Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3458329
{"title":"IEEE Communications Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3458329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3458329","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10694725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3463128
Adam Noel;Andrew W. Eckford;Radek Erban;Matteo Icardi;Gregory Reeves
{"title":"Guest Editorial Special Feature on Seeing Through the Crowd: Molecular Communication in Crowded and Multi-Cellular Environments","authors":"Adam Noel;Andrew W. Eckford;Radek Erban;Matteo Icardi;Gregory Reeves","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3463128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3463128","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"422-424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10694727","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3458670
Chun Tung Chou;Mohammad Zoofaghari;Ozgur B. Akan;Mladen Veletic;Ilangko Balasingham
{"title":"Guest Editorial Introduction to the Special Feature on the 8th Workshop on Molecular Communications","authors":"Chun Tung Chou;Mohammad Zoofaghari;Ozgur B. Akan;Mladen Veletic;Ilangko Balasingham","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3458670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3458670","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"455-457"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10694724","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3458333
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3458333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3458333","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10694704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3453808
Fardad Vakilipoor;Abdulhamid N. M. Ansari;Luca Barletta;Gian Guido Gentili;Maurizio Magarini
This paper presents an approach to address the diffusion equation in scenarios involving multiple absorbing boundary conditions, commonly found in diffusive molecular communication (MC) channels. Instead of using multiple mirror images of the source, fictitious sources with time-varying release rates are introduced to replace the boundaries. This transformation enables the calculation of the expected cumulative number of absorbed particles (CNAP) by multiple absorbing boundaries with finite volume. To compute the expected CNAP, the concept of barycenter, which represents the spatial mean of particles the receiver absorbs is introduced. Substituting absorbing objects with their barycenters leads to model the CNAP in scenarios with convex geometry of absorbers. In a one-dimensional (1D) space, the proposed approach yields the same expression as the method of images for describing the expected CNAP by an absorber. However, in three-dimensional (3D) space, where using the method of images is challenging or even impossible, the proposed approach enables substituting the objects with fictitious sources and compute the expected CNAP. In 1D, an extension of this approach to the case in which one boundary exhibits an absorption characteristic while the other has zero-flux characteristic is demonstrated. This research direction is valuable for modeling channels where not all objects are particle receptors.
{"title":"The Method of Fictitious Negative Sources to Model Diffusive Channels With Absorbing Boundaries","authors":"Fardad Vakilipoor;Abdulhamid N. M. Ansari;Luca Barletta;Gian Guido Gentili;Maurizio Magarini","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3453808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3453808","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an approach to address the diffusion equation in scenarios involving multiple absorbing boundary conditions, commonly found in diffusive molecular communication (MC) channels. Instead of using multiple mirror images of the source, fictitious sources with time-varying release rates are introduced to replace the boundaries. This transformation enables the calculation of the expected cumulative number of absorbed particles (CNAP) by multiple absorbing boundaries with finite volume. To compute the expected CNAP, the concept of barycenter, which represents the spatial mean of particles the receiver absorbs is introduced. Substituting absorbing objects with their barycenters leads to model the CNAP in scenarios with convex geometry of absorbers. In a one-dimensional (1D) space, the proposed approach yields the same expression as the method of images for describing the expected CNAP by an absorber. However, in three-dimensional (3D) space, where using the method of images is challenging or even impossible, the proposed approach enables substituting the objects with fictitious sources and compute the expected CNAP. In 1D, an extension of this approach to the case in which one boundary exhibits an absorption characteristic while the other has zero-flux characteristic is demonstrated. This research direction is valuable for modeling channels where not all objects are particle receptors.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"442-454"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10663575","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3448353
Anil Kamber;H. Birkan Yilmaz;Ali E. Pusane;Tuna Tugcu
In molecular communication via diffusion (MCvD), messenger molecules are emitted by a transmitter and propagate randomly through the fluidic environment. In biological systems, the environment can be considered a bounded space, surrounded by various structures such as tissues and organs. The propagation of molecules is affected by these structures, which reflect the molecules upon collision. Deriving the channel response of MCvD systems with an absorbing spherical receiver requires solving the 3-D diffusion equation in the presence of reflecting and absorbing boundary conditions, which is extremely challenging. In this paper, the method of images is brought to molecular communication (MC) realm to find a closed-form solution to the channel response of a single-input single-output (SISO) system near an infinite reflecting surface. It is shown that a molecular SISO system in a 3-D half-space with an infinite reflecting surface could be approximated as a molecular single-input multiple-output (SIMO) system in a 3-D space, which consists of two symmetrically located, with respect to the reflecting surface, identical absorbing spherical receivers.
{"title":"Half-Space Modeling With Reflecting Surface in Molecular Communication","authors":"Anil Kamber;H. Birkan Yilmaz;Ali E. Pusane;Tuna Tugcu","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3448353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3448353","url":null,"abstract":"In molecular communication via diffusion (MCvD), messenger molecules are emitted by a transmitter and propagate randomly through the fluidic environment. In biological systems, the environment can be considered a bounded space, surrounded by various structures such as tissues and organs. The propagation of molecules is affected by these structures, which reflect the molecules upon collision. Deriving the channel response of MCvD systems with an absorbing spherical receiver requires solving the 3-D diffusion equation in the presence of reflecting and absorbing boundary conditions, which is extremely challenging. In this paper, the method of images is brought to molecular communication (MC) realm to find a closed-form solution to the channel response of a single-input single-output (SISO) system near an infinite reflecting surface. It is shown that a molecular SISO system in a 3-D half-space with an infinite reflecting surface could be approximated as a molecular single-input multiple-output (SIMO) system in a 3-D space, which consists of two symmetrically located, with respect to the reflecting surface, identical absorbing spherical receivers.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"433-441"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3436905
Stefan Angerbauer;Nunzio Tuccitto;Giuseppe Trusso Sfrazzetto;Rossella Santonocito;Werner Haselmayr
Intelligent nano-machines are a promising candidate technology for the next generation of health care. The realization of such units relies on novel, unconventional approaches, to navigate the challenges of this particular domain. In this work, we present three chemical processes, that can be used to realize a recently proposed molecular matrix multiplication unit on the lab-scale. The matrix multiplication is the fundamental operation for the realization of neural networks and, therefore, artificial intelligence. Hence, this work presents an important step towards practical realization of intelligent nano-machines for the next generation of health care.
{"title":"Investigation of Different Chemical Realizations for Molecular Matrix Multiplications","authors":"Stefan Angerbauer;Nunzio Tuccitto;Giuseppe Trusso Sfrazzetto;Rossella Santonocito;Werner Haselmayr","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3436905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3436905","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligent nano-machines are a promising candidate technology for the next generation of health care. The realization of such units relies on novel, unconventional approaches, to navigate the challenges of this particular domain. In this work, we present three chemical processes, that can be used to realize a recently proposed molecular matrix multiplication unit on the lab-scale. The matrix multiplication is the fundamental operation for the realization of neural networks and, therefore, artificial intelligence. Hence, this work presents an important step towards practical realization of intelligent nano-machines for the next generation of health care.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"464-469"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10620232","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Detecting abnormalities early by deploying a network of mobile nanosensors within the human body remains a challenging task. Current methods for abnormality detection rely on placing gateways at arbitrary locations. Given the critical importance of timely monitoring and detection in severe infections, relying on arbitrary gateway locations introduces delays in detection. In this work, we conducted an analysis of the impact of gateway placement and infection locations on detection time, detection ratio, and the average Peak Age of Information (PAoI). Furthermore, we also added decay of nanosensors similar to operation in the human body. We investigated its implications on both the detection ratio of abnormalities and the average PAoI. We employed a Monte Carlo simulation involving 1000 nanosensors circulating in the HCS for 500 seconds. The results revealed that the favorable gateway position is at the heart, minimizing detection time and enhancing the detection ratio for various infection locations. Furthermore, we observed that the detection ratio exhibited reduced variance with increased decay rates in nanosensors. Analyzing the PAoI across varying decay rates highlighted the importance of nanosensor quantity in relation to decay rate in ensuring accurate and timely infection localization.
{"title":"Age of Information-Based Abnormality Detection With Decay in the Human Circulatory System","authors":"Saswati Pal;Jorge Torres Gómez;Regine Wendt;Stefan Fischer;Falko Dressler","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3426951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3426951","url":null,"abstract":"Detecting abnormalities early by deploying a network of mobile nanosensors within the human body remains a challenging task. Current methods for abnormality detection rely on placing gateways at arbitrary locations. Given the critical importance of timely monitoring and detection in severe infections, relying on arbitrary gateway locations introduces delays in detection. In this work, we conducted an analysis of the impact of gateway placement and infection locations on detection time, detection ratio, and the average Peak Age of Information (PAoI). Furthermore, we also added decay of nanosensors similar to operation in the human body. We investigated its implications on both the detection ratio of abnormalities and the average PAoI. We employed a Monte Carlo simulation involving 1000 nanosensors circulating in the HCS for 500 seconds. The results revealed that the favorable gateway position is at the heart, minimizing detection time and enhancing the detection ratio for various infection locations. Furthermore, we observed that the detection ratio exhibited reduced variance with increased decay rates in nanosensors. Analyzing the PAoI across varying decay rates highlighted the importance of nanosensor quantity in relation to decay rate in ensuring accurate and timely infection localization.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"487-492"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3423021
Pedram Johari;Hadeel Elayan;Josep M. Jornet
In-vivo Wireless Nanosensor Networks (iWNSNs) consist of nano-sized communicating devices with unprecedented sensing capabilities that operate inside the human body in real-time. The current state-of-the-art in nanoelectronics and nanophotonics points to the Terahertz (THz) band (0.1–10 THz) and the optical frequency bands (infrared, 30–400 THz, and visible, 400–750 THz) as the promising spectral bands for nanosensor communications. In this paper, we propose and analyze a biocompatible modulation technique for iWNSNs. A mathematical framework is formulated to optimize the parameters of an adaptive Time Spread On-Off Keying (OOK) pulse-based modulation. This optimization considers both the physics of the intra-body optical channel and the light-matter interactions, along with the resulting photo-thermal effects in biological tissues. The outcomes of the analytical optimization model are validated through extensive numerical simulations. The results highlight a trade-off between link efficiency and the biocompatibility of the transmitted signals. Numerical analysis shows that the proposed biocompatible modulation technique can easily achieve a Bit Error Rate (BER) of $10^{-2}$ before coding, within the bio-safety measures, indicating a reliable intra-body channel for data transmission. This means that the channel can effectively convey information, such as health monitoring data or control signals for medical devices, without significant data loss or corruption.
{"title":"BioComm: Biocompatible Physical Layer Design for Wireless Intra-Body Communications","authors":"Pedram Johari;Hadeel Elayan;Josep M. Jornet","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3423021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3423021","url":null,"abstract":"In-vivo Wireless Nanosensor Networks (iWNSNs) consist of nano-sized communicating devices with unprecedented sensing capabilities that operate inside the human body in real-time. The current state-of-the-art in nanoelectronics and nanophotonics points to the Terahertz (THz) band (0.1–10 THz) and the optical frequency bands (infrared, 30–400 THz, and visible, 400–750 THz) as the promising spectral bands for nanosensor communications. In this paper, we propose and analyze a biocompatible modulation technique for iWNSNs. A mathematical framework is formulated to optimize the parameters of an adaptive Time Spread On-Off Keying (OOK) pulse-based modulation. This optimization considers both the physics of the intra-body optical channel and the light-matter interactions, along with the resulting photo-thermal effects in biological tissues. The outcomes of the analytical optimization model are validated through extensive numerical simulations. The results highlight a trade-off between link efficiency and the biocompatibility of the transmitted signals. Numerical analysis shows that the proposed biocompatible modulation technique can easily achieve a Bit Error Rate (BER) of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{-2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 before coding, within the bio-safety measures, indicating a reliable intra-body channel for data transmission. This means that the channel can effectively convey information, such as health monitoring data or control signals for medical devices, without significant data loss or corruption.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"383-395"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3423005
Pit Hofmann;Sebastian Schmidt;Alexander Wietfeld;Pengjie Zhou;Jonas Fuchtmann;Frank H. P. Fitzek;Wolfgang Kellerer
The formation of plaques in human blood vessels, known as atherosclerosis, represents one of the major causes of death worldwide. Synthetic molecular communication (MC), in combination with nanotechnology, is envisioned to enable novel approaches toward diagnosing, monitoring, and treating diseases. In this paper, we propose an investigation of the effects of plaque formation on the human blood vessel as an MC channel. By characterizing these changes, the early detection of plaques using MC networks in the human circulatory system could become possible. We model a simplified blood flow scenario in a human carotid artery using OpenFOAM. Nanoparticles are released in the bloodstream in front of a region obstructed by a plaque, and their transport and distribution are evaluated as they pass through. The results are obtained for different plaque sizes and channel lengths. We observe a significant impact of a growing plaque on the channel characteristics in terms of a reduced propagation delay and a decrease in the cumulative number of received particles due to particles trapped by the plaque. Therefore, the receiver could detect abnormalities from a change in these channel conditions over time. Further investigation of these methods in conjunction with more realistic modeling of the channel and communication nodes will be necessary to confirm the results. It could contribute towards advanced future methods of diagnosis.
人体血管中形成的斑块被称为动脉粥样硬化，是导致全球死亡的主要原因之一。合成分子通讯（MC）与纳米技术的结合被认为是诊断、监测和治疗疾病的新方法。在本文中，我们提出将斑块形成对人体血管的影响作为 MC 通道进行研究。通过确定这些变化的特征，利用 MC 网络对人体循环系统中的斑块进行早期检测将成为可能。我们使用 OpenFOAM 对人体颈动脉中的简化血流情景进行建模。纳米粒子被释放到斑块阻塞区域前的血流中，并在通过时对其传输和分布进行评估。结果是针对不同斑块大小和通道长度得出的。我们观察到，不断增大的斑块对信道特性有很大影响，表现为传播延迟缩短，以及由于斑块阻挡颗粒而导致接收颗粒的累积数量减少。因此，接收器可以从这些信道条件随时间的变化中检测到异常。有必要结合更现实的信道和通信节点建模对这些方法进行进一步研究，以确认结果。这将有助于开发未来先进的诊断方法。
{"title":"A Molecular Communication Perspective on Detecting Arterial Plaque Formation","authors":"Pit Hofmann;Sebastian Schmidt;Alexander Wietfeld;Pengjie Zhou;Jonas Fuchtmann;Frank H. P. Fitzek;Wolfgang Kellerer","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3423005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3423005","url":null,"abstract":"The formation of plaques in human blood vessels, known as atherosclerosis, represents one of the major causes of death worldwide. Synthetic molecular communication (MC), in combination with nanotechnology, is envisioned to enable novel approaches toward diagnosing, monitoring, and treating diseases. In this paper, we propose an investigation of the effects of plaque formation on the human blood vessel as an MC channel. By characterizing these changes, the early detection of plaques using MC networks in the human circulatory system could become possible. We model a simplified blood flow scenario in a human carotid artery using OpenFOAM. Nanoparticles are released in the bloodstream in front of a region obstructed by a plaque, and their transport and distribution are evaluated as they pass through. The results are obtained for different plaque sizes and channel lengths. We observe a significant impact of a growing plaque on the channel characteristics in terms of a reduced propagation delay and a decrease in the cumulative number of received particles due to particles trapped by the plaque. Therefore, the receiver could detect abnormalities from a change in these channel conditions over time. Further investigation of these methods in conjunction with more realistic modeling of the channel and communication nodes will be necessary to confirm the results. It could contribute towards advanced future methods of diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"458-463"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10586804","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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