Detecting abnormalities early by deploying a network of mobile nanosensors within the human body remains a challenging task. Current methods for abnormality detection rely on placing gateways at arbitrary locations. Given the critical importance of timely monitoring and detection in severe infections, relying on arbitrary gateway locations introduces delays in detection. In this work, we conducted an analysis of the impact of gateway placement and infection locations on detection time, detection ratio, and the average Peak Age of Information (PAoI). Furthermore, we also added decay of nanosensors similar to operation in the human body. We investigated its implications on both the detection ratio of abnormalities and the average PAoI. We employed a Monte Carlo simulation involving 1000 nanosensors circulating in the HCS for 500 seconds. The results revealed that the favorable gateway position is at the heart, minimizing detection time and enhancing the detection ratio for various infection locations. Furthermore, we observed that the detection ratio exhibited reduced variance with increased decay rates in nanosensors. Analyzing the PAoI across varying decay rates highlighted the importance of nanosensor quantity in relation to decay rate in ensuring accurate and timely infection localization.
{"title":"Age of Information-Based Abnormality Detection With Decay in the Human Circulatory System","authors":"Saswati Pal;Jorge Torres Gómez;Regine Wendt;Stefan Fischer;Falko Dressler","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3426951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3426951","url":null,"abstract":"Detecting abnormalities early by deploying a network of mobile nanosensors within the human body remains a challenging task. Current methods for abnormality detection rely on placing gateways at arbitrary locations. Given the critical importance of timely monitoring and detection in severe infections, relying on arbitrary gateway locations introduces delays in detection. In this work, we conducted an analysis of the impact of gateway placement and infection locations on detection time, detection ratio, and the average Peak Age of Information (PAoI). Furthermore, we also added decay of nanosensors similar to operation in the human body. We investigated its implications on both the detection ratio of abnormalities and the average PAoI. We employed a Monte Carlo simulation involving 1000 nanosensors circulating in the HCS for 500 seconds. The results revealed that the favorable gateway position is at the heart, minimizing detection time and enhancing the detection ratio for various infection locations. Furthermore, we observed that the detection ratio exhibited reduced variance with increased decay rates in nanosensors. Analyzing the PAoI across varying decay rates highlighted the importance of nanosensor quantity in relation to decay rate in ensuring accurate and timely infection localization.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"487-492"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3423021
Pedram Johari;Hadeel Elayan;Josep M. Jornet
In-vivo Wireless Nanosensor Networks (iWNSNs) consist of nano-sized communicating devices with unprecedented sensing capabilities that operate inside the human body in real-time. The current state-of-the-art in nanoelectronics and nanophotonics points to the Terahertz (THz) band (0.1–10 THz) and the optical frequency bands (infrared, 30–400 THz, and visible, 400–750 THz) as the promising spectral bands for nanosensor communications. In this paper, we propose and analyze a biocompatible modulation technique for iWNSNs. A mathematical framework is formulated to optimize the parameters of an adaptive Time Spread On-Off Keying (OOK) pulse-based modulation. This optimization considers both the physics of the intra-body optical channel and the light-matter interactions, along with the resulting photo-thermal effects in biological tissues. The outcomes of the analytical optimization model are validated through extensive numerical simulations. The results highlight a trade-off between link efficiency and the biocompatibility of the transmitted signals. Numerical analysis shows that the proposed biocompatible modulation technique can easily achieve a Bit Error Rate (BER) of $10^{-2}$ before coding, within the bio-safety measures, indicating a reliable intra-body channel for data transmission. This means that the channel can effectively convey information, such as health monitoring data or control signals for medical devices, without significant data loss or corruption.
{"title":"BioComm: Biocompatible Physical Layer Design for Wireless Intra-Body Communications","authors":"Pedram Johari;Hadeel Elayan;Josep M. Jornet","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3423021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3423021","url":null,"abstract":"In-vivo Wireless Nanosensor Networks (iWNSNs) consist of nano-sized communicating devices with unprecedented sensing capabilities that operate inside the human body in real-time. The current state-of-the-art in nanoelectronics and nanophotonics points to the Terahertz (THz) band (0.1–10 THz) and the optical frequency bands (infrared, 30–400 THz, and visible, 400–750 THz) as the promising spectral bands for nanosensor communications. In this paper, we propose and analyze a biocompatible modulation technique for iWNSNs. A mathematical framework is formulated to optimize the parameters of an adaptive Time Spread On-Off Keying (OOK) pulse-based modulation. This optimization considers both the physics of the intra-body optical channel and the light-matter interactions, along with the resulting photo-thermal effects in biological tissues. The outcomes of the analytical optimization model are validated through extensive numerical simulations. The results highlight a trade-off between link efficiency and the biocompatibility of the transmitted signals. Numerical analysis shows that the proposed biocompatible modulation technique can easily achieve a Bit Error Rate (BER) of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{-2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 before coding, within the bio-safety measures, indicating a reliable intra-body channel for data transmission. This means that the channel can effectively convey information, such as health monitoring data or control signals for medical devices, without significant data loss or corruption.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"383-395"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3423005
Pit Hofmann;Sebastian Schmidt;Alexander Wietfeld;Pengjie Zhou;Jonas Fuchtmann;Frank H. P. Fitzek;Wolfgang Kellerer
The formation of plaques in human blood vessels, known as atherosclerosis, represents one of the major causes of death worldwide. Synthetic molecular communication (MC), in combination with nanotechnology, is envisioned to enable novel approaches toward diagnosing, monitoring, and treating diseases. In this paper, we propose an investigation of the effects of plaque formation on the human blood vessel as an MC channel. By characterizing these changes, the early detection of plaques using MC networks in the human circulatory system could become possible. We model a simplified blood flow scenario in a human carotid artery using OpenFOAM. Nanoparticles are released in the bloodstream in front of a region obstructed by a plaque, and their transport and distribution are evaluated as they pass through. The results are obtained for different plaque sizes and channel lengths. We observe a significant impact of a growing plaque on the channel characteristics in terms of a reduced propagation delay and a decrease in the cumulative number of received particles due to particles trapped by the plaque. Therefore, the receiver could detect abnormalities from a change in these channel conditions over time. Further investigation of these methods in conjunction with more realistic modeling of the channel and communication nodes will be necessary to confirm the results. It could contribute towards advanced future methods of diagnosis.
人体血管中形成的斑块被称为动脉粥样硬化，是导致全球死亡的主要原因之一。合成分子通讯（MC）与纳米技术的结合被认为是诊断、监测和治疗疾病的新方法。在本文中，我们提出将斑块形成对人体血管的影响作为 MC 通道进行研究。通过确定这些变化的特征，利用 MC 网络对人体循环系统中的斑块进行早期检测将成为可能。我们使用 OpenFOAM 对人体颈动脉中的简化血流情景进行建模。纳米粒子被释放到斑块阻塞区域前的血流中，并在通过时对其传输和分布进行评估。结果是针对不同斑块大小和通道长度得出的。我们观察到，不断增大的斑块对信道特性有很大影响，表现为传播延迟缩短，以及由于斑块阻挡颗粒而导致接收颗粒的累积数量减少。因此，接收器可以从这些信道条件随时间的变化中检测到异常。有必要结合更现实的信道和通信节点建模对这些方法进行进一步研究，以确认结果。这将有助于开发未来先进的诊断方法。
{"title":"A Molecular Communication Perspective on Detecting Arterial Plaque Formation","authors":"Pit Hofmann;Sebastian Schmidt;Alexander Wietfeld;Pengjie Zhou;Jonas Fuchtmann;Frank H. P. Fitzek;Wolfgang Kellerer","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3423005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3423005","url":null,"abstract":"The formation of plaques in human blood vessels, known as atherosclerosis, represents one of the major causes of death worldwide. Synthetic molecular communication (MC), in combination with nanotechnology, is envisioned to enable novel approaches toward diagnosing, monitoring, and treating diseases. In this paper, we propose an investigation of the effects of plaque formation on the human blood vessel as an MC channel. By characterizing these changes, the early detection of plaques using MC networks in the human circulatory system could become possible. We model a simplified blood flow scenario in a human carotid artery using OpenFOAM. Nanoparticles are released in the bloodstream in front of a region obstructed by a plaque, and their transport and distribution are evaluated as they pass through. The results are obtained for different plaque sizes and channel lengths. We observe a significant impact of a growing plaque on the channel characteristics in terms of a reduced propagation delay and a decrease in the cumulative number of received particles due to particles trapped by the plaque. Therefore, the receiver could detect abnormalities from a change in these channel conditions over time. Further investigation of these methods in conjunction with more realistic modeling of the channel and communication nodes will be necessary to confirm the results. It could contribute towards advanced future methods of diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"458-463"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10586804","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-28DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3420739
Alexander Wietfeld;Sebastian Schmidt;Wolfgang Kellerer
Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) represents a promising option for differentiating multiple transmitters using only a single molecule type in a future diffusion-based molecular communication (DBMC) network. This paper addresses the bit error probability optimization of a DBMC-NOMA network with bio-nano-machines incapable of complex computations for classical optimization methods. We propose a pilot-symbol-based algorithm to approximate the optimal detection threshold and emitted number of transmitted molecules. Our solution is based on two algorithms for the separate optimization of thresholds and the number of molecules, which are applied alternatingly. Our Monte-Carlo simulation results show that the algorithm reliably approaches the global optimum parameter values regardless of initial values and signaling-molecule-to-noise ratio. Since it is composed of only a few basic operations, such as comparisons and additions, there is potential for an implementation using stochastic chemical reaction networks in future work.
{"title":"Error Probability Optimization for Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access in DBMC Networks","authors":"Alexander Wietfeld;Sebastian Schmidt;Wolfgang Kellerer","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3420739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3420739","url":null,"abstract":"Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) represents a promising option for differentiating multiple transmitters using only a single molecule type in a future diffusion-based molecular communication (DBMC) network. This paper addresses the bit error probability optimization of a DBMC-NOMA network with bio-nano-machines incapable of complex computations for classical optimization methods. We propose a pilot-symbol-based algorithm to approximate the optimal detection threshold and emitted number of transmitted molecules. Our solution is based on two algorithms for the separate optimization of thresholds and the number of molecules, which are applied alternatingly. Our Monte-Carlo simulation results show that the algorithm reliably approaches the global optimum parameter values regardless of initial values and signaling-molecule-to-noise ratio. Since it is composed of only a few basic operations, such as comparisons and additions, there is potential for an implementation using stochastic chemical reaction networks in future work.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"481-486"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10577441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-28DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3420792
Lisa Y. Debus;Pit Hofmann;Jorge Torres Gómez;Frank H. P. Fitzek;Falko Dressler
Relay mechanisms are an important part of communication systems and, therefore, naturally occurring molecular communication (MC) links. Multiple techniques have been proposed for designing MC relay-aided setups, assuming synchronous operation and perfect timing during the decoding process. In this paper, we propose using a reinforcement learning (RL)-based synchronizer to continually adapt a decoding threshold and detect transmitted synchronization frames in a dynamic MC environment. We implement our approach in a two-hop MC link model with mobility and show its advantages compared to filter-based maximum likelihood (ML) synchronization. Thereby, we utilized a macroscale, air-based MC testbed for the experimental determination of the channel impulse response (CIR) for a more realistic channel model. Our simulation results exhibit the potential of an RL-based synchronizer with a similarly high detection rate, a false positive rate one order of magnitude lower, and a misalignment several bit times lower compared to the state of the art.
中继机制是通信系统的重要组成部分，因此也是自然出现的分子通信（MC）链路的重要组成部分。目前已经提出了多种技术来设计 MC 中继辅助设置，这些技术假定在解码过程中同步运行和完美定时。在本文中，我们建议使用基于强化学习（RL）的同步器来不断调整解码阈值，并检测动态 MC 环境中传输的同步帧。我们在具有移动性的双跳 MC 链路模型中实施了我们的方法，并展示了它与基于滤波器的最大似然 (ML) 同步相比的优势。因此，我们利用一个基于空气的宏观 MC 试验台，对更真实的信道模型进行了信道脉冲响应（CIR）的实验测定。我们的仿真结果表明，基于 RL 的同步器具有类似的高检测率潜力，误报率比现有技术低一个数量级，错位率比现有技术低数倍。
{"title":"Synchronized Relaying in Molecular Communication: An AI-Based Approach Using a Mobile Testbed Setup","authors":"Lisa Y. Debus;Pit Hofmann;Jorge Torres Gómez;Frank H. P. Fitzek;Falko Dressler","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3420792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3420792","url":null,"abstract":"Relay mechanisms are an important part of communication systems and, therefore, naturally occurring molecular communication (MC) links. Multiple techniques have been proposed for designing MC relay-aided setups, assuming synchronous operation and perfect timing during the decoding process. In this paper, we propose using a reinforcement learning (RL)-based synchronizer to continually adapt a decoding threshold and detect transmitted synchronization frames in a dynamic MC environment. We implement our approach in a two-hop MC link model with mobility and show its advantages compared to filter-based maximum likelihood (ML) synchronization. Thereby, we utilized a macroscale, air-based MC testbed for the experimental determination of the channel impulse response (CIR) for a more realistic channel model. Our simulation results exhibit the potential of an RL-based synchronizer with a similarly high detection rate, a false positive rate one order of magnitude lower, and a misalignment several bit times lower compared to the state of the art.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"470-475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper introduces an adaptive transceiver scheme for bio-nano things (NTs) situated within blood vessels communicating through a time-varying molecular channel. The proposed scheme employs a Q-learning-based adaptive transceiver (a so-called QL-ADT), wherein an agent gradually learns how to adapt the transmission parameters to the current state of the channel. A real heart rate dataset is used to estimate the blood flow velocities over time, based on which a time-varying molecular channel is modelled. In the practical implementation of the QL-ADT, an external gateway, situated on the skin, monitors the body’s heart rate over time and interfaces with the NTs through implantable nano devices. The gateway dynamically adjusts the communication parameters of the NTs based on the measured heart rate and what it has learned during the training phase. The proposed QL-ADT scheme showed significant improvement in the achievable raw bit rate (RBR) and error performance for a real heart rate dataset.
本文介绍了一种自适应收发器方案，适用于通过时变分子信道进行通信的血管内生物纳米物（NTs）。所提出的方案采用了基于 Q 学习的自适应收发器（即所谓的 QL-ADT），其中代理会逐渐学习如何根据信道的当前状态调整传输参数。实际心率数据集用于估算随时间变化的血流速度，并在此基础上建立时变分子信道模型。在 QL-ADT 的实际应用中，位于皮肤上的外部网关会监测人体随时间变化的心率，并通过植入式纳米装置与 NT 接口。网关根据测量到的心率和它在训练阶段学到的知识，动态调整 NT 的通信参数。所提出的 QL-ADT 方案在真实心率数据集的可实现原始比特率（RBR）和误差性能方面都有显著改善。
{"title":"QL-Based Adaptive Transceivers for the IoBNT Communications","authors":"Roya Khanzadeh;Stefan Angerbauer;Jorge Torres Gomez;Andreas Springer;Falko Dressler;Werner Haselmayr","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3420749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3420749","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces an adaptive transceiver scheme for bio-nano things (NTs) situated within blood vessels communicating through a time-varying molecular channel. The proposed scheme employs a Q-learning-based adaptive transceiver (a so-called QL-ADT), wherein an agent gradually learns how to adapt the transmission parameters to the current state of the channel. A real heart rate dataset is used to estimate the blood flow velocities over time, based on which a time-varying molecular channel is modelled. In the practical implementation of the QL-ADT, an external gateway, situated on the skin, monitors the body’s heart rate over time and interfaces with the NTs through implantable nano devices. The gateway dynamically adjusts the communication parameters of the NTs based on the measured heart rate and what it has learned during the training phase. The proposed QL-ADT scheme showed significant improvement in the achievable raw bit rate (RBR) and error performance for a real heart rate dataset.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"476-480"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10577429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-18DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3401513
{"title":"IEEE Communications Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3401513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3401513","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 2","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10562045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141422490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-18DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3408174
Han Mao Kiah;Paul H. Siegel;Eitan Yaakobi
This special issue places the spotlight on the coding problems and solutions related to storing digital information on synthetic DNA strands and we are fortunate to present a collection of 9 outstanding manuscripts showcasing new developments in this area. The articles contain exciting recent results covering all aspects of the DNA data storage system: from synthesis to sequencing. We extend our gratitude to the authors of all submitted manuscripts, the anonymous referees, editorial staff Christina Keller and the Editor-in-Chief Sasitharan Balasubramaniam. We are excited about this issue and hope it will serve as both a useful reference and an inspiration for future work in this area.
本期特刊聚焦与在合成 DNA 链上存储数字信息有关的编码问题和解决方案，我们有幸收录了 9 篇优秀稿件，展示这一领域的新进展。这些文章包含令人振奋的最新成果，涵盖了 DNA 数据存储系统的各个方面：从合成到测序。我们向所有投稿的作者、匿名审稿人、编辑 Christina Keller 和主编 Sasitharan Balasubramaniam 表示感谢。我们对本期杂志感到非常兴奋，希望它既能作为有用的参考资料，又能对这一领域未来的工作有所启发。
{"title":"Guest Editorial Plenty of Room at at Bottom: Ten Years of DNA-Based Data Storage","authors":"Han Mao Kiah;Paul H. Siegel;Eitan Yaakobi","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3408174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3408174","url":null,"abstract":"This special issue places the spotlight on the coding problems and solutions related to storing digital information on synthetic DNA strands and we are fortunate to present a collection of 9 outstanding manuscripts showcasing new developments in this area. The articles contain exciting recent results covering all aspects of the DNA data storage system: from synthesis to sequencing. We extend our gratitude to the authors of all submitted manuscripts, the anonymous referees, editorial staff Christina Keller and the Editor-in-Chief Sasitharan Balasubramaniam. We are excited about this issue and hope it will serve as both a useful reference and an inspiration for future work in this area.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 2","pages":"249-252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10562196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141422541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-18DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3401509
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3401509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3401509","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 2","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10562044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141422578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-11DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3412669
Zhen Cheng;Jun Yan;Jie Sun;Shubin Zhang;Kaikai Chi
Mobile molecular communication (MMC) is expected to be a promising technology for drug delivery. This paper studies a multiuser MMC system in a three-dimensional diffusive environment, which is composed of multiple transmitter nanomachines and one receiver nanomachine. Considering that all transmitter nanomachines release the same type of molecules for information transmission, the mechanism of time division multiple access (TDMA) is employed in this system. Under the release resource constraint which requires that the total number of released molecules of all transmitter nanomachines is fixed, the resource allocation optimization plays a significant role in the performance of this system. When the environmental variables in this multiuser MMC system change, the traditional optimization algorithms need to reoptimize the resource allocation to minimize the average bit error probability (BEP) of this system, which results in more run time. In order to reduce the run time, we propose an algorithm designed based on deep neural network (DNN) to obtain the optimal resource allocation scheme. For the trained DNN, once the input is given, it does not need to re-execute the optimization process and the output can be instantaneously obtained. The numerical results show that the proposed algorithm has a shorter run time and lower average BEP compared with other existing traditional optimization algorithms used in MMC, including bisection algorithm and genetic algorithm. The optimization results are approximate to the optimal solutions obtained by the exhaustive search. These analysis results can provide help in designing a multiuser MMC with optimal resource allocation.
{"title":"Resource Allocation Optimization in Mobile Multiuser Molecular Communication by Deep Neural Network","authors":"Zhen Cheng;Jun Yan;Jie Sun;Shubin Zhang;Kaikai Chi","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3412669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3412669","url":null,"abstract":"Mobile molecular communication (MMC) is expected to be a promising technology for drug delivery. This paper studies a multiuser MMC system in a three-dimensional diffusive environment, which is composed of multiple transmitter nanomachines and one receiver nanomachine. Considering that all transmitter nanomachines release the same type of molecules for information transmission, the mechanism of time division multiple access (TDMA) is employed in this system. Under the release resource constraint which requires that the total number of released molecules of all transmitter nanomachines is fixed, the resource allocation optimization plays a significant role in the performance of this system. When the environmental variables in this multiuser MMC system change, the traditional optimization algorithms need to reoptimize the resource allocation to minimize the average bit error probability (BEP) of this system, which results in more run time. In order to reduce the run time, we propose an algorithm designed based on deep neural network (DNN) to obtain the optimal resource allocation scheme. For the trained DNN, once the input is given, it does not need to re-execute the optimization process and the output can be instantaneously obtained. The numerical results show that the proposed algorithm has a shorter run time and lower average BEP compared with other existing traditional optimization algorithms used in MMC, including bisection algorithm and genetic algorithm. The optimization results are approximate to the optimal solutions obtained by the exhaustive search. These analysis results can provide help in designing a multiuser MMC with optimal resource allocation.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"409-421"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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