><b>Robert J. Trager:</b> conceptualization, writing – original draft, writing – review and editing. <b>Zachary A. Cupler:</b> writing – review and editing. <b>Jordan A. Gliedt:</b> writing – review and editing. <b>Ryan A. Fischer:</b> writing – review and editing. <b>Roshini Srinivasan:</b> writing – review and editing. <b>Hannah Thorfinnson:</b> writing – review and editing.</p><p>The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the US Department of Veterans Affairs or the US Government.</p><p>Robert J. Trager received consulting fees from Merck for participation in an expert input meeting on chronic low back pain (October 2025) and received royalties from authoring two books on the topic of sciatica.</p>","PeriodicalId":36518,"journal":{"name":"Health Science Reports","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hsr2.71690","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145904718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kezia Y. Awortwe, Daniel Gawey, Gideon O. Abbiw, Isaac Acheampong, Solomon Wireko, Seth A. Domfeh
Background and Aims
Procedures used by beauticians pose a significant risk of transmitting blood-borne viruses, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Despite this risk, data on HBV and HCV prevalence and knowledge among beauticians in Ghana are limited. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, prevalence, and workplace safety practices related to HBV and HCV infections among beauticians in the Ejisu-Juaben Municipality.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to August 2023 through convenience sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographics, knowledge, and safety practices. Venous blood samples (3 mL) were collected to test for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibodies. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 (IBM, USA). Fisher's exact test was used to determine associations between categorical variables, and logistic regression analysis was used to assess risk factors for HBV infection.
Results
Among the 198 beauticians, 4.0% (8/198) tested positive for HBsAg, whereas none tested positive for HCV. Fisher's exact test revealed no significant association between HBV infection and sociodemographic factors, knowledge, or safety practices (p > 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed no significant association between HBV infection and risk factors (p > 0.05). Regarding knowledge, 12.6% and 77.8% of the beauticians had never heard of HBV and HCV, respectively, whereas 54.9% and 61.4% did not know their modes of transmission. Unsafe beauty practices were common, with 21.7% not using protective gloves, 59.6% failing to disinfect tools after each use, and 31.3% reusing razors.
Conclusion
This study highlights poor knowledge and unsafe beauty practices among beauticians. Although the HBV was low and no cases of HCV were detected, the lack of awareness and inadequate safety measures pose a public health concern. Targeted health education, vaccination programs, and enforcement of salon safety standards are recommended.
背景和目的美容师使用的程序具有传播血源性病毒的重大风险，包括乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）和丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）。尽管存在这种风险，但加纳美容师中关于HBV和HCV患病率和知识的数据有限。本研究旨在评估埃济苏-华本市美容师中与HBV和HCV感染相关的知识、流行情况和工作场所安全措施。方法于2023年6月至8月采用方便抽样的方法进行横断面研究。使用结构化问卷收集有关社会人口统计学、知识和安全实践的数据。采集静脉血（3ml）检测乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）和抗hcv抗体。数据分析使用SPSS version 23 （IBM， USA）。使用Fisher精确检验来确定分类变量之间的相关性，并使用逻辑回归分析来评估HBV感染的危险因素。结果198名美容师中，4.0%（8/198）的HBsAg检测呈阳性，无HCV检测呈阳性。Fisher精确检验显示HBV感染与社会人口学因素、知识或安全措施之间无显著关联（p > 0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示HBV感染与危险因素无显著相关性（p > 0.05）。在知识方面，12.6%和77.8%的美容师从未听说过HBV和HCV， 54.9%和61.4%的美容师不知道它们的传播方式。不安全的美容做法很常见，21.7%的人不戴防护手套，59.6%的人每次使用后不消毒，31.3%的人重复使用剃须刀。结论：本研究突出了美容师知识贫乏和不安全的美容做法。虽然乙型肝炎病毒很低，没有发现丙肝病毒病例，但缺乏认识和不充分的安全措施构成了一个公共卫生问题。建议有针对性的健康教育、疫苗接种计划和执行沙龙安全标准。
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Early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) is often associated with subtle functional changes that may go undetected by conventional assessment tools. The Details of Functions of Everyday Life – Revised (DoFEL-R) was developed to address this gap by embedding updated theoretical understandings from memory binding into the assessment of everyday tasks. This study aimed to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and conduct a preliminary validation of the DoFEL-R for use with Croatian-speaking older adults.
Methods
Following the guidelines of the International Test Commission (ITC), the adaptation process included forward and back translation, a Delphi expert panel, cognitive interviews, and pilot testing. A total of 263 community-dwelling older adults completed the Croatian DoFEL-R, with fifty-six participating in a 2-week follow-up to assess test-retest reliability.
Results
Exploratory factor analysis supported a two-factor structure aligned with relational and conjunctive binding, consistent with the original theoretical framework. The scale showed strong internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.89) and excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.91). Cognitive interviews indicated good face validity and cultural appropriateness of the adapted items.
Conclusion
These findings support the Croatian DoFEL-R as a valid and reliable tool for identifying early functional decline indicative of AD-related dementia in older adults. Its use may enhance early detection of preclinical AD and inform clinical assessment practices in Croatia and similar cultural contexts. However, the sample's relatively high educational and digital literacy levels may limit generalisability, and further research is needed to confirm applicability across more diverse populations.
{"title":"Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the DoFEL-R for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Related Functional Decline in Croatia","authors":"Freddie O'Donald, Mario A Parra, Clara Calia","doi":"10.1002/hsr2.71442","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hsr2.71442","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) is often associated with subtle functional changes that may go undetected by conventional assessment tools. The Details of Functions of Everyday Life – Revised (DoFEL-R) was developed to address this gap by embedding updated theoretical understandings from memory binding into the assessment of everyday tasks. This study aimed to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and conduct a preliminary validation of the DoFEL-R for use with Croatian-speaking older adults.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Following the guidelines of the International Test Commission (ITC), the adaptation process included forward and back translation, a Delphi expert panel, cognitive interviews, and pilot testing. A total of 263 community-dwelling older adults completed the Croatian DoFEL-R, with fifty-six participating in a 2-week follow-up to assess test-retest reliability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Exploratory factor analysis supported a two-factor structure aligned with relational and conjunctive binding, consistent with the original theoretical framework. The scale showed strong internal consistency (Cronbach's <i>α</i> = 0.89) and excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.91). Cognitive interviews indicated good face validity and cultural appropriateness of the adapted items.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings support the Croatian DoFEL-R as a valid and reliable tool for identifying early functional decline indicative of AD-related dementia in older adults. Its use may enhance early detection of preclinical AD and inform clinical assessment practices in Croatia and similar cultural contexts. However, the sample's relatively high educational and digital literacy levels may limit generalisability, and further research is needed to confirm applicability across more diverse populations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36518,"journal":{"name":"Health Science Reports","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12759303/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145901278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Mawutor Donkor, Gideon Owusu, Victoria Essuon-Sepah, Obed Asamoah, Isabella Anokye, Alfred Kwadwo Sah, Safianu Apalebilah, Patrick Adu, Joseph Boachie
Background
In Sub-Saharan Africa, anemia is a significant public health issue, affecting individuals of all ages. While prevention efforts focus on infants, children, and pregnant women, adolescents are overlooked often, leading to ongoing challenges. Despite its prevalence, there is a paucity of research on anemia in adults, particularly university students in Ghana. Studying this demographic can improve understanding and inform public health interventions, addressing the unique needs of university populations and ultimately reducing the burden of anemia.
Aim
The aim of this research was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of newly admitted university students regarding the importance of vitamins in blood formation, renewal, and function. This study targeted newly admitted university students, as they represent a transitional group from adolescence to young adulthood, often experiencing changes in dietary patterns, living arrangements, and lifestyle that may predispose them to nutritional deficiencies and anemia.
Methodology
This study employed a cross-sectional design, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. About 300 newly admitted students undergoing routine medical screening at the University Hospital were recruited. Data regarding the knowledge, attitude and practices, as well as misconceptions of participants were obtained using a structured questionnaire, whereas clinical data were obtained from their medical records.
Results
Among the 300 participants, anemia prevalence was 40.0%, with 45.3% demonstrating good knowledge and 50.7% positive attitudes and practices. Knowledge differed significantly by program of study (p = 0.03), while misconceptions such as believing that ‘men by default have higher vitamin needs’ were strongly associated with anemia (aOR = 2.29, p = 0.022).
Conclusion
While nearly half demonstrated good knowledge and positive attitudes and practices, misconceptions, particularly gender-based beliefs, significantly increased anemia risk. These findings emphasize the need for targeted, campus-based nutrition education that not only improves knowledge but also actively corrects misconceptions to reduce anemia burden.
背景：在撒哈拉以南非洲，贫血是一个重大的公共卫生问题，影响到所有年龄段的人。虽然预防工作的重点是婴儿、儿童和孕妇，但青少年往往被忽视，导致持续存在的挑战。尽管贫血很普遍，但对加纳成人，特别是大学生贫血的研究却很缺乏。研究这一人口统计可以增进了解，为公共卫生干预提供信息，解决大学人口的独特需求，并最终减轻贫血的负担。目的：本研究的目的是评估新入学的大学生关于维生素在血液形成、更新和功能中的重要性的知识、态度和实践。这项研究的目标是新入学的大学生，因为他们代表了从青春期到青年期的过渡群体，经常经历饮食模式、生活安排和生活方式的变化，这些变化可能使他们易患营养缺乏和贫血。方法：本研究采用横断面设计，采用定量和定性数据收集方法。招募了约300名在大学医院接受常规体检的新入学学生。使用结构化问卷获得有关参与者的知识、态度和做法以及误解的数据，而从其医疗记录中获得临床数据。结果：300名参与者中，贫血患病率为40.0%，其中45.3%的人表现出良好的知识，50.7%的人表现出积极的态度和行为。不同研究项目的知识差异显著（p = 0.03），而误解，如认为“男性默认维生素需求较高”与贫血密切相关（aOR = 2.29, p = 0.022）。结论：虽然近一半的人表现出良好的知识和积极的态度和做法，但误解，特别是基于性别的信仰，显著增加了贫血的风险。这些发现强调了有针对性的、以校园为基础的营养教育的必要性，这不仅可以提高知识，还可以积极纠正误解，以减少贫血负担。
{"title":"Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Misconceptions Regarding Vitamins in Blood Metabolism and Anemia Among University Students: A One Center Cross-Sectional Study in Ghana","authors":"David Mawutor Donkor, Gideon Owusu, Victoria Essuon-Sepah, Obed Asamoah, Isabella Anokye, Alfred Kwadwo Sah, Safianu Apalebilah, Patrick Adu, Joseph Boachie","doi":"10.1002/hsr2.71706","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hsr2.71706","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In Sub-Saharan Africa, anemia is a significant public health issue, affecting individuals of all ages. While prevention efforts focus on infants, children, and pregnant women, adolescents are overlooked often, leading to ongoing challenges. Despite its prevalence, there is a paucity of research on anemia in adults, particularly university students in Ghana. Studying this demographic can improve understanding and inform public health interventions, addressing the unique needs of university populations and ultimately reducing the burden of anemia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aim of this research was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of newly admitted university students regarding the importance of vitamins in blood formation, renewal, and function. This study targeted newly admitted university students, as they represent a transitional group from adolescence to young adulthood, often experiencing changes in dietary patterns, living arrangements, and lifestyle that may predispose them to nutritional deficiencies and anemia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methodology</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study employed a cross-sectional design, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. About 300 newly admitted students undergoing routine medical screening at the University Hospital were recruited. Data regarding the knowledge, attitude and practices, as well as misconceptions of participants were obtained using a structured questionnaire, whereas clinical data were obtained from their medical records.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among the 300 participants, anemia prevalence was 40.0%, with 45.3% demonstrating good knowledge and 50.7% positive attitudes and practices. Knowledge differed significantly by program of study (<i>p</i> = 0.03), while misconceptions such as believing that ‘men by default have higher vitamin needs’ were strongly associated with anemia (aOR = 2.29, <i>p</i> = 0.022).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While nearly half demonstrated good knowledge and positive attitudes and practices, misconceptions, particularly gender-based beliefs, significantly increased anemia risk. These findings emphasize the need for targeted, campus-based nutrition education that not only improves knowledge but also actively corrects misconceptions to reduce anemia burden.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36518,"journal":{"name":"Health Science Reports","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12754272/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145890285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Karafs application, a popular mobile health tool in Iran with nearly 5 million users, supports personalized diet plans, healthy cooking, and sports training. This study aimed to evaluate the usability of the Karafs application using the think-aloud method to identify user interaction challenges and enhance its effectiveness.
Methods
Fifteen participants (2 men, 13 women; mean age 22 years) evaluated the Karafs application using the think-aloud method. Usability problems were identified, categorized, and assessed for severity. The evaluation process was analyzed, with an average duration of 10.58 ± 3.46 min.
Results
Multiple usability issues were identified, primarily related to unclear system messages and navigation challenges. The severity of problems was classified, with most being minor but impacting user efficiency.
Conclusion
The think-aloud method effectively identified usability issues in the Karafs application, providing insights for improving user experience. Addressing these issues can enhance the application's functionality and support healthier lifestyle choices.
{"title":"Usability Evaluation of the Karafs Application: A Qualitative Study Using the Think-Aloud Method","authors":"Fatemeh Bohlouly, Azam Kheirdoust, Kosar Ghaddaripouri, Reza Sheibani, Mohammad Reza Mazaheri Habibi","doi":"10.1002/hsr2.71713","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hsr2.71713","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Karafs application, a popular mobile health tool in Iran with nearly 5 million users, supports personalized diet plans, healthy cooking, and sports training. This study aimed to evaluate the usability of the Karafs application using the think-aloud method to identify user interaction challenges and enhance its effectiveness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fifteen participants (2 men, 13 women; mean age 22 years) evaluated the Karafs application using the think-aloud method. Usability problems were identified, categorized, and assessed for severity. The evaluation process was analyzed, with an average duration of 10.58 ± 3.46 min.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Multiple usability issues were identified, primarily related to unclear system messages and navigation challenges. The severity of problems was classified, with most being minor but impacting user efficiency.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The think-aloud method effectively identified usability issues in the Karafs application, providing insights for improving user experience. Addressing these issues can enhance the application's functionality and support healthier lifestyle choices.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36518,"journal":{"name":"Health Science Reports","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12755223/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145890343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div> <section> <h3> Background and Aims</h3> <p>Effective evaluation is critical for improving non-communicable disease (NCD) programs. This scoping review explores evaluation methods at the primary healthcare (PHC) level, examines the evaluation process, maps key dimensions and indicators, and identifies related challenges.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Materials and Methods</h3> <p>The present review was conducted based on PRISMA-ScR and the Arksey and O'Malley framework. We systematically searched Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, Emerald, Google Scholar, and relevant websites for studies published from January 2000 to January 2023. Eligible studies were selected using predefined criteria, and data were managed and synthesized using EndNote 8.1 and MAXQDA 2020.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>A total of 50 studies were included, with most using observational studies (<i>n</i> = 22, 44%), particularly cross-sectional designs (<i>n</i> = 17, 34%). Content analysis revealed three main categories: Evaluation processes, this category covered aspects such as evaluation levels, focus, scope, approaches, methods, and capacities. Dimension and indicators, included inputs, process, outputs, outcomes, and the perspectives of health care providers and recipients. Evaluation challenges, identified challenges included information management, workforce-related issues, budget and deficiencies in the evaluation system itself.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusion</h3> <p>This review offers an in-depth synthesis of evaluation methodologies applied to NCD programs within the primary healthcare context. The majority of evaluations predominantly utilized observational, cross-sectional study designs, with a primary focused on cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and hypertension, whereas conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer received comparatively limited attention. Evaluations mainly targeted public-sector programs and service-provider perspectives. In low- and middle-income countries, studies often relied on external funding and evaluators. Evaluation efforts often prioritized outputs over inputs and processes and were further constrained by limited information systems, workforce shortages, budget limitations, and inadequate evaluation frameworks. Collectively, these findings emphasize the imperative for methodological diversification, inclusive engagement of a broader range of stakeholders, and enhancement of domestic evaluation capacities to establish more robust, comprehensive, and sustainable frameworks for mo
{"title":"A Scoping Review of Noncommunicable Disease Programs Evaluation: Bridging Gaps and Improving Frameworks in Primary Healthcare","authors":"Aboalfazl Marvi, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Mohsen Aarabi, Hamidreza Shabanikiya, Fatemeh Kokabisaghi, Elaheh Houshmand, Ali Vafaee-Najar","doi":"10.1002/hsr2.71444","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hsr2.71444","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Effective evaluation is critical for improving non-communicable disease (NCD) programs. This scoping review explores evaluation methods at the primary healthcare (PHC) level, examines the evaluation process, maps key dimensions and indicators, and identifies related challenges.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present review was conducted based on PRISMA-ScR and the Arksey and O'Malley framework. We systematically searched Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, Emerald, Google Scholar, and relevant websites for studies published from January 2000 to January 2023. Eligible studies were selected using predefined criteria, and data were managed and synthesized using EndNote 8.1 and MAXQDA 2020.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 50 studies were included, with most using observational studies (<i>n</i> = 22, 44%), particularly cross-sectional designs (<i>n</i> = 17, 34%). Content analysis revealed three main categories: Evaluation processes, this category covered aspects such as evaluation levels, focus, scope, approaches, methods, and capacities. Dimension and indicators, included inputs, process, outputs, outcomes, and the perspectives of health care providers and recipients. Evaluation challenges, identified challenges included information management, workforce-related issues, budget and deficiencies in the evaluation system itself.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review offers an in-depth synthesis of evaluation methodologies applied to NCD programs within the primary healthcare context. The majority of evaluations predominantly utilized observational, cross-sectional study designs, with a primary focused on cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and hypertension, whereas conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer received comparatively limited attention. Evaluations mainly targeted public-sector programs and service-provider perspectives. In low- and middle-income countries, studies often relied on external funding and evaluators. Evaluation efforts often prioritized outputs over inputs and processes and were further constrained by limited information systems, workforce shortages, budget limitations, and inadequate evaluation frameworks. Collectively, these findings emphasize the imperative for methodological diversification, inclusive engagement of a broader range of stakeholders, and enhancement of domestic evaluation capacities to establish more robust, comprehensive, and sustainable frameworks for mo","PeriodicalId":36518,"journal":{"name":"Health Science Reports","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12754266/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145890282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Menstrual health is a critical yet often overlooked component of public health, especially in low-resource, climate-vulnerable coastal regions. This study aimed to assess the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) related to menstruation among women and adolescent girls in East Kharia village under Paikgacha Upazila, Khulna District, Bangladesh, and to analyze the influence of key demographic variables on these KAP components.
Methods
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted involving 120 female respondents systematically selected using Cochran's formula to ensure adequate sample representation. Structured questionnaires containing validated binary and Likert-scale items were administered to capture KAP dimensions. Scores were computed to generate KAP indices and analyzed across demographic categories such as education level, occupation, marital status, and age group (women vs. adolescent girls).
Results
The study revealed moderately high knowledge levels across most groups, while attitudes and especially hygienic practices lagged behind. Manual laborers and participants with lower educational attainment showed notably poorer practices. Women demonstrated slightly higher attitude and practice scores than adolescent girls. The data underscore how educational background and occupation significantly shape menstrual health behaviors.
Conclusion
The findings highlight persistent gaps in menstrual health education and substantial demographic disparities in hygienic practices. This demographic-specific KAP profile provides essential evidence to design targeted menstrual health interventions tailored for climate-sensitive coastal areas of Bangladesh.
{"title":"Menstrual Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among Women and Adolescent Girls in a Coastal Village of Bangladesh","authors":"Farhana Yasmin, Shamim Hamide, Md. Touhiduzzaman","doi":"10.1002/hsr2.71541","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hsr2.71541","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Menstrual health is a critical yet often overlooked component of public health, especially in low-resource, climate-vulnerable coastal regions. This study aimed to assess the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) related to menstruation among women and adolescent girls in East Kharia village under Paikgacha Upazila, Khulna District, Bangladesh, and to analyze the influence of key demographic variables on these KAP components.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted involving 120 female respondents systematically selected using Cochran's formula to ensure adequate sample representation. Structured questionnaires containing validated binary and Likert-scale items were administered to capture KAP dimensions. Scores were computed to generate KAP indices and analyzed across demographic categories such as education level, occupation, marital status, and age group (women vs. adolescent girls).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study revealed moderately high knowledge levels across most groups, while attitudes and especially hygienic practices lagged behind. Manual laborers and participants with lower educational attainment showed notably poorer practices. Women demonstrated slightly higher attitude and practice scores than adolescent girls. The data underscore how educational background and occupation significantly shape menstrual health behaviors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings highlight persistent gaps in menstrual health education and substantial demographic disparities in hygienic practices. This demographic-specific KAP profile provides essential evidence to design targeted menstrual health interventions tailored for climate-sensitive coastal areas of Bangladesh.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36518,"journal":{"name":"Health Science Reports","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12754571/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145890333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali Hosseinsabet, Nasrin Etesamifard, Akbar Shafiee, Arash Jalali, Amirhossein Heidari, Nazila Heidari, Hamid Ariannejad, Hassan Aghajani
Background and Aims
Elevated blood glucose levels in diabetes and prediabetes contribute to vascular inflammation and may increase the risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). We sought to evaluate the association between different glycemic statuses and 12-month MACE in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at Tehran Heart Center.
Methods
In this cohort study, patients who underwent elective PCI between 2008 and 2017 were stratified by preprocedural fasting blood glucose into normoglycemic, prediabetic, and diabetic groups. The primary endpoint was the 1-year incidence of MACE, assessed using unadjusted and adjusted regression models.
Results
The data of 10,797 patients (mean age = 64 ± 11 y; 64.6% men) were reviewed. The diabetic patients were not only older (p < 0.001) and more frequently female (p < 0.001) but also had higher frequencies of hypertension (p < 0.001), using antiplatelet drugs (p < 0.001), statin (p < 0.001), and presence of dyslipidemia (p < 0.001), as well as more stenotic vessels (p = 0.007) and B2/C lesions (p = 0.033) than the other two groups. In addition, regression model demonstrated that neither prediabetes nor diabetes was significantly associated with the risk of 12-month MACE in both unadjusted (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.15, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.84–1.58; and HR: 1.27, 95% CI: 0.96–1.70, respectively) and adjusted models (HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 0.86–1.66; and HR: 1.11, 95% CI: 0.81–1.52, respectively). Consistently, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed a gradual increase in cumulative MACE incidences across all glycemic categories over 12 months, with the highest event rate observed among diabetic patients; however, these differences were not statistically significant.
Conclusion
Prediabetes and diabetes were not significant predictors of 12-month MACE in our study population. These findings suggest that glycemic status alone may not be sufficient to stratify cardiovascular risk in patients undergoing elective PCI. Further research is warranted to validate these results and explore additional factors influencing MACE incidence in this context.
背景和目的：糖尿病和前驱糖尿病患者血糖水平升高可导致血管炎症，并可能增加主要不良心脏事件（MACE）的风险。我们试图评估在德黑兰心脏中心接受选择性经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）的患者不同血糖状态与12个月MACE之间的关系。方法：在本队列研究中，根据术前空腹血糖将2008年至2017年间接受选择性PCI治疗的患者分为血糖正常组、糖尿病前期组和糖尿病组。主要终点是1年MACE发生率，采用未调整和调整的回归模型进行评估。结果：共纳入10797例患者，平均年龄64±11岁，男性64.6%。糖尿病患者不仅比其他两组年龄大（p p p p p p p = 0.007），而且B2/C病变（p = 0.033）。此外，回归模型显示，在未调整模型（风险比[HR]: 1.15, 95%可信区间[95% CI]: 0.84-1.58；风险比：1.27,95% CI: 0.96-1.70）和调整模型（风险比：1.19,95% CI: 0.86-1.66；风险比：1.11,95% CI: 0.81-1.52）中，糖尿病前期和糖尿病与12个月MACE的风险均无显著相关。Kaplan-Meier生存分析一致显示，在12个月内，所有血糖类别的MACE累积发生率逐渐增加，糖尿病患者的发生率最高；然而，这些差异没有统计学意义。结论：在我们的研究人群中，前驱糖尿病和糖尿病不是12个月MACE的显著预测因素。这些发现表明，单独的血糖水平可能不足以对接受选择性PCI的患者进行心血管风险分层。需要进一步的研究来验证这些结果，并探索在这种情况下影响MACE发病率的其他因素。
{"title":"Predictors of 12-Month MACE Among Diabetic, Prediabetic, and Normoglycemic Patients Undergoing Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: 10 Years' Experience From Tehran Heart Center","authors":"Ali Hosseinsabet, Nasrin Etesamifard, Akbar Shafiee, Arash Jalali, Amirhossein Heidari, Nazila Heidari, Hamid Ariannejad, Hassan Aghajani","doi":"10.1002/hsr2.71369","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hsr2.71369","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Elevated blood glucose levels in diabetes and prediabetes contribute to vascular inflammation and may increase the risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). We sought to evaluate the association between different glycemic statuses and 12-month MACE in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at Tehran Heart Center.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this cohort study, patients who underwent elective PCI between 2008 and 2017 were stratified by preprocedural fasting blood glucose into normoglycemic, prediabetic, and diabetic groups. The primary endpoint was the 1-year incidence of MACE, assessed using unadjusted and adjusted regression models.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The data of 10,797 patients (mean age = 64 ± 11 y; 64.6% men) were reviewed. The diabetic patients were not only older (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and more frequently female (<i>p</i> < 0.001) but also had higher frequencies of hypertension (<i>p</i> < 0.001), using antiplatelet drugs (<i>p</i> < 0.001), statin (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and presence of dyslipidemia (<i>p</i> < 0.001), as well as more stenotic vessels (<i>p</i> = 0.007) and B2/C lesions (<i>p</i> = 0.033) than the other two groups. In addition, regression model demonstrated that neither prediabetes nor diabetes was significantly associated with the risk of 12-month MACE in both unadjusted (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.15, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.84–1.58; and HR: 1.27, 95% CI: 0.96–1.70, respectively) and adjusted models (HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 0.86–1.66; and HR: 1.11, 95% CI: 0.81–1.52, respectively). Consistently, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed a gradual increase in cumulative MACE incidences across all glycemic categories over 12 months, with the highest event rate observed among diabetic patients; however, these differences were not statistically significant.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prediabetes and diabetes were not significant predictors of 12-month MACE in our study population. These findings suggest that glycemic status alone may not be sufficient to stratify cardiovascular risk in patients undergoing elective PCI. Further research is warranted to validate these results and explore additional factors influencing MACE incidence in this context.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36518,"journal":{"name":"Health Science Reports","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12754270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145890358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of aging characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline, associated with amyloid-β toxicity, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neurofibrillary tangle formation. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) affects the central nervous system and has been linked to neurological manifestations and accelerated neurodegeneration, including in individuals without pre-existing AD. Emerging evidence suggests COVID-19 may increase levels of hyperphosphorylated tau, potentially worsening AD severity. This review synthesizes current knowledge on COVID-19–AD interactions and evaluates proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) as an emerging therapeutic strategy.
Methods
Narrative synthesis of recent literature on SARS-CoV-2–related neuropathology, tau pathology in AD, and the design and preclinical development of PROTACs targeting disease-relevant proteins via the ubiquitin–proteasome system.
Results
Reports indicate COVID-19 can precipitate or exacerbate neurodegenerative processes and is associated with increased tau phosphorylation and other biomarkers of neuronal injury. Conventional AD therapies remain limited in efficacy. PROTACs—heterobifunctional molecules that recruit target proteins to E3 ligases for proteasomal degradation—do not require classical active-site binding and have demonstrated preclinical potential for degrading pathogenic proteins, supporting their exploration against tau-driven pathology in AD.
Conclusions
COVID-19 may intensify AD pathogenesis through mechanisms that include tau hyperphosphorylation, underscoring the need for targeted interventions. PROTACs offer a mechanistically distinct, protein-degradation–based approach with promise for modifying tau-mediated disease; rigorous preclinical and clinical studies are warranted to establish feasibility, safety, and therapeutic impact in AD.
{"title":"Post-Covid Alzheimer and Its Remediation via PROTACs Therapy: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Teesta Bhowmick, Ritojo Basu, Arup Kumar Mitra, Sk Asfaque Ali, Ajoy Kumer, Bikram Dhara","doi":"10.1002/hsr2.71631","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hsr2.71631","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of aging characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline, associated with amyloid-β toxicity, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neurofibrillary tangle formation. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) affects the central nervous system and has been linked to neurological manifestations and accelerated neurodegeneration, including in individuals without pre-existing AD. Emerging evidence suggests COVID-19 may increase levels of hyperphosphorylated tau, potentially worsening AD severity. This review synthesizes current knowledge on COVID-19–AD interactions and evaluates proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) as an emerging therapeutic strategy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Narrative synthesis of recent literature on SARS-CoV-2–related neuropathology, tau pathology in AD, and the design and preclinical development of PROTACs targeting disease-relevant proteins via the ubiquitin–proteasome system.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Reports indicate COVID-19 can precipitate or exacerbate neurodegenerative processes and is associated with increased tau phosphorylation and other biomarkers of neuronal injury. Conventional AD therapies remain limited in efficacy. PROTACs—heterobifunctional molecules that recruit target proteins to E3 ligases for proteasomal degradation—do not require classical active-site binding and have demonstrated preclinical potential for degrading pathogenic proteins, supporting their exploration against tau-driven pathology in AD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>COVID-19 may intensify AD pathogenesis through mechanisms that include tau hyperphosphorylation, underscoring the need for targeted interventions. PROTACs offer a mechanistically distinct, protein-degradation–based approach with promise for modifying tau-mediated disease; rigorous preclinical and clinical studies are warranted to establish feasibility, safety, and therapeutic impact in AD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36518,"journal":{"name":"Health Science Reports","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12754261/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145890330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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