We consider a multi-link diffusion-based molecular communication (MC) system where multiple spatially distributed transmitter (TX)-receiver (RX) pairs establish point-to-point communication links employing the same type of signaling molecules. To exploit the full potential of such a system, an in-depth understanding of the interplay between the spatial link density and inter-link interference (ILI) and its impact on system performance is needed. In this paper, we consider a three-dimensional unbounded domain with multiple spatially distributed point-to-point non-cooperative transmission links, where both the TXs and RXs are positioned on a regular fixed grid. For this setup, we first derive an analytical expression for the channel impulse responses (CIRs) between the TXs and RXs in the system. Then, we derive the maximum likelihood (ML) detector for the RXs and show that it reduces to a threshold-based detector. Moreover, we derive an analytical expression for the corresponding detection threshold which depends on the statistics of the desired signal from the dedicated TX, the statistics of the MC channel, and the statistics of the ILI. We also provide a low-complexity suboptimal decision threshold. Furthermore, we derive an analytical expression for the bit error rate (BER) and the achievable rate of a single transmission link. Finally, we propose two new performance metrics, namely area rate efficiency (ARE) and area and time rate efficiency (ARTE), suitable for holistically evaluating spatially distributed multi-link MC systems. In particular, ARE and ARTE capture the tradeoff between transmission link density and achievable rate per link and the tradeoff between transmission link density, achievable rate per link, and inter-symbol interference (ISI), respectively. Hence, ARE and ARTE can be exploited to determine the optimal transmission link density for maximizing the throughput of the entire system.
我们考虑了一种基于多链路扩散的分子通信（MC）系统，在该系统中，多个空间分布的发射器（TX）-接收器（RX）对利用同类信号分子建立点对点通信链路。为了充分发挥这种系统的潜力，需要深入了解空间链路密度和链路间干扰（ILI）之间的相互作用及其对系统性能的影响。在本文中，我们考虑了一个具有多个空间分布式点对点非合作传输链路的三维无界域，其中发送端和接收端都位于一个规则的固定网格上。对于这种设置，我们首先推导出系统中发射机和接收机之间信道脉冲响应（CIR）的解析表达式。然后，我们推导出 RX 的最大似然 (ML) 检测器，并证明它可以简化为基于阈值的检测器。此外，我们还推导出了相应检测阈值的解析表达式，该阈值取决于专用 TX 的期望信号统计量、MC 信道统计量和 ILI 统计量。我们还提供了一个低复杂度的次优决策阈值。此外，我们还推导出了单个传输链路的误码率 (BER) 和可实现速率的分析表达式。最后，我们提出了两个新的性能指标，即区域速率效率（ARE）和区域与时间速率效率（ARTE），适用于整体评估空间分布式多链路 MC 系统。其中，ARE 和 ARTE 分别捕捉了传输链路密度和每个链路的可实现速率之间的权衡，以及传输链路密度、每个链路的可实现速率和符号间干扰（ISI）之间的权衡。因此，可以利用 ARE 和 ARTE 来确定最佳传输链路密度，从而最大限度地提高整个系统的吞吐量。
{"title":"Area Rate Efficiency in Multi-Link Molecular Communications","authors":"Lukas Brand;Sebastian Lotter;Vahid Jamali;Robert Schober;Maximilian Schäfer","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3321193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3321193","url":null,"abstract":"We consider a multi-link diffusion-based molecular communication (MC) system where multiple spatially distributed transmitter (TX)-receiver (RX) pairs establish point-to-point communication links employing the same type of signaling molecules. To exploit the full potential of such a system, an in-depth understanding of the interplay between the spatial link density and inter-link interference (ILI) and its impact on system performance is needed. In this paper, we consider a three-dimensional unbounded domain with multiple spatially distributed point-to-point non-cooperative transmission links, where both the TXs and RXs are positioned on a regular fixed grid. For this setup, we first derive an analytical expression for the channel impulse responses (CIRs) between the TXs and RXs in the system. Then, we derive the maximum likelihood (ML) detector for the RXs and show that it reduces to a threshold-based detector. Moreover, we derive an analytical expression for the corresponding detection threshold which depends on the statistics of the desired signal from the dedicated TX, the statistics of the MC channel, and the statistics of the ILI. We also provide a low-complexity suboptimal decision threshold. Furthermore, we derive an analytical expression for the bit error rate (BER) and the achievable rate of a single transmission link. Finally, we propose two new performance metrics, namely area rate efficiency (ARE) and area and time rate efficiency (ARTE), suitable for holistically evaluating spatially distributed multi-link MC systems. In particular, ARE and ARTE capture the tradeoff between transmission link density and achievable rate per link and the tradeoff between transmission link density, achievable rate per link, and inter-symbol interference (ISI), respectively. Hence, ARE and ARTE can be exploited to determine the optimal transmission link density for maximizing the throughput of the entire system.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"9 4","pages":"391-407"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138739495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-19DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3292628
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3292628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3292628","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"9 3","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6687308/10255331/10255350.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67982997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-19DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3309471
Vahid Jamali;Falko Dressler;Yifan Chen;Maximilian Schäfer;Robert Schober
Molecular Communication (MC) is a highly interdisciplinary research field whose success requires the close collaboration between researchers from different fields of science. To support and highlight this interdisciplinary character, the Workshop on Molecular Communications (MolCom; https://molecularcommunications.org/ ) has been held annually since 2016 to provide the opportunity to meet, and share work and experience. The Workshop tries to promote research beyond the conventional disciplinary boundaries between engineering, the physical sciences, natural sciences, and medicine.
{"title":"Guest Editorial Introduction to the Special Feature on the 7th Workshop on Molecular Communications","authors":"Vahid Jamali;Falko Dressler;Yifan Chen;Maximilian Schäfer;Robert Schober","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3309471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3309471","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular Communication (MC) is a highly interdisciplinary research field whose success requires the close collaboration between researchers from different fields of science. To support and highlight this interdisciplinary character, the Workshop on Molecular Communications (MolCom; \u0000<uri>https://molecularcommunications.org/</uri>\u0000) has been held annually since 2016 to provide the opportunity to meet, and share work and experience. The Workshop tries to promote research beyond the conventional disciplinary boundaries between engineering, the physical sciences, natural sciences, and medicine.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"9 3","pages":"308-311"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6687308/10255331/10255356.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67982987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-19DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3292630
{"title":"IEEE Communications Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3292630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3292630","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"9 3","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6687308/10255331/10255341.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67981860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-19DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3309488
Murat Kuscu;Pasquale Stano;Malcolm Egan;Michael T. Barros;Bige Deniz Unluturk;Gregory F. Payne
The Transfer of ‘information’ via molecules is a theme that resonates across the realm of nature, underlying collective behavior, homeostasis, and many disorders and diseases, and potentially holding the answers to some of the life’s most profound questions. The prospects of understanding and manipulating this natural modality of communication have attracted a significant research interest from information and communication theorists (ICT) over the past two decades. The aim is to provide novel means of understanding and engineering biological systems. These efforts have produced substantial body of literature that sets the groundwork for bio-inspired, artificial Molecular Communication (MC) systems. This ICT-based perspective has also contributed to the understanding of natural MC, with many of the results from these endeavors being published in this journal.
{"title":"Guest Editorial Special Feature on Bio-Chem-ICTs: Synergies Between Bio/Nanotechnologies and Molecular Communications","authors":"Murat Kuscu;Pasquale Stano;Malcolm Egan;Michael T. Barros;Bige Deniz Unluturk;Gregory F. Payne","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3309488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3309488","url":null,"abstract":"The Transfer of ‘information’ via molecules is a theme that resonates across the realm of nature, underlying collective behavior, homeostasis, and many disorders and diseases, and potentially holding the answers to some of the life’s most profound questions. The prospects of understanding and manipulating this natural modality of communication have attracted a significant research interest from information and communication theorists (ICT) over the past two decades. The aim is to provide novel means of understanding and engineering biological systems. These efforts have produced substantial body of literature that sets the groundwork for bio-inspired, artificial Molecular Communication (MC) systems. This ICT-based perspective has also contributed to the understanding of natural MC, with many of the results from these endeavors being published in this journal.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"9 3","pages":"351-353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6687308/10255331/10255347.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67982992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Data transmission that is reliable and relies on low-complexity transceiver techniques is of practical importance for ultrasonic intra-body communications (IBCs). Considering the trade-off between reliability and computational complexity, this paper proposes an ultrasonic dynamic power splitting (UDPS) scheme. UDPS consists of statistic power splitting (SPS) and time switching (TS), where SPS splits the received signal to coherent detection (CD) and energy detection (ED) with an adjustable power splitting ratio, and TS switches between CD and ED with an adjustable power coefficient. Therefore, the proposed UDPS can exploit the reliability of CD and meanwhile benefit from the low complexity of ED. We also derive the theoretical bit-error rate (BER) of UDPS. Both theoretical and simulated results demonstrate that due to the linear noise in CD and non-linear noise in ED, the optimal power splitting ratio of SPS is 1 and the optimal power coefficient of TS is within (0, 1). More importantly, UDPS can achieve much lower complexity than CD at the cost of a slight BER loss for IBCs.
可靠且依赖低复杂度收发器技术的数据传输对超声波体内通信（IBC）具有重要的实际意义。考虑到可靠性和计算复杂性之间的权衡，本文提出了一种超声波动态功率分配（UDPS）方案。UDPS 包括统计功率分割（SPS）和时间切换（TS），其中 SPS 以可调节的功率分割比将接收到的信号分割为相干检测（CD）和能量检测（ED），TS 以可调节的功率系数在 CD 和 ED 之间切换。因此，拟议的 UDPS 可以利用 CD 的可靠性，同时受益于 ED 的低复杂性。我们还得出了 UDPS 的理论误码率 (BER)。理论和仿真结果表明，由于 CD 中的线性噪声和 ED 中的非线性噪声，SPS 的最佳功率分配比为 1，TS 的最佳功率系数在（0，1）范围内。更重要的是，UDPS 可以实现比 CD 更低的复杂度，但代价是 IBC 的误码率会略有下降。
{"title":"An Ultrasonic Power Splitting Receiver With Improved Complexity-Reliability Trade-Off for Intra-Body Communications","authors":"Yuankun Tang;Qianqian Wang;Miaowen Wen;Quansheng Guan;Fei Ji;Julian Cheng","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3315517","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3315517","url":null,"abstract":"Data transmission that is reliable and relies on low-complexity transceiver techniques is of practical importance for ultrasonic intra-body communications (IBCs). Considering the trade-off between reliability and computational complexity, this paper proposes an ultrasonic dynamic power splitting (UDPS) scheme. UDPS consists of statistic power splitting (SPS) and time switching (TS), where SPS splits the received signal to coherent detection (CD) and energy detection (ED) with an adjustable power splitting ratio, and TS switches between CD and ED with an adjustable power coefficient. Therefore, the proposed UDPS can exploit the reliability of CD and meanwhile benefit from the low complexity of ED. We also derive the theoretical bit-error rate (BER) of UDPS. Both theoretical and simulated results demonstrate that due to the linear noise in CD and non-linear noise in ED, the optimal power splitting ratio of SPS is 1 and the optimal power coefficient of TS is within (0, 1). More importantly, UDPS can achieve much lower complexity than CD at the cost of a slight BER loss for IBCs.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"9 4","pages":"483-488"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135441898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In molecular communication (MC), information is conveyed between nano-scale transmitters and receivers using molecules. The environment sensing is a significant component of any MC system. The design of biological sensors thus is an important aspect for implementing MC systems. This paper presents a novel $textit {Si}_{{3}}{N}_{{4}}$ - $textit {SiO}_{{2}}$ silicon photonics (SiPh) nano-biosensor for detection of cancer cells. This design utilizes a micro-ring resonator (MRR) structure and takes advantage of the distinct optical characteristics of various cancer cells and MC by leveraging the interaction between cancer cells and CD47 proteins. The proposed sensor design can be used in artificial nano-machines deployed in a MC system for the applications like cancer cell detection and targeted drug delivery.
{"title":"Si3N4-SiO2-Based Silicon Photonics Nano-Biosensor for Molecular Communication","authors":"Shelma Cheeran Sajan;Anamika Singh;Prabhat Kumar Sharma;Santosh Kumar","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3308695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3308695","url":null,"abstract":"In molecular communication (MC), information is conveyed between nano-scale transmitters and receivers using molecules. The environment sensing is a significant component of any MC system. The design of biological sensors thus is an important aspect for implementing MC systems. This paper presents a novel \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$textit {Si}_{{3}}{N}_{{4}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$textit {SiO}_{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 silicon photonics (SiPh) nano-biosensor for detection of cancer cells. This design utilizes a micro-ring resonator (MRR) structure and takes advantage of the distinct optical characteristics of various cancer cells and MC by leveraging the interaction between cancer cells and CD47 proteins. The proposed sensor design can be used in artificial nano-machines deployed in a MC system for the applications like cancer cell detection and targeted drug delivery.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"9 3","pages":"340-345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67982993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3308689
Enes Sefa Ayar;Sina Dadmand;Nurcan Tuncbag
The intricate nature of biological processes is orchestrated by molecular interactions. The complexity of these interactions stems from the sheer number of components involved and their relationships. To overcome this complexity, network medicine adopts a holistic, integrative approach at multiple levels. The human interactome involves over 100,000 molecules, including proteins, RNAs, and metabolites, all interconnected by a network of connections. One challenge in understanding the human interactome is associating specific parts of this network with biological phenomena such as diseases, drug resistance, and other abnormalities. Although molecular measurements can quantitatively identify many altered molecules, making sense of these molecular changes within the broader network context is a formidable task. Notably, alterations in the human interactome often occur in closely connected regions of the network. By using prior biological knowledge and applying the context-specific molecular interplays, specific sub-networks can be extracted. These network modules can provide valuable insights into complex biological questions. Furthermore, a range of learning and graph-based methodologies are employed to deduce meaningful clinical outcomes in these modules. In this context, we present a comprehensive overview of the standard workflows utilized in network medicine, along with a discussion of its applications and future directions.
{"title":"Network Medicine: From Conceptual Frameworks to Applications and Future Trends","authors":"Enes Sefa Ayar;Sina Dadmand;Nurcan Tuncbag","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3308689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3308689","url":null,"abstract":"The intricate nature of biological processes is orchestrated by molecular interactions. The complexity of these interactions stems from the sheer number of components involved and their relationships. To overcome this complexity, network medicine adopts a holistic, integrative approach at multiple levels. The human interactome involves over 100,000 molecules, including proteins, RNAs, and metabolites, all interconnected by a network of connections. One challenge in understanding the human interactome is associating specific parts of this network with biological phenomena such as diseases, drug resistance, and other abnormalities. Although molecular measurements can quantitatively identify many altered molecules, making sense of these molecular changes within the broader network context is a formidable task. Notably, alterations in the human interactome often occur in closely connected regions of the network. By using prior biological knowledge and applying the context-specific molecular interplays, specific sub-networks can be extracted. These network modules can provide valuable insights into complex biological questions. Furthermore, a range of learning and graph-based methodologies are employed to deduce meaningful clinical outcomes in these modules. In this context, we present a comprehensive overview of the standard workflows utilized in network medicine, along with a discussion of its applications and future directions.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"9 3","pages":"374-381"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67981861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-15DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3305390
Umut Eren Usturalı;Bayram Cevdet Akdeniz;Tuna Tuğcu;Ali Emre Pusane
Molecular communication is expected to be instrumental in the advancement of nanotechnology. Implementation of robust molecular communication channels that work in conjunction with other nanodevices necessitates the development of synchronization techniques for such systems. Although a number of works exist in this area, most of the proposed solutions are infeasible given the computational limitations of the components. In this paper, we propose two related methods within the framework of molecular communication via diffusion (MCvD) paradigm. These methods require only the most basic computational resources. We assess their performance analytically and computationally, indicate the error margins for each one, and discuss when one is more useful than the other.
{"title":"Low-Complexity Timing Methods for Molecular Communication via Diffusion","authors":"Umut Eren Usturalı;Bayram Cevdet Akdeniz;Tuna Tuğcu;Ali Emre Pusane","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3305390","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3305390","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular communication is expected to be instrumental in the advancement of nanotechnology. Implementation of robust molecular communication channels that work in conjunction with other nanodevices necessitates the development of synchronization techniques for such systems. Although a number of works exist in this area, most of the proposed solutions are infeasible given the computational limitations of the components. In this paper, we propose two related methods within the framework of molecular communication via diffusion (MCvD) paradigm. These methods require only the most basic computational resources. We assess their performance analytically and computationally, indicate the error margins for each one, and discuss when one is more useful than the other.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"9 4","pages":"478-482"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79312616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3304240
Fariborz Mirlou;Levent Beker
Wearable devices and biosensors have gained significant attention due to their high potential to continuously monitor the biomarkers in human body biofluids through non-invasive and minimally invasive methods and give feedback to the users in real-time. Numerous developments have been made in the electrochemical devices field for the non-invasive measurements of the desired biomarkers, including detecting different electrolytes, metabolites, and hormones. Integrating multiplexed human health monitoring, using biosensors, and transmitting the acquired data using wireless systems has been achieved and miniaturized. These systems have been combined with flexible materials to enhance their conformability and easy use. Such precise monitoring of the target biomarker and physiological data through wearable devices would significantly improve life quality by providing critical health-related information in real time. On the other hand, there needs to be an in-depth understanding of analyte concentrations in blood and their correlation to other biofluids, which will help improve the biosensors’ reliability. Thus, conducting large-scale in-vivo studies on different subjects using wearable biosensors and clinical equipment is an essential validation factor for the biosensors. Here, we focus on wearable electrochemical devices that can non-invasively measure and track the human body’s vital health information and transmit it to the users’ mobile devices.
{"title":"Wearable Electrochemical Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring: A Review of Current Developments and Future Prospects","authors":"Fariborz Mirlou;Levent Beker","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3304240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3304240","url":null,"abstract":"Wearable devices and biosensors have gained significant attention due to their high potential to continuously monitor the biomarkers in human body biofluids through non-invasive and minimally invasive methods and give feedback to the users in real-time. Numerous developments have been made in the electrochemical devices field for the non-invasive measurements of the desired biomarkers, including detecting different electrolytes, metabolites, and hormones. Integrating multiplexed human health monitoring, using biosensors, and transmitting the acquired data using wireless systems has been achieved and miniaturized. These systems have been combined with flexible materials to enhance their conformability and easy use. Such precise monitoring of the target biomarker and physiological data through wearable devices would significantly improve life quality by providing critical health-related information in real time. On the other hand, there needs to be an in-depth understanding of analyte concentrations in blood and their correlation to other biofluids, which will help improve the biosensors’ reliability. Thus, conducting large-scale in-vivo studies on different subjects using wearable biosensors and clinical equipment is an essential validation factor for the biosensors. Here, we focus on wearable electrochemical devices that can non-invasively measure and track the human body’s vital health information and transmit it to the users’ mobile devices.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"9 3","pages":"364-373"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67981862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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