Research shows that evidence-based algorithms more accurately predict the future than do human forecasters. Yet when forecasters are deciding whether to use a human forecaster or a statistical algorithm, they often choose the human forecaster. This phenomenon, which we call algorithm aversion, is costly, and it is important to understand its causes. We show that people are especially averse to algorithmic forecasters after seeing them perform, even when they see them outperform a human forecaster. This is because people more quickly lose confidence in algorithmic than human forecasters after seeing them make the same mistake. In 5 studies, participants either saw an algorithm make forecasts, a human make forecasts, both, or neither. They then decided whether to tie their incentives to the future predictions of the algorithm or the human. Participants who saw the algorithm perform were less confident in it, and less likely to choose it over an inferior human forecaster. This was true even among those who saw the algorithm outperform the human.
{"title":"Algorithm Aversion: People Erroneously Avoid Algorithms after Seeing Them Err","authors":"Berkeley J. Dietvorst, J. Simmons, Cade Massey","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2466040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2466040","url":null,"abstract":"Research shows that evidence-based algorithms more accurately predict the future than do human forecasters. Yet when forecasters are deciding whether to use a human forecaster or a statistical algorithm, they often choose the human forecaster. This phenomenon, which we call algorithm aversion, is costly, and it is important to understand its causes. We show that people are especially averse to algorithmic forecasters after seeing them perform, even when they see them outperform a human forecaster. This is because people more quickly lose confidence in algorithmic than human forecasters after seeing them make the same mistake. In 5 studies, participants either saw an algorithm make forecasts, a human make forecasts, both, or neither. They then decided whether to tie their incentives to the future predictions of the algorithm or the human. Participants who saw the algorithm perform were less confident in it, and less likely to choose it over an inferior human forecaster. This was true even among those who saw the algorithm outperform the human.","PeriodicalId":365298,"journal":{"name":"CSN: Business (Topic)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121801044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Money is often used as a proxy for utility in economic and psychological research. Monetary sums are easily calculated and compared, and money is a stimulus with which almost all people are familiar. Even so, hedonic responses to monetary gains and losses are relatively insensitive to the absolute size of those gains and losses, and the subjective utility of gains and losses is surprisingly labile. We propose that the difficulty of evaluating the value of money stems from the abstract nature of its value and nearly infinite range. As a result, money is not evaluated on a single monetary scale, but instead on subscales composed of comparison standards that are selected at the time of judgment. Using a dual-process account, we describe how such monetary subscales are generated and when they result in more or less sensitivity to its absolute value. We identify factors that influence sensitivity to the value of money and bias its evaluation. We close with a discussion of implications for science and practice.
{"title":"The (Relative and Absolute) Subjective Value of Money","authors":"Eva C. Buechel, Carey K. Morewedge","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2518576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2518576","url":null,"abstract":"Money is often used as a proxy for utility in economic and psychological research. Monetary sums are easily calculated and compared, and money is a stimulus with which almost all people are familiar. Even so, hedonic responses to monetary gains and losses are relatively insensitive to the absolute size of those gains and losses, and the subjective utility of gains and losses is surprisingly labile. We propose that the difficulty of evaluating the value of money stems from the abstract nature of its value and nearly infinite range. As a result, money is not evaluated on a single monetary scale, but instead on subscales composed of comparison standards that are selected at the time of judgment. Using a dual-process account, we describe how such monetary subscales are generated and when they result in more or less sensitivity to its absolute value. We identify factors that influence sensitivity to the value of money and bias its evaluation. We close with a discussion of implications for science and practice.","PeriodicalId":365298,"journal":{"name":"CSN: Business (Topic)","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127680251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aiming to determine which management practice has the strongest influence on the subjective well-being (SWB) of employees, three workplaces were assessed with reference to different levels of total participation management (TPM), an innovative approach to human resource management. The study examined whether the level of TPM is positively related with SWB, defined according to Diener’s (1984) affective and cognitive facets of work. The psychological explanation of the predicted dependence was the level of satisfaction of three basic needs (autonomy, competence and relatedness) distinguished by Deci and Ryan (2000a). The hypothesis about a positive relationship between SWB and TPM was confirmed. Results indicate that the least participative company has employees with the lowest subjective well-being and with the lowest satisfaction of basic psychological needs.
{"title":"Total Participation Management: Toward Psychological Determinants of Subjective Well-Being at Work","authors":"Katarzyna Mika, Ryszard Stocki, A. Bożek","doi":"10.7341/2013942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7341/2013942","url":null,"abstract":"Aiming to determine which management practice has the strongest influence on the subjective well-being (SWB) of employees, three workplaces were assessed with reference to different levels of total participation management (TPM), an innovative approach to human resource management. The study examined whether the level of TPM is positively related with SWB, defined according to Diener’s (1984) affective and cognitive facets of work. The psychological explanation of the predicted dependence was the level of satisfaction of three basic needs (autonomy, competence and relatedness) distinguished by Deci and Ryan (2000a). The hypothesis about a positive relationship between SWB and TPM was confirmed. Results indicate that the least participative company has employees with the lowest subjective well-being and with the lowest satisfaction of basic psychological needs.","PeriodicalId":365298,"journal":{"name":"CSN: Business (Topic)","volume":"145 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127509419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of coworking on the basis of reviewing discussions related to this concept and to demonstrate issues for theoretical development. Specifically, first an overview is made on the practical unfolding of coworking, which is the subject of increasing attention in Japan and overseas in recent years. Next, questions that have so far largely been untouched such as what kind of concept coworking is and how it differs from existing related issues, are examined utilizing the two concepts of coworker, i.e. working individual, and coworking space, i.e. workplace. On that foundation, three points are presented as issues for theoretical development. First, to systematically consider coworking based on the knowledge of previous research on working individuals and workplaces. Second, to construct an elaborate theoretical framework based on the review of related previous research. And lastly, to grasp the actual conditions and mechanisms of coworking by focusing on actors that strive to invoke the concepts of coworking while redefining the way of working and associated practices.
{"title":"What is Coworking? A Theoretical Study on the Concept of Coworking","authors":"T. Uda","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2937194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2937194","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of coworking on the basis of reviewing discussions related to this concept and to demonstrate issues for theoretical development. Specifically, first an overview is made on the practical unfolding of coworking, which is the subject of increasing attention in Japan and overseas in recent years. Next, questions that have so far largely been untouched such as what kind of concept coworking is and how it differs from existing related issues, are examined utilizing the two concepts of coworker, i.e. working individual, and coworking space, i.e. workplace. On that foundation, three points are presented as issues for theoretical development. First, to systematically consider coworking based on the knowledge of previous research on working individuals and workplaces. Second, to construct an elaborate theoretical framework based on the review of related previous research. And lastly, to grasp the actual conditions and mechanisms of coworking by focusing on actors that strive to invoke the concepts of coworking while redefining the way of working and associated practices.","PeriodicalId":365298,"journal":{"name":"CSN: Business (Topic)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132919455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Success of a project transaction is uncertain until it is completed. Information on a particular project supplier’s competence profile reduces the buyers’ uncertainty. In the first phase we used expert mini focus groups to explore general views of project buyers and suppliers on project characteristics and their expectations and risk perception throughout the project. In the second phase structured in-depth interviews with project managers were undertaken. In the last step we had taken a larger sample that permitted us to apply multivariate statistical methods. The results of our qualitative research and quantitative analyses revealed that there are areas that both buyers and suppliers pay attention to, which means that these are considered as risk factors by managers. Findings from the qualitative interviews helped us understand the pattern of competences and activities that most likely to have an impact on risk and/or value perception. The quantitative research could also uncover the activities of which impact is resistant to contradiction. As a next step of our study we aim to test the impact of the presence or absence of the most important competences.
{"title":"Interdependency in the Relationship of Project Partners: How Can it Work?","authors":"Z. Veres, József Hack-Handa","doi":"10.14707/ajbr.130002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14707/ajbr.130002","url":null,"abstract":"Success of a project transaction is uncertain until it is completed. Information on a particular project supplier’s competence profile reduces the buyers’ uncertainty. In the first phase we used expert mini focus groups to explore general views of project buyers and suppliers on project characteristics and their expectations and risk perception throughout the project. In the second phase structured in-depth interviews with project managers were undertaken. In the last step we had taken a larger sample that permitted us to apply multivariate statistical methods. The results of our qualitative research and quantitative analyses revealed that there are areas that both buyers and suppliers pay attention to, which means that these are considered as risk factors by managers. Findings from the qualitative interviews helped us understand the pattern of competences and activities that most likely to have an impact on risk and/or value perception. The quantitative research could also uncover the activities of which impact is resistant to contradiction. As a next step of our study we aim to test the impact of the presence or absence of the most important competences.","PeriodicalId":365298,"journal":{"name":"CSN: Business (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129049350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explains the composition of shopping experience for mall shoppers of Dubai. The study assumes significance because Dubai is a prominent destination attracting shoppers from all over the globe. An attempt has been made to portray shopper’s expectations from shopping malls. The research uses data reduction with the help of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) on a sample of 200 respondents from city of Dubai and condenses a set of twenty-two mall attributes into a list of five comprehensible factors. Results of the study shows that mall shoppers of Dubai view shopping experience as blend of five factors: ambiance, physical infrastructure, marketing focus, convenience, and safety and security. Shoppers assign differential weight to these factors. Composition of these factors in terms of its constituents reveals distinct patterns. Findings of this research may be used as guidelines for development and management of shopping malls in Dubai. Shopping malls making appropriate use of these insights are more likely to attract and sustain a higher level of footfalls. Capital intensive projects like shopping malls cannot afford to fail. This application-oriented study proposes new benchmarks for mall development and management and reduces the probability of taking wrong decisions. This paper is also a significant addition to the body of knowledge in the area of mall management and consumer behavior in Dubai.
{"title":"Factors Defining Shopping Experience: An Analytical Study of Dubai","authors":"H. Singh, S. Prashar","doi":"10.14707/ajbr.130003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14707/ajbr.130003","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explains the composition of shopping experience for mall shoppers of Dubai. The study assumes significance because Dubai is a prominent destination attracting shoppers from all over the globe. An attempt has been made to portray shopper’s expectations from shopping malls. The research uses data reduction with the help of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) on a sample of 200 respondents from city of Dubai and condenses a set of twenty-two mall attributes into a list of five comprehensible factors. Results of the study shows that mall shoppers of Dubai view shopping experience as blend of five factors: ambiance, physical infrastructure, marketing focus, convenience, and safety and security. Shoppers assign differential weight to these factors. Composition of these factors in terms of its constituents reveals distinct patterns. Findings of this research may be used as guidelines for development and management of shopping malls in Dubai. Shopping malls making appropriate use of these insights are more likely to attract and sustain a higher level of footfalls. Capital intensive projects like shopping malls cannot afford to fail. This application-oriented study proposes new benchmarks for mall development and management and reduces the probability of taking wrong decisions. This paper is also a significant addition to the body of knowledge in the area of mall management and consumer behavior in Dubai.","PeriodicalId":365298,"journal":{"name":"CSN: Business (Topic)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126529042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Efficiency Market hypothesis assume that all investors reason in the same way to make their financial decisions. In contrast, Neurosciences have provided strong evidences that cognitive diversity is the hallmark of human intelligence. Neurofinances has shown that volunteers learned different profitable financial decision-making strategies depending on the kind of market they begun to trade. Here, we decide to further explore this hypothesis by studying a possible correlation between brain activity and the financial variables in a stock market game and to test if this correlation differ between experimental groups that trade in different market conditions. Present results show that volunteers had different perceptions of the studied financial variables depending if they initially traded in a bear or a bull market. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that different neural circuits were learned to monitor the different financial variables studied here, depending on market conditions.
{"title":"Brain Activity Follow Up of Stock Market Financial Variables","authors":"A. D. da Rocha, J. Vieito, F. Rocha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2329873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2329873","url":null,"abstract":"Efficiency Market hypothesis assume that all investors reason in the same way to make their financial decisions. In contrast, Neurosciences have provided strong evidences that cognitive diversity is the hallmark of human intelligence. Neurofinances has shown that volunteers learned different profitable financial decision-making strategies depending on the kind of market they begun to trade. Here, we decide to further explore this hypothesis by studying a possible correlation between brain activity and the financial variables in a stock market game and to test if this correlation differ between experimental groups that trade in different market conditions. Present results show that volunteers had different perceptions of the studied financial variables depending if they initially traded in a bear or a bull market. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that different neural circuits were learned to monitor the different financial variables studied here, depending on market conditions.","PeriodicalId":365298,"journal":{"name":"CSN: Business (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129487435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-08-01DOI: 10.1108/JIMA-05-2011-0044
R. Kasri
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the motives and giving behaviours of donors towards Islamic charities in Indonesia by using various demographic, socio-economic, psychographic and motivational/situational characteristics. Based on these analyses, relevant marketing implications are also discussed. The study hopes to enrich Islamic marketing literature and contribute further to the understanding of marketing within the context of the Islamic voluntary sector. Design/methodology/approach – This empirical paper primarily employs a quantitative approach in analysing the giving behaviours. The primary data is gathered through a survey conducted in January 2011 involving 300 Indonesian Muslim donors. The results are analysed with descriptive and correlation statistics. Findings – First, the analysis highlights that the main causes for charitable giving are to help the poor/needy and support religious causes. Second, most of the donors provide funds through “informal” Islamic charities. Third, m...
{"title":"Giving Behaviors in Indonesia: Motives and Marketing Implications for Islamic Charities","authors":"R. Kasri","doi":"10.1108/JIMA-05-2011-0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-05-2011-0044","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the motives and giving behaviours of donors towards Islamic charities in Indonesia by using various demographic, socio-economic, psychographic and motivational/situational characteristics. Based on these analyses, relevant marketing implications are also discussed. The study hopes to enrich Islamic marketing literature and contribute further to the understanding of marketing within the context of the Islamic voluntary sector. Design/methodology/approach – This empirical paper primarily employs a quantitative approach in analysing the giving behaviours. The primary data is gathered through a survey conducted in January 2011 involving 300 Indonesian Muslim donors. The results are analysed with descriptive and correlation statistics. Findings – First, the analysis highlights that the main causes for charitable giving are to help the poor/needy and support religious causes. Second, most of the donors provide funds through “informal” Islamic charities. Third, m...","PeriodicalId":365298,"journal":{"name":"CSN: Business (Topic)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114717524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, emotional intelligence (EI) has been a popular topic of debate in the field of management. It has been praised as a successful predictor of job performance and leadership ability. A little empirical research has been conducted to test this statement and academic performance were examined in a sample of Management faculty of 158 out of 170. The finding indicates that Emotional intelligence was found to be positively associated with work experience
{"title":"Reconnoitering Effects of Emotional Intelligence on Work Experience in Education","authors":"Meeta Mandaviya, Dr. Vashisthdhar Dwivedi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2800963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2800963","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, emotional intelligence (EI) has been a popular topic of debate in the field of management. It has been praised as a successful predictor of job performance and leadership ability. A little empirical research has been conducted to test this statement and academic performance were examined in a sample of Management faculty of 158 out of 170. The finding indicates that Emotional intelligence was found to be positively associated with work experience","PeriodicalId":365298,"journal":{"name":"CSN: Business (Topic)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129678905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study mainly focuses on assessing (a) the level job satisfaction and (b) whether the groups of a demographic factor have mean difference between them. The main objective of this study is to provide a basic idea of using T-test and ANOVA test. However, the survey results show that overall job satisfaction is at high level of attribute and little diluted with working environment. However, the results also show that demographic variables age, and qualification have no mean differences between the groups of each of them, except the gender, which implies that there is significant gender based difference in job satisfaction of teachers in the Eastern University, Sri Lanka.
{"title":"Level of Job Satisfaction and its Association with Demographic Variables","authors":"V. Thusyanthy, S. Senthilnathan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2229712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2229712","url":null,"abstract":"The study mainly focuses on assessing (a) the level job satisfaction and (b) whether the groups of a demographic factor have mean difference between them. The main objective of this study is to provide a basic idea of using T-test and ANOVA test. However, the survey results show that overall job satisfaction is at high level of attribute and little diluted with working environment. However, the results also show that demographic variables age, and qualification have no mean differences between the groups of each of them, except the gender, which implies that there is significant gender based difference in job satisfaction of teachers in the Eastern University, Sri Lanka.","PeriodicalId":365298,"journal":{"name":"CSN: Business (Topic)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115327455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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