We present a fluid-based experimental molecular communication (MC) testbed which uses media modulation. Motivated by the natural human cardiovascular system, the testbed operates in a closed-loop tube system. The proposed system is designed to be resource-efficient and controllable from outside the tube. As signaling molecule, the testbed employs the biocompatible green fluorescent protein variant “Dreiklang” (GFPD). GFPDs can be reversibly switched via light of different wavelengths between a bright fluorescent state and a less fluorescent state. GFPDs in solution are filled into the testbed prior to the start of information transmission and remain there for an entire experiment. For information transmission, an optical transmitter (TX) and an optical eraser (EX), which are located outside the tube, are used to write and erase the information encoded in the state of the GFPDs, respectively. At the receiver (RX), the state of the GFPDs is read out by fluorescence detection. In our testbed, due to the closed-loop setup and the long experiment durations of up to 125 hours, we observe new forms of inter-symbol interferences (ISI), which do not occur in short experiments and open-loop systems. In particular, up to four different forms of ISI, namely channel ISI, inter-loop ISI, offset ISI, and permanent ISI, occur in the considered system. For the testbed, we developed a communication scheme, which includes blind transmission start detection, symbol-by-symbol synchronization, and adaptive threshold detection, that supports higher order modulation. We comprehensively analyze our MC experiments using the absolute mean Euclidean distance (AMED), eye diagram, and bit error rate (BER) as performance metrics. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate the error-free transmission of 5,370 bit at a data rate of $36~mathrm {bit}{,}min ^{boldsymbol {-1}}$ using 8-ary modulation and the error-free binary transmission of around 90,000 bit at a data rate of $12~mathrm {bit}{,}min ^{boldsymbol {-1}}$ . For the latter experiment, data was transmitted continuously for a period of more than five days (125 hours) during which no signaling molecules were injected into or removed from the system. All signals recorded during the experiments, representing more than 250 kbit of data transmitted via MC, and parts of the evaluation code are publicly available on Zenodo and Github, respectively.
{"title":"Closed-Loop Long-Term Experimental Molecular Communication System","authors":"Maike Scherer;Lukas Brand;Louis Wolf;Teena Tom Dieck;Maximilian Schäfer;Sebastian Lotter;Andreas Burkovski;Heinrich Sticht;Robert Schober;Kathrin Castiglione","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3615924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3615924","url":null,"abstract":"We present a fluid-based experimental molecular communication (MC) testbed which uses media modulation. Motivated by the natural human cardiovascular system, the testbed operates in a closed-loop tube system. The proposed system is designed to be resource-efficient and controllable from outside the tube. As signaling molecule, the testbed employs the biocompatible green fluorescent protein variant “Dreiklang” (GFPD). GFPDs can be reversibly switched via light of different wavelengths between a bright fluorescent state and a less fluorescent state. GFPDs in solution are filled into the testbed prior to the start of information transmission and remain there for an entire experiment. For information transmission, an optical transmitter (TX) and an optical eraser (EX), which are located outside the tube, are used to write and erase the information encoded in the state of the GFPDs, respectively. At the receiver (RX), the state of the GFPDs is read out by fluorescence detection. In our testbed, due to the closed-loop setup and the long experiment durations of up to 125 hours, we observe new forms of inter-symbol interferences (ISI), which do not occur in short experiments and open-loop systems. In particular, up to four different forms of ISI, namely channel ISI, inter-loop ISI, offset ISI, and permanent ISI, occur in the considered system. For the testbed, we developed a communication scheme, which includes blind transmission start detection, symbol-by-symbol synchronization, and adaptive threshold detection, that supports higher order modulation. We comprehensively analyze our MC experiments using the absolute mean Euclidean distance (AMED), eye diagram, and bit error rate (BER) as performance metrics. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate the error-free transmission of 5,370 bit at a data rate of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$36~mathrm {bit}{,}min ^{boldsymbol {-1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> using 8-ary modulation and the error-free binary transmission of around 90,000 bit at a data rate of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$12~mathrm {bit}{,}min ^{boldsymbol {-1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. For the latter experiment, data was transmitted continuously for a period of more than five days (125 hours) during which no signaling molecules were injected into or removed from the system. All signals recorded during the experiments, representing more than 250 kbit of data transmitted via MC, and parts of the evaluation code are publicly available on Zenodo and Github, respectively.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"12 ","pages":"22-41"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145861191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Molecular Communications (MC), transferring information via chemical signals, holds promise for transformative healthcare applications within the Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT) framework. Despite promising advances toward practical MC systems, progress has been constrained by experimental testbeds that are costly, difficult to customize, and require labor-intensive fabrication. Here, we address these challenges by introducing a low-cost ($sim {$}1$ per unit), rapidly fabricated (<1 hour), and highly customizable microfluidic testbed that integrates a cross-shaped, hydrodynamic gating-based microfluidic transmitter, and a screen-printed potentiometric sensor-based receiver. This platform enables precise spatiotemporal control over chemical signals and supports reconfigurable channel architectures along with on-demand sensor functionalization. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate a pH-based MC system combining a polyaniline (PANI)-functionalized screen printed sensor for real-time pH signal detection with a programmable hydrodynamic gating architecture, patterned in a double-sided adhesive tape, as the transmitter. By dynamically mixing phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with an acidic solution (pH 3), the testbed reliably generates pH-encoded pulses. Experimental results confirm robust control over pulse amplitude and pulse width, enabling the simulation of end-to-end MC scenarios with 4-ary concentration shift keying (CSK) modulation. By combining affordability and rapid prototyping without compromising customizability, this platform is poised to accelerate the translation of MC concepts into practical IoBNT applications.
{"title":"Low-Cost Microfluidic Testbed for Molecular Communications With Integrated Hydrodynamic Gating and Screen-Printed Sensors","authors":"Maide Miray Albay;Eren Akyol;Fariborz Mirlou;Levent Beker;Murat Kuscu","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3614382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3614382","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular Communications (MC), transferring information via chemical signals, holds promise for transformative healthcare applications within the Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT) framework. Despite promising advances toward practical MC systems, progress has been constrained by experimental testbeds that are costly, difficult to customize, and require labor-intensive fabrication. Here, we address these challenges by introducing a low-cost (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim {$}1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> per unit), rapidly fabricated (<1 hour), and highly customizable microfluidic testbed that integrates a cross-shaped, hydrodynamic gating-based microfluidic transmitter, and a screen-printed potentiometric sensor-based receiver. This platform enables precise spatiotemporal control over chemical signals and supports reconfigurable channel architectures along with on-demand sensor functionalization. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate a pH-based MC system combining a polyaniline (PANI)-functionalized screen printed sensor for real-time pH signal detection with a programmable hydrodynamic gating architecture, patterned in a double-sided adhesive tape, as the transmitter. By dynamically mixing phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with an acidic solution (pH 3), the testbed reliably generates pH-encoded pulses. Experimental results confirm robust control over pulse amplitude and pulse width, enabling the simulation of end-to-end MC scenarios with 4-ary concentration shift keying (CSK) modulation. By combining affordability and rapid prototyping without compromising customizability, this platform is poised to accelerate the translation of MC concepts into practical IoBNT applications.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"11 4","pages":"518-523"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145760894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-22DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3613268
Ben Cao;Yunzhu Zhao;Lei Xie;Qi Shao;Kun Wang;Bin Wang;Shihua Zhou;Pan Zheng
As the amount of data grows exponentially, traditional storage media face fundamental limitations in terms of density, lifespan, and energy consumption. DNA-based storage technology has become the most promising storage solution in recent years due to its ultra-high physical density, high stability, and low energy consumption. DNA sequencing is not only the core process of genomics, but is also a key step in reading data in DNA storage. However, sequencing errors are inevitable, and existing error correction codes can partially solve the problem, but they will introduce redundancy. In this work, we propose a Diversified Beam Search Path (DBSP) to process DNA sequencing data, aiming to improve nucleotide utilization in DNA storage and ensure data integrity. DBSP is a DNA storage data reconstruction pipeline from sequencing data that does not have additional redundancy. The scheme constructs the maximum node subgraph to cluster the sequencing data according to the similarity between sequences, finds the optimal solution of the candidate path set via a diverse beam search strategy, and finally introduces the consensus sequences into a nonredundant de Bruijn graph to solve the problem of path entanglement in the process of DNA sequence assembly. Experimental results show that DBSP outperforms multiple sequence alignment (MSA). The consensus sequence obtained by this scheme through multiple sequence alignment of diverse beam search has a smaller Levenshtein distance (LD) and Jaccard similarity closer to 1. It maintains a higher similarity to the encoded DNA at high error rates without redundancy. The nonredundant de Bruijn graph achieves over 68% sequence reconstruction rate. sequence recovery rate near 100% and the radians stable. In summary, this scheme can be an effective pre- or post-processing of error correction codes, and can realize end-to-end high-speed reconstruction of DNA storage data, and improve sequence reconstruction and sequence recovery rates, making DNA storage more reliable.
{"title":"DBSP: An End-to-End Pipeline for DNA Storage Data Reconstruction From DNA Sequencing","authors":"Ben Cao;Yunzhu Zhao;Lei Xie;Qi Shao;Kun Wang;Bin Wang;Shihua Zhou;Pan Zheng","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3613268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3613268","url":null,"abstract":"As the amount of data grows exponentially, traditional storage media face fundamental limitations in terms of density, lifespan, and energy consumption. DNA-based storage technology has become the most promising storage solution in recent years due to its ultra-high physical density, high stability, and low energy consumption. DNA sequencing is not only the core process of genomics, but is also a key step in reading data in DNA storage. However, sequencing errors are inevitable, and existing error correction codes can partially solve the problem, but they will introduce redundancy. In this work, we propose a Diversified Beam Search Path (DBSP) to process DNA sequencing data, aiming to improve nucleotide utilization in DNA storage and ensure data integrity. DBSP is a DNA storage data reconstruction pipeline from sequencing data that does not have additional redundancy. The scheme constructs the maximum node subgraph to cluster the sequencing data according to the similarity between sequences, finds the optimal solution of the candidate path set via a diverse beam search strategy, and finally introduces the consensus sequences into a nonredundant de Bruijn graph to solve the problem of path entanglement in the process of DNA sequence assembly. Experimental results show that DBSP outperforms multiple sequence alignment (MSA). The consensus sequence obtained by this scheme through multiple sequence alignment of diverse beam search has a smaller Levenshtein distance (LD) and Jaccard similarity closer to 1. It maintains a higher similarity to the encoded DNA at high error rates without redundancy. The nonredundant de Bruijn graph achieves over 68% sequence reconstruction rate. sequence recovery rate near 100% and the radians stable. In summary, this scheme can be an effective pre- or post-processing of error correction codes, and can realize end-to-end high-speed reconstruction of DNA storage data, and improve sequence reconstruction and sequence recovery rates, making DNA storage more reliable.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"12 ","pages":"157-170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3610330
Franziska Weindel;Andreas L. Gimpel;Robert N. Grass;Reinhard Heckel
DNA is an attractive medium for digital data storage. When data is stored on DNA, errors occur, making error-correcting codes critical for reliable storage. A common approach to reduce errors is constrained coding, which avoids homopolymers (consecutive repeated nucleotides) and balances GC content, as they are associated with higher error rates. However, constrained coding comes at the cost of an increase in redundancy. An alternative is to randomize DNA sequences, embrace errors, and compensate with additional coding redundancy. In this paper, we identify the error regimes in which embracing substitution errors is more efficient than constrained coding. Our results indicate that constrained coding for substitution errors can be inefficient in current DNA data storage systems. Theoretical analysis shows that constrained coding would be efficient only under high error rates in homopolymers and GC-imbalanced sequences, while empirical data show that error-rate increases for these nucleotides are minimal in current systems.
{"title":"Embracing Errors Can Be More Efficient Than Avoiding Them Through Constrained Coding for DNA Data Storage","authors":"Franziska Weindel;Andreas L. Gimpel;Robert N. Grass;Reinhard Heckel","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3610330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3610330","url":null,"abstract":"DNA is an attractive medium for digital data storage. When data is stored on DNA, errors occur, making error-correcting codes critical for reliable storage. A common approach to reduce errors is constrained coding, which avoids homopolymers (consecutive repeated nucleotides) and balances GC content, as they are associated with higher error rates. However, constrained coding comes at the cost of an increase in redundancy. An alternative is to randomize DNA sequences, embrace errors, and compensate with additional coding redundancy. In this paper, we identify the error regimes in which embracing substitution errors is more efficient than constrained coding. Our results indicate that constrained coding for substitution errors can be inefficient in current DNA data storage systems. Theoretical analysis shows that constrained coding would be efficient only under high error rates in homopolymers and GC-imbalanced sequences, while empirical data show that error-rate increases for these nucleotides are minimal in current systems.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"12 ","pages":"146-156"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate the application of semantic information theory to drug delivery systems (DDS) within the molecular communication (MC) framework. To operationalise this, we observe a DDS as a molecular concentration-based channel. Semantic information is defined as the amount of information required for a DDS to achieve its therapeutic goal in a dynamic environment. We derive it by introducing interventions, defined as modifications to DDS parameters, a viability function, and system-environment correlations quantified via the channel capacity. Here, the viability function represents DDS performance based on a drug dose-response relationship. Our model considers a system capable of inducing functional changes in a receiver cancer cell, where exceeding critical DDS parameter values can significantly reduce performance or cost-effectiveness. By analysing the MC-based DDS model through a semantic information perspective, we examine how correlations between the internalised particle concentration and the released particle concentration evolve under interventions. The final catalogue of results provides a quantitative basis for DDS design and optimisation, offering a method to determine optimal DDS parameter values under constraints such as chemical budget, desired effect and accuracy. Thus, the proposed framework can serve as a novel tool for guiding DDS design and optimisation.
{"title":"On Drug Delivery System Parameter Optimization via Semantic Information Theory","authors":"Milica Lekić;Mohammad Zoofaghari;Ilangko Balasingham;Mladen Veletić","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3610350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3610350","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the application of semantic information theory to drug delivery systems (DDS) within the molecular communication (MC) framework. To operationalise this, we observe a DDS as a molecular concentration-based channel. Semantic information is defined as the amount of information required for a DDS to achieve its therapeutic goal in a dynamic environment. We derive it by introducing interventions, defined as modifications to DDS parameters, a viability function, and system-environment correlations quantified via the channel capacity. Here, the viability function represents DDS performance based on a drug dose-response relationship. Our model considers a system capable of inducing functional changes in a receiver cancer cell, where exceeding critical DDS parameter values can significantly reduce performance or cost-effectiveness. By analysing the MC-based DDS model through a semantic information perspective, we examine how correlations between the internalised particle concentration and the released particle concentration evolve under interventions. The final catalogue of results provides a quantitative basis for DDS design and optimisation, offering a method to determine optimal DDS parameter values under constraints such as chemical budget, desired effect and accuracy. Thus, the proposed framework can serve as a novel tool for guiding DDS design and optimisation.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"12 ","pages":"11-21"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145861205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Guest Editorial Understanding Communicable Diseases Through the Lens of Molecular Communications","authors":"Prabhat Kumar Sharma;Mauro Femminella;Sudhir Kumar","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3601681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3601681","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"11 3","pages":"332-334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11159554","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145036901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-11DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3601476
{"title":"IEEE Communications Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3601476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3601476","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"11 3","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11159540","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145036931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3608500
Michael Gattringer;Stefan Angerbauer;Andreas Springer;Werner Haselmayr
In this paper, we propose a novel distributed scheduling algorithm for time-division multiple access (TDMA) in diffusion-based molecular communication systems. We consider a receiver nano device (ND) surrounded by randomly distributed transmitter NDs. The goal of the proposed scheduling algorithm is to arrange transmissions of the different transmitter NDs in order to mitigate inter-user interferences (IUI). Each ND follows the scheduling algorithm, which only requires listening to the channel and measuring time, but no synchronization. We provide a theoretical foundation and verify the functionality of the algorithm with a particle-based simulation (PBS). Furthermore, we compare the performance of the algorithm in terms of temporal channel utilization with an ideal (centralized) scheduling algorithm, which shows similar results for large packet lengths.
{"title":"A Distributed Scheduling Algorithm for TDMA in Diffusion-Based Molecular Communication","authors":"Michael Gattringer;Stefan Angerbauer;Andreas Springer;Werner Haselmayr","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3608500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3608500","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose a novel distributed scheduling algorithm for time-division multiple access (TDMA) in diffusion-based molecular communication systems. We consider a receiver nano device (ND) surrounded by randomly distributed transmitter NDs. The goal of the proposed scheduling algorithm is to arrange transmissions of the different transmitter NDs in order to mitigate inter-user interferences (IUI). Each ND follows the scheduling algorithm, which only requires listening to the channel and measuring time, but no synchronization. We provide a theoretical foundation and verify the functionality of the algorithm with a particle-based simulation (PBS). Furthermore, we compare the performance of the algorithm in terms of temporal channel utilization with an ideal (centralized) scheduling algorithm, which shows similar results for large packet lengths.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"11 4","pages":"506-512"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11157763","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145760886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3608558
Luiz C. P. Wille;Christof Pfannenmüller;Jens Kirchner
The interplay of particle propagation due to fluid convection has been subject to extensive research in the areas of molecular communication (MC) and magnetic drug targeting (MDT). Although a lot of models have been developed already, often the time-varying nature of the background flow and the elasticity of the channel walls have been neglected. We propose a simulation-based analysis of particle propagation in the radial artery under pulsatile flow in comparison to classical laminar flow. The effect of elastic channel walls compared to rigid walls is investigated. Our results reveal that in the case of pulsatile flow, the channel impulse response (CIR) is formed by a series of sharp peaks synchronous to the cardiac cycle instead of the long-tailed shape of laminar flow. In particular, 70% of particle movement occurs in the first 30% of each cardiac cycle. The results indicate a strong impact of pulsatile flow on inter-symbol interference and thus the design of demodulation algorithms in MC as well as on the design of steering approaches in MDT.
{"title":"From Steady to Pulsatile Flow in Molecular Communication: Propagation of Nanoparticles in Mid-Sized Arteries","authors":"Luiz C. P. Wille;Christof Pfannenmüller;Jens Kirchner","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3608558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3608558","url":null,"abstract":"The interplay of particle propagation due to fluid convection has been subject to extensive research in the areas of molecular communication (MC) and magnetic drug targeting (MDT). Although a lot of models have been developed already, often the time-varying nature of the background flow and the elasticity of the channel walls have been neglected. We propose a simulation-based analysis of particle propagation in the radial artery under pulsatile flow in comparison to classical laminar flow. The effect of elastic channel walls compared to rigid walls is investigated. Our results reveal that in the case of pulsatile flow, the channel impulse response (CIR) is formed by a series of sharp peaks synchronous to the cardiac cycle instead of the long-tailed shape of laminar flow. In particular, 70% of particle movement occurs in the first 30% of each cardiac cycle. The results indicate a strong impact of pulsatile flow on inter-symbol interference and thus the design of demodulation algorithms in MC as well as on the design of steering approaches in MDT.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"11 4","pages":"531-536"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11157771","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145760893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-05DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3606625
Zhuoqun Jin;Huiyu Luo;Boyu Jiang;Yao Chen;Lin Lin
Transmitting information in engineered neural communication systems is a promising solution to delay-sensitive applications for the Internet of bio-nano Things (IoBNT). As widely used in wired and wireless communication systems, multiplexing could improve channel transmission efficiency in the neural communication system. In this article, we model a neural communication system and propose a neural signal multiplexing scheme based on code division multiplexing (CDM) principle. The whole system including channel modeling, neural coding, multiplexing scheme, and decoding method is presented. The optimal threshold and computational complexity are analyzed. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated in terms of bit error rate (BER) and mutual information rate in comparison with our previous methods. The work can help researchers better understand the underlying mechanism of neural multiplexing and pave the way for the implementation of IoBNT applications.
在工程神经通信系统中传输信息是生物纳米物联网（IoBNT）延迟敏感应用的一个有前途的解决方案。多路复用技术广泛应用于有线和无线通信系统中，可以提高神经通信系统的信道传输效率。在本文中，我们建立了一个神经通信系统模型，并提出了一种基于码分复用（CDM）原理的神经信号复用方案。介绍了整个系统，包括信道建模、神经编码、多路复用方案和解码方法。分析了最优阈值和计算复杂度。在误码率（BER）和互信息率（mutual information rate）方面对该方案的性能进行了评估，并与我们之前的方法进行了比较。这项工作可以帮助研究人员更好地理解神经多路复用的潜在机制，并为实现IoBNT应用铺平道路。
{"title":"An Engineered Neural Communication System Based on CDM Scheme for the Internet of Bio-Nano Things","authors":"Zhuoqun Jin;Huiyu Luo;Boyu Jiang;Yao Chen;Lin Lin","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3606625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3606625","url":null,"abstract":"Transmitting information in engineered neural communication systems is a promising solution to delay-sensitive applications for the Internet of bio-nano Things (IoBNT). As widely used in wired and wireless communication systems, multiplexing could improve channel transmission efficiency in the neural communication system. In this article, we model a neural communication system and propose a neural signal multiplexing scheme based on code division multiplexing (CDM) principle. The whole system including channel modeling, neural coding, multiplexing scheme, and decoding method is presented. The optimal threshold and computational complexity are analyzed. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated in terms of bit error rate (BER) and mutual information rate in comparison with our previous methods. The work can help researchers better understand the underlying mechanism of neural multiplexing and pave the way for the implementation of IoBNT applications.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"12 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145859873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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