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Maintaining an Institution: The Institutional Work of Michelin in Haute Cuisine Around the World 维持一种制度:米其林在全球高级烹饪中的制度工作
Pub Date : 2013-02-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2328259
Isabelle Bouty, Marie-Léandre Gomez, Carole Drucker-Godard
This paper aims at questioning how the maintenance of institutions is actually performed. Based on an institutional work perspective in order to better link field and actors relationships, we investigate how the Michelin Red guide went international and used its internationalization to secure its dominant position over the field of haute cuisine. Michelin followed similar trajectories, and combined various types of institutional work in geographic expansion, especially policing, valorizing and embedding that at the same time as it further assed its dominant position. Our research contributes to advancing the understanding of maintenance work, and in particular exemplifies that preserving a dominant position implies actively working towards imposing the symbolic and cognitive systems of rules
本文旨在质疑制度的维护实际上是如何进行的。为了更好地连接领域和参与者之间的关系,我们从制度工作的角度来研究《米其林红色指南》是如何走向国际的,并利用其国际化来确保其在高级烹饪领域的主导地位。米其林遵循了类似的轨迹,并在地域扩张中结合了各种类型的机构工作,特别是在进一步超越其主导地位的同时,对其进行监管、评估和嵌入。我们的研究有助于促进对维护工作的理解,特别是举例说明,保持主导地位意味着积极地为强加规则的符号和认知系统而努力
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引用次数: 12
The Mediating Effect between Some Determinants of SME Performance in Nigeria 尼日利亚中小企业绩效若干决定因素的中介效应
Pub Date : 2013-01-16 DOI: 10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1534526.V1
Oluwatoyin Muse Johnson Popoola, A. Shehu, I. Aminu, N. Mat, Abdullahi Nasiru, M. Tsagem, Kabiru Maitama Kura
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of owner/manager knowledge, competitive intensity, complexity of marketing, technical competence, firm size with the mediation of advisory services on the performance of Nigerian SMEs. The study employed structured questionnaire survey involving a sample of 278 manufacturing SMEs operating in Kano State, a total of 198 valid questionnaires were completed and returned representing 71 percent response rate. Evidence suggests that there is significant relationship between owner/manager knowledge, complexity of marketing decision and technical competence and advisory services. In contrast, the result found no significant relationship between firm size and advisory services. Similarly, the result found that owner/manager knowledge, complexity of marketing decision, technical competence and advisory services have significant relationship with performance. The result also indicates that, there is no significant relationship between firm size performance and technical competence and Performance. We also found that advisory service mediates the relationship between owner manager knowledge and the complexity of marketing decision. The findings of this study will benefit owner/managers of SMEs, regulatory agencies, accounting firms, government at all levels and will also serve as frame of reference to future studies.
本研究的目的是检验业主/经理知识、竞争强度、营销复杂性、技术能力、公司规模与咨询服务对尼日利亚中小企业绩效的中介关系。该研究采用结构化问卷调查,涉及在卡诺州经营的278家制造业中小企业的样本,共完成并返回了198份有效问卷,回复率为71%。有证据表明,业主/经理知识、营销决策复杂性、技术能力和咨询服务之间存在显著关系。相反,结果发现公司规模和咨询服务之间没有显著的关系。同样,结果发现所有者/管理者知识、营销决策复杂性、技术能力和咨询服务与绩效有显著关系。结果还表明,企业规模绩效与技术能力和绩效之间没有显著的关系。我们还发现咨询服务在业主经理知识与营销决策复杂性之间起中介作用。这项研究的结果将有利于中小企业的业主/经理、监管机构、会计师事务所、各级政府,并将作为未来研究的参考框架。
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引用次数: 29
A Study of Risk Orientation of Retail Investors in Indian Mutual Fund Industry with Special Reference to Rajasthan, India 印度共同基金业散户投资者风险取向研究——以印度拉贾斯坦邦为例
Pub Date : 2012-06-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2467951
Dr Preeti Sharma, D. N. Rao
Mutual Funds markets are constantly becoming more efficient by providing more promising solutions to the investors. Mutual funds industry is responding at a good pace and understanding the investor’s perception, still they are continuously following this race in their attempt to differentiate their products responding to sudden changes in the economy. The need of an hour is to analyze investor’s perception and expectations, and share important information to support financial decision making of mutual funds. Financial markets are becoming more exhaustive with financial products looking for new innovations and to some extent innovations are also visible in designing mutual funds portfolio but these changes need arrangement in accordance with investor’s expectations the risk they perceive, the knowledge they possess about the mutual fund industry. The risk orientation represents the risk bearing capacity and interest of the investors. Even though, the mutual funds is a risk less investment avenues in the capital market, it is also involved with market risks. The risk orientation among the investors is highly essential to invest on mutual funds and their investment behaviour. Thus, it has become essential to study mutual funds from a different angle, i.e, to focus on investor’s expectations and discover the unidentified parameters that account for their dissatisfaction.In order to achieve the objective of developing an understanding about retail investor’s risk orientation, and knowledge regarding the mutual funds a well structured questionnaire was designed. Responses of retail investors and were collected through filled questionnaire with pre-explained objectives of research. The pre-structured questionnaires were distributed among those investors only who had prior experience of mutual fund investment. For this selective systematic sampling was taken for consideration. For reliability of questionnaire 524 individual investors were selected from six cities of Rajasthan namely Ajmer, Jaipur, Udaipur, Jodhpur, Bikarer and Kota. Main focus of questionnaire was to obtain responses of retail investors regarding how they evaluate mutual funds services in terms of risk orientation, and knowledge on their investment. The main objective of this research paper includes:Objective 1 To examine whether the life cycle influences the Risk Orientation of retail investors in the state of Rajasthan.Objective 2 To study the perception of risk involved in Mutual Fund by retail investors.Present research paper identifies the Risk orientation, among the Retail investors Regarding Indian mutual fund industry with the help of Regression Analysis and Chi Square test and factor Analysis. A study at aggregate level tested by chi-square test is also depicted.
通过向投资者提供更有前景的解决方案,共同基金市场不断变得更有效率。共同基金行业正在以良好的速度做出反应,并了解投资者的看法,但他们仍在继续跟上这场竞赛,试图使他们的产品与众不同,以应对经济的突然变化。一个小时的需要是分析投资者的看法和期望,并分享重要信息,以支持共同基金的财务决策。金融市场正变得越来越详尽,金融产品正在寻求新的创新,在某种程度上,共同基金投资组合的设计也可以看到创新,但这些变化需要根据投资者的期望、他们所感知的风险、他们对共同基金行业的了解来安排。风险取向代表了投资者的风险承受能力和利益。尽管共同基金在资本市场上是一种风险较小的投资途径,但它也涉及市场风险。投资者的风险取向对共同基金的投资及其投资行为至关重要。因此,有必要从另一个角度研究共同基金,即关注投资者的期望,并发现导致他们不满的未知参数。为了达到了解散户投资者的风险取向和共同基金知识的目的,设计了一份结构良好的问卷。通过预先解释研究目标的问卷调查收集了散户和投资者的反应。预先编制的问卷只发给有共同基金投资经验的投资者。为此,考虑了有选择性的系统抽样。为了问卷的可靠性,从拉贾斯坦邦的六个城市,即Ajmer,斋浦尔,乌代普尔,焦特布尔,Bikarer和Kota,选择了524名个人投资者。问卷调查的主要目的是了解散户投资者对共同基金服务的风险取向和投资知识的评价。本研究论文的主要目的包括:目的1研究生命周期是否影响拉贾斯坦邦散户投资者的风险取向。目的2研究散户投资者对共同基金风险的认知。本文运用回归分析、卡方检验和因子分析等方法,确定了印度共同基金行业散户投资者的风险取向。用卡方检验在总体水平上进行了研究。
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引用次数: 2
Generating Customer Loyalty in an Emerging Competitive Market: A Banking Industry Study 在新兴竞争市场中产生顾客忠诚度:银行业研究
Pub Date : 2012-06-01 DOI: 10.15373/22778179/APR2013/12
M. S. Sohail
Existing streams of literature are integrated to propose a conceptual framework that highlights the impact of relationship marketing on customer loyalty and its outcomes. The framework aims to provide insights into the underpinnings of relationship marketing. Using empirical research, the study identifies three elements of relationship marketing like trust, commitment and conflict-handling as the antecedents of customer loyalty. Significant outcomes of customer loyalty are also identified. The findings of this study have important implications for firms aiming to build customer loyalty and retention. From a managerial perspective, this study sheds some light on the elements of relationships and outcomes that may be identified as critical for firms in a competitive environment.
整合现有的文献流,提出一个概念框架,强调关系营销对客户忠诚度及其结果的影响。该框架旨在为关系营销的基础提供见解。通过实证研究,本研究确定了关系营销中的信任、承诺和冲突处理三个要素是顾客忠诚的前提。客户忠诚度的显著结果也被确定。本研究的发现对旨在建立客户忠诚度和保留率的公司具有重要意义。从管理的角度来看,本研究揭示了一些关系和结果的元素,这些元素可能被认为是竞争环境中公司的关键。
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引用次数: 2
Introduction to Social Entrepreneurship 社会创业概论
Pub Date : 2012-05-31 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2071186
Madhukar Shukla
Course Outline for "Introduction to Social Entrepreneurship" offered at XLRI Jamshedpur (India).
印度贾姆谢德布尔XLRI提供的“社会创业入门”课程大纲。
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引用次数: 0
Estimating Structural Models of Equilibrium and Cognitive Hierarchy Thinking in the Field: The Case of Withheld Movie Critic Reviews 平衡与认知层次思维的结构模型在领域的估计:以隐藏式影评人评论为例
Pub Date : 2012-03-18 DOI: 10.1287/mnsc.1120.1563
Alexander L. Brown, Colin Camerer, D. Lovallo
Film studios occasionally withhold movies from critics before their release. Because the unreviewed movies tend to be below average in quality, this practice provides a useful setting in which to test models of limited strategic thinking: Do moviegoers seem to realize that no review is a sign of low quality? A companion paper showed that in a set of all widely released movies in 2000--2009, cold opening produces a significant 20%--30% increase in domestic box office revenue, which is consistent with moviegoers overestimating quality of unreviewed movies perhaps due to limited strategic thinking. This paper reviews those findings and provides two models to analyze this data: an equilibrium model and a behavioral cognitive hierarchy model that allows for differing levels of strategic thinking between moviegoers and movie studios. The behavioral model fits the data better, because moviegoer parameters are relatively close to those observed in experimental subjects. These results suggests that limited strategic thinking rather than equilibrium reasoning may be a better explanation for naive moviegoer behavior. This paper was accepted by Brad Barber, behavioral economics.
电影制片厂有时会在电影上映前不让影评人知道。因为未经评论的电影往往在质量上低于平均水平,这种做法提供了一个有用的环境来测试有限战略思维的模型:电影观众似乎意识到没有评论是低质量的标志吗?另一篇论文显示,在一组2000- 2009年广泛上映的电影中,冷映带来了20%- 30%的国内票房收入增长,这与影迷可能由于有限的战略思维而高估未经评论的电影的质量是一致的。本文回顾了这些发现,并提供了两个模型来分析这些数据:一个均衡模型和一个行为认知层次模型,该模型允许电影观众和电影制片厂之间的不同战略思维水平。行为模型更符合数据,因为观影者的参数与实验对象的观察结果相对接近。这些结果表明,有限的战略思维而不是均衡推理可能是对幼稚观影者行为的更好解释。这篇论文被行为经济学家Brad Barber接受。
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引用次数: 56
The groupon effect on yelp ratings: a root cause analysis groupon对yelp评级的影响:根本原因分析
Pub Date : 2012-02-10 DOI: 10.1145/2229012.2229034
J. Byers, M. Mitzenmacher, G. Zervas
Daily deals sites such as Groupon offer deeply discounted goods and services to tens of millions of customers through geographically targeted daily e-mail marketing campaigns. In our prior work we observed that a negative side effect for merchants selling Groupons is that, on average, their Yelp ratings decline significantly. However, this previous work was primarily observational, rather than explanatory. In this work, we rigorously consider and evaluate various hypotheses about underlying consumer and merchant behavior in order to understand this phenomenon, which we dub the Groupon effect. We use statistical analysis and mathematical modeling, leveraging a dataset we collected spanning tens of thousands of daily deals and over 7 million Yelp reviews. We investigate hypotheses such as whether Groupon subscribers are more critical than their peers, whether Groupon users are experimenting with services and merchants outside their usual sphere, or whether some fraction of Groupon merchants provide significantly worse service to customers using Groupons. We suggest an additional novel hypothesis: reviews from Groupon users are lower on average because such reviews correspond to real, unbiased customers, while the body of reviews on Yelp contain some fraction of reviews from biased or even potentially fake sources. Although our focus is quite specific, our work provides broader insights into both consumer and merchant behavior within the daily deals marketplace.
团购网站(如Groupon)通过每日有针对性的电子邮件营销活动,为数千万客户提供折扣商品和服务。在我们之前的工作中,我们观察到,对于销售团购的商家来说,一个负面的副作用是,他们在Yelp上的评分平均会大幅下降。然而,之前的研究主要是观察性的,而不是解释性的。在这项工作中,我们严格考虑和评估关于潜在消费者和商家行为的各种假设,以理解这种现象,我们称之为Groupon效应。我们使用统计分析和数学建模,利用我们收集的数据集,涵盖数万笔日常交易和700多万条Yelp评论。我们调查了一些假设,比如Groupon的订阅者是否比他们的同行更挑剔,Groupon的用户是否在尝试他们通常范围之外的服务和商家,或者部分Groupon商家是否为使用Groupon的客户提供了明显更差的服务。我们提出了另一个新颖的假设:Groupon用户的评论平均较低,因为这些评论对应的是真实的、没有偏见的客户,而Yelp上的评论主体中包含一些来自有偏见甚至可能是虚假来源的评论。虽然我们的重点是非常具体的,但我们的工作为日常交易市场中的消费者和商家行为提供了更广泛的见解。
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引用次数: 103
Processing Fluency and Investors’ Reactions to Disclosure Readability 加工流畅性与投资者对信息披露可读性的反应
Pub Date : 2012-02-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1881847
Kristina Rennekamp
The SEC's emphasis on the use of plain English is designed to make disclosures more readable and more informative. Using an experiment, I find that more readable disclosures lead to stronger reactions from small investors, so that changes in valuation judgments are more positive when news is good and more negative when news is bad. Drawing on research in psychology to explain this result, I predict and find that processing fluency from a more readable disclosure acts as a subconscious heuristic cue and increases investors’ beliefs that they can rely on the disclosure. Although I do not find that more readable disclosures directly increase perceptions of management credibility, I do find evidence of an indirect effect operating through feelings of processing fluency. In supplemental analyses, I find that investors who receive more readable disclosures revise their valuation judgments to be less extreme when they are explicitly made aware of the potential for variation in readability. I discuss potential explanations for these revised valuation judgments.
SEC强调使用简明的英语,是为了让披露的信息更具可读性和信息量。通过实验,我发现更可读的信息披露会导致小投资者的反应更强烈,所以当消息是好的时候,估值判断的变化更积极,当消息是坏的时候,估值判断的变化更消极。利用心理学研究来解释这一结果,我预测并发现,从更可读的信息披露中处理流畅性可以作为一种潜意识的启发式暗示,并增加投资者对信息披露可依赖的信念。虽然我没有发现更可读的信息披露直接增加了人们对管理可信度的看法,但我确实发现了通过处理流畅感产生间接影响的证据。在补充分析中,我发现收到可读性更高的披露的投资者在明确意识到可读性变化的可能性时,会修改他们的估值判断,使其不那么极端。我讨论了这些修正后的估值判断的潜在解释。
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引用次数: 375
The Strategic Logic of Reference Dependence in Risk Taking 风险承担中参考依赖的战略逻辑
Pub Date : 2010-09-28 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1648322
Daniel Malter, C. Schade
We show how individual strategies in market entry games depend on randomly induced prior outcomes and on the competitors’ beliefs about reference dependence in risk taking. On average, competitors take greater risk the lower their own outcome is and the greater the outcomes among their competitors are. This risk pattern is consistent with the belief among the majority of players who believe that lower outcomes lead to greater risk taking. The pattern reverses for players who believe that higher outcomes lead to greater risk taking. A player’s belief about the reference dependence of his competitors’ strategies shapes the reference dependence of his own strategies. Our findings support that players i.) ascribe information value about strategic risk propensities to prior outcomes, ii.) hold widely varying beliefs about the nature of reference dependence, iii.) project that their competitors hold beliefs about reference dependence that are similar to theirs, and iv.) adjust their strategies in ways that are consistent with their belief about reference dependence. Thus, reference dependence in strategic risk taking follows, at least partially, a conscious strategic logic. This logic can induce ecological rationality. More homogenous beliefs among the competitors about the nature of reference dependence result in substantially better coordinated markets.
我们展示了市场进入博弈中的个体策略如何依赖于随机诱导的先验结果和竞争对手对风险承担中的参考依赖的信念。平均而言,竞争对手承担的风险越大,他们自己的结果越低,竞争对手的结果越高。这种风险模式与大多数玩家的信念是一致的,他们认为较低的结果会导致更大的风险。对于那些认为更高的结果会带来更大风险的玩家来说,这种模式正好相反。参与者对其竞争对手策略的参考依赖的信念塑造了其自身策略的参考依赖。我们的研究结果支持玩家i.)将战略风险倾向的信息价值归于先前的结果,ii.)对参考依赖的本质持有广泛不同的信念,iii.)预测他们的竞争对手对参考依赖的信念与他们相似,以及iv.)以与他们对参考依赖的信念一致的方式调整他们的策略。因此,战略风险承担中的参考依赖至少部分遵循有意识的战略逻辑。这种逻辑可以诱发生态理性。竞争对手对参考依赖本质的同质化信念会导致实质上更好的协调市场。
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引用次数: 0
Towards a Human Centered Theory and Practice of the Firm 走向以人为本的企业理论与实践
Pub Date : 2010-08-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1654827
M. Pirson, Ernst von Kimakowitz
In this paper we review the challenges to the current economic system, and proceed by presenting two competing paradigms- the economistic and the humanistic paradigm of business. We then develop the consequences of the humanistic view for the theory of the firm and the practice of the firm. We examine business strategy, governance structures, leadership styles, and organizational culture and illustrate them based on global case examples. In this manner we contribute to the discussion of alternative theories of the firm centering the debate on authentic human needs and its consequences for management theory.
在本文中,我们回顾了当前经济体系面临的挑战,并提出了两种相互竞争的范式——商业的经济范式和人文范式。然后,我们发展人本主义观点对企业理论和企业实践的影响。我们将研究企业战略、治理结构、领导风格和组织文化,并根据全球案例对它们进行说明。通过这种方式,我们为围绕真正的人类需求及其对管理理论的影响的辩论的企业替代理论的讨论做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 8
期刊
CSN: Business (Topic)
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