This paper develops an equilibrium model of proof-of-work cryptocurrencies. Equilibrium behaviour of miners and users are characterized for exogenous blockchain protocol metrics. This paper shows that an equilibrium can be achieved in the long run. High fixed mining reward is the reason of instability in current cryptocurrency designs. The equilibrium model has two main implications. First, decentralization and technological improvement in mining are the drivers of low transaction fees and low mining costs. Second, limited block size and mining difficulty, which is endogenously determined, create an incentive mechanism that achieves the sustainability of cryptocurrency in the long run.
{"title":"An Equilibrium Model of Blockchain-Based Cryptocurrencies","authors":"Engin Iyidogan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3152803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3152803","url":null,"abstract":"This paper develops an equilibrium model of proof-of-work cryptocurrencies. Equilibrium behaviour of miners and users are characterized for exogenous blockchain protocol metrics. This paper shows that an equilibrium can be achieved in the long run. High fixed mining reward is the reason of instability in current cryptocurrency designs. The equilibrium model has two main implications. First, decentralization and technological improvement in mining are the drivers of low transaction fees and low mining costs. Second, limited block size and mining difficulty, which is endogenously determined, create an incentive mechanism that achieves the sustainability of cryptocurrency in the long run.","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131444656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since independent, India has adopted cautious approach for economic growth but after the implementation of LPG policy (economic reforms in 1991) India has liberalized its foreign policy and took series of measures to pull FDI. This paper aimed to investigate empirically the impact of GDP, population, import of crude oil and corruption perception index on FDI over the last 20 years i.e. 1998-2018 The multiple regression tests were used in order to analyze the causal relationship among corruption perception index, import of crude oil, GDP and increasing rate of population. It was found that there is significant relationship between FDI, and GDP import of crude oil, corruption perception index and population.
{"title":"Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment in India","authors":"Kishan Singh Rathore, Sonam Singh Rajawat","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3323463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3323463","url":null,"abstract":"Since independent, India has adopted cautious approach for economic growth but after the implementation of LPG policy (economic reforms in 1991) India has liberalized its foreign policy and took series of measures to pull FDI. This paper aimed to investigate empirically the impact of GDP, population, import of crude oil and corruption perception index on FDI over the last 20 years i.e. 1998-2018 The multiple regression tests were used in order to analyze the causal relationship among corruption perception index, import of crude oil, GDP and increasing rate of population. It was found that there is significant relationship between FDI, and GDP import of crude oil, corruption perception index and population.","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128910625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper undertakes a descriptive analysis of changes in economic institutions across countries from 2000-2016, using Economic Freedom of the World and the “State Economic Modernity” index. This latter index is a recent creation, similar conceptually to state capacity, measuring what can variously be thought of as state building, effectiveness, and economic power. State Economic Modernity can also be thought of as the economic institutions associated with social democracy. These two indexes are used in concert with one another to classify countries into eight directions of institutional change. Despite recent pessimism, countries besides those at the top income bracket have continued to liberalize, while wealthy countries have merely stagnated. At the high level aggregates, there is little movement in “State Economic Modernity” over this period, although there is considerably heterogeneity among individual countries. Rwanda is the single country to make the greatest movement towards the development benchmark of “Getting to Denmark,” while, directionally, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Benin, Guinea-Bissau, and Indonesia have made significant positive movements as well.
{"title":"Liberalizing, State Building, and Getting to Denmark: Analyzing Twenty-First Century Institutional Change","authors":"Ryan H. Murphy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3311207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3311207","url":null,"abstract":"This paper undertakes a descriptive analysis of changes in economic institutions across countries from 2000-2016, using Economic Freedom of the World and the “State Economic Modernity” index. This latter index is a recent creation, similar conceptually to state capacity, measuring what can variously be thought of as state building, effectiveness, and economic power. State Economic Modernity can also be thought of as the economic institutions associated with social democracy. These two indexes are used in concert with one another to classify countries into eight directions of institutional change. Despite recent pessimism, countries besides those at the top income bracket have continued to liberalize, while wealthy countries have merely stagnated. At the high level aggregates, there is little movement in “State Economic Modernity” over this period, although there is considerably heterogeneity among individual countries. Rwanda is the single country to make the greatest movement towards the development benchmark of “Getting to Denmark,” while, directionally, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Benin, Guinea-Bissau, and Indonesia have made significant positive movements as well.","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115155454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The idea of state responsibility for ensuring food security has gained ground, with strong popular mobilisations for the Right to Food around the world; but important variations prevail, both in the articulation of demands around food security interventions and in political responses to these. This paper takes a close look at India’s Public Distribution System, a programme with a long history and clear national-level, legislative backing, but considerable differences in prioritisation at the subnational level. Through an empirically rich and innovative comparison of Chhattisgarh with Jharkhand – both created at the same time, in 2000 – it asks why the opportunities afforded by statehood allowed Chhattisgarh to politically prioritise the PDS, but not Jharkhand. The paper finds that the explanation lies in the interrelated dimensions of political competition, the nature of pressures exerted by electorally significant societal groups, and political enablement of bureaucratic capacity. Finally, the analytical framework at the heart of the paper contributes to the emerging literature on the political conditions that allow the deployment of state capacity for the promotion of welfare.
{"title":"The Political Prioritisation of Welfare in India: Comparing the Public Distribution System in Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand","authors":"Vasudha Chhotray, Anindita Adhikari, V. Bahuguna","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3326547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3326547","url":null,"abstract":"The idea of state responsibility for ensuring food security has gained ground, with strong popular mobilisations for the Right to Food around the world; but important variations prevail, both in the articulation of demands around food security interventions and in political responses to these. This paper takes a close look at India’s Public Distribution System, a programme with a long history and clear national-level, legislative backing, but considerable differences in prioritisation at the subnational level. Through an empirically rich and innovative comparison of Chhattisgarh with Jharkhand – both created at the same time, in 2000 – it asks why the opportunities afforded by statehood allowed Chhattisgarh to politically prioritise the PDS, but not Jharkhand. The paper finds that the explanation lies in the interrelated dimensions of political competition, the nature of pressures exerted by electorally significant societal groups, and political enablement of bureaucratic capacity. Finally, the analytical framework at the heart of the paper contributes to the emerging literature on the political conditions that allow the deployment of state capacity for the promotion of welfare.","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130655156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.40348
V. Hlasny
This study applies unconditional quantile regressions estimated using recentered influence functions to analyze income gaps based on households’ residence, education and employment status in six Asian countries. China, India, Japan, Korea, Russia and Taiwan are found to represent different demographic corners of Asia and different stages of development. Rural/urban gaps exist across all six countries, particularly China, India and Russia, but have been falling in Russia. Rural households face mobility barriers and lack decent employment opportunities, thus lacking incentives for skill investment. Gaps between less/more educated households are also prevalent. Less educated households tend to be rural and face low returns on their other marketable characteristics. In China and India, gaps by employment status surprisingly favor households with non-employed heads. In India, a non-working class of rural rich live off saved wealth or remittances from urban professionals. In China, a class of rural poor appear to live off remittances from migrant laborers. We conclude that Asian emerging economies should strengthen their rural assistance programs, and lower the mobility and resettlement barriers, to improve rural households’ access to education and employment.
{"title":"Decomposition of Income Gaps Across Socioeconomic Groups: The Case of Six Asian Countries","authors":"V. Hlasny","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.40348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.40348","url":null,"abstract":"This study applies unconditional quantile regressions estimated using recentered influence functions to analyze income gaps based on households’ residence, education and employment status in six Asian countries. China, India, Japan, Korea, Russia and Taiwan are found to represent different demographic corners of Asia and different stages of development. Rural/urban gaps exist across all six countries, particularly China, India and Russia, but have been falling in Russia. Rural households face mobility barriers and lack decent employment opportunities, thus lacking incentives for skill investment. Gaps between less/more educated households are also prevalent. Less educated households tend to be rural and face low returns on their other marketable characteristics. In China and India, gaps by employment status surprisingly favor households with non-employed heads. In India, a non-working class of rural rich live off saved wealth or remittances from urban professionals. In China, a class of rural poor appear to live off remittances from migrant laborers. We conclude that Asian emerging economies should strengthen their rural assistance programs, and lower the mobility and resettlement barriers, to improve rural households’ access to education and employment.","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133908054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A large body of research on India’s rapid economic growth since 1991 also documents increasing regional disparities. In this paper, we use unsaturated night light data to challenge this dominant narrative of unequal growth. For 520 districts spanning a 15 year period (1996–2010), we find overwhelming evidence of absolute convergence. Dividing districts further into rural and urban areas, we also show that this catching-up can be attributed mainly to faster growth in rural areas. Geographically disadvantaged districts - those further away from the coast, with lower agricultural suitability, and more rugged terrain also grew faster. The convergence results are not associated with major infrastructure and education initiatives that overlapped with the period of analysis, and also hold for alternative measures of night-lights that cover a longer period of time (1992–2013).
{"title":"Shedding Light on Regional Growth and Convergence in India","authors":"A. Chanda, S. Kabiraj","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3308685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3308685","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A large body of research on India’s rapid economic growth since 1991 also documents increasing regional disparities. In this paper, we use unsaturated night light data to challenge this dominant narrative of unequal growth. For 520 districts spanning a 15 year period (1996–2010), we find overwhelming evidence of absolute convergence. Dividing districts further into rural and urban areas, we also show that this catching-up can be attributed mainly to faster growth in rural areas. Geographically disadvantaged districts - those further away from the coast, with lower agricultural suitability, and more rugged terrain also grew faster. The convergence results are not associated with major infrastructure and education initiatives that overlapped with the period of analysis, and also hold for alternative measures of night-lights that cover a longer period of time (1992–2013).","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130936861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-01DOI: 10.11575/SPPP.V11I0.43293
Ronald Kneebone
In 2014, an estimated 137,000 people, or about one in 208 Canadians aged 18 or older, stayed in an emergency homeless shelter. While addictions and mental illness can contribute to homelessness, evidence suggests that the majority of people who resort to using homeless shelters do so because they are poor. Public policies that reduce the cost of housing for those with low income would reduce these numbers and reduce the number of Canadians who annually experience the debilitating effects of homelessness. A high proportion of rent-to-income is a key contributor to homelessness. People who find that rent eats up so much of their income that they can’t afford other necessities will often try their luck doubling up with relatives or friends or temporarily using a city’s shelter system. Anything that influences the rent-to-income ratio – from income support programs, to tax policies affecting the costs of new construction and the costs of maintaining or rehabilitating old buildings, to zoning and density restrictions – will therefore have a significant influence on the rate of homelessness. Recognizing this opens a wide range of policy options and exposes all levels of government to the responsibility for initiating useful policy reforms. Modest efforts to increase housing affordability via rent subsidies and enhanced income support have the advantage over the construction of public housing of maximizing choice and flexibility for those to whom assistance is provided. If the great majority of people experiencing homelessness do so because of poverty, it may be best to address that issue directly with increased levels of income support.
{"title":"Housing, Homelessness and Poverty","authors":"Ronald Kneebone","doi":"10.11575/SPPP.V11I0.43293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11575/SPPP.V11I0.43293","url":null,"abstract":"In 2014, an estimated 137,000 people, or about one in 208 Canadians aged 18 or older, stayed in an emergency homeless shelter. While addictions and mental illness can contribute to homelessness, evidence suggests that the majority of people who resort to using homeless shelters do so because they are poor. Public policies that reduce the cost of housing for those with low income would reduce these numbers and reduce the number of Canadians who annually experience the debilitating effects of homelessness. A high proportion of rent-to-income is a key contributor to homelessness. People who find that rent eats up so much of their income that they can’t afford other necessities will often try their luck doubling up with relatives or friends or temporarily using a city’s shelter system. Anything that influences the rent-to-income ratio – from income support programs, to tax policies affecting the costs of new construction and the costs of maintaining or rehabilitating old buildings, to zoning and density restrictions – will therefore have a significant influence on the rate of homelessness. Recognizing this opens a wide range of policy options and exposes all levels of government to the responsibility for initiating useful policy reforms. Modest efforts to increase housing affordability via rent subsidies and enhanced income support have the advantage over the construction of public housing of maximizing choice and flexibility for those to whom assistance is provided. If the great majority of people experiencing homelessness do so because of poverty, it may be best to address that issue directly with increased levels of income support.","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125705294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The findings from some research studies conducted to ascertain the factors affecting the adoption of Information and Communication technologies for farming decisions suggest that the ICTs might just live up to the expectation of being the harbinger of agricultural growth and better life chances for rural farmers. In the given study, through a series of interviews conducted in the given setting, I have tried to map how ICT resources are perceived in a setting where there is no targeted privately or state run ICT initiative. The case of initiatives which involve deployment of ICTs in monitored settings like the Gyandoot project, run in Dhar by the government of the state of Madhya Pradesh in India or the E-choupal Project run by Indian Tobacco Company (ITC), again in Dhar, has been elaborated upon in various studies. In monitored projects, usually a specific crop is targeted (for example soybean in case of e-choupals). Here, ICTs are used to assist specialized supply chain management. However, in the case of my study, I have tried to look at the penetration of ICTs in the workflow of a sample of farmers, selected randomly from a given village located in one of the districts, in the state of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. The rationale for the sampling is to assess the diffusion, penetration and implementation of ICTs and the spillover effects (if any) of the telecommunication revolution in India. Agriculture extension and information dissemination in India is governed by the agricultural extension arm of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research is referred to as ‘Krishi Vigyan Kendras’. These centers dispense extension services at the district level and are managed by the State Agricultural Universities. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Gorakhpur is affiliated to Acharya Narendra Dev Agricultural University, Faizabad district and is situated at Belipar, Gorakhpur. Through my study, I have tried to study the role of ICT tools such as mobile phones, radios and television in assisting the district level extension services.
{"title":"ICTs in Agricultural Practices: Hopes, Utopias and Contradictions","authors":"P. Abhigya","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3275129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3275129","url":null,"abstract":"The findings from some research studies conducted to ascertain the factors affecting the adoption of Information and Communication technologies for farming decisions suggest that the ICTs might just live up to the expectation of being the harbinger of agricultural growth and better life chances for rural farmers. In the given study, through a series of interviews conducted in the given setting, I have tried to map how ICT resources are perceived in a setting where there is no targeted privately or state run ICT initiative. The case of initiatives which involve deployment of ICTs in monitored settings like the Gyandoot project, run in Dhar by the government of the state of Madhya Pradesh in India or the E-choupal Project run by Indian Tobacco Company (ITC), again in Dhar, has been elaborated upon in various studies. In monitored projects, usually a specific crop is targeted (for example soybean in case of e-choupals). Here, ICTs are used to assist specialized supply chain management. However, in the case of my study, I have tried to look at the penetration of ICTs in the workflow of a sample of farmers, selected randomly from a given village located in one of the districts, in the state of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. The rationale for the sampling is to assess the diffusion, penetration and implementation of ICTs and the spillover effects (if any) of the telecommunication revolution in India. Agriculture extension and information dissemination in India is governed by the agricultural extension arm of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research is referred to as ‘Krishi Vigyan Kendras’. These centers dispense extension services at the district level and are managed by the State Agricultural Universities. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Gorakhpur is affiliated to Acharya Narendra Dev Agricultural University, Faizabad district and is situated at Belipar, Gorakhpur. Through my study, I have tried to study the role of ICT tools such as mobile phones, radios and television in assisting the district level extension services.","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"169 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124725866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
China’s food security has increasingly been one worldwide concern. And, most researchers argue that land transfer further aggravates the problem of non-grain in rural China. We theoretically pursue the the internal mechanism of the effects of land rental on the grain production and then employ 2,088 household survey data collected in China to assess their relationship. The estimated results indicate that land rental positively affects grain production, especially with the decrease of agricultural labor. Contrarily, land rental has significantly negative impact on grain production with the increase of agricultural labor. Besides, we also find that the reason that land rental stimulates grain production is that the grain production can be more easily mechanized than that of cash crops in rural China, which is conductive to reducing the high labor cost in agriculture and encouraging off-farm employment. Thus, when considering the development of mechanization in grain production and high labor cost in agriculture, grain production has been the voluntary choice of the land leaseholders, and this undoubtedly ensures China’s grain security.
{"title":"Does Land Rental Impede Grain Production? Evidence from 8 Provinces in China","authors":"Tongwei Qiu, Qinying He, Shangpu Li, Biliang Luo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3274058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3274058","url":null,"abstract":"China’s food security has increasingly been one worldwide concern. And, most researchers argue that land transfer further aggravates the problem of non-grain in rural China. We theoretically pursue the the internal mechanism of the effects of land rental on the grain production and then employ 2,088 household survey data collected in China to assess their relationship. The estimated results indicate that land rental positively affects grain production, especially with the decrease of agricultural labor. Contrarily, land rental has significantly negative impact on grain production with the increase of agricultural labor. Besides, we also find that the reason that land rental stimulates grain production is that the grain production can be more easily mechanized than that of cash crops in rural China, which is conductive to reducing the high labor cost in agriculture and encouraging off-farm employment. Thus, when considering the development of mechanization in grain production and high labor cost in agriculture, grain production has been the voluntary choice of the land leaseholders, and this undoubtedly ensures China’s grain security.","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117071182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is written to serve as a guide in relation to cross border contracts involving a Malaysian corporation and a foreign corporation as parties to it. The nature of these contracts entail the consideration of legal issue's of various degrees of complexity where the answer may not be 'prima facie obvious or apparent. The guidance given in this article is premised upon legal analysis arrived at by the author after deliberating upon the issues faced in the course of her work as an in-house Legal Counsel and the writer disclaims any and all legal liability for relying upon this advice. The writer advices that the opinion of independent legal counsel is to be sought for each unique and individual scenario.
{"title":"Legal Issues Pertaining to ‘Authorized Signatories’ From the Malaysian Perspective and Analysis in Relation to Cross Border Contracts","authors":"S. Woodhull","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3267140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3267140","url":null,"abstract":"This article is written to serve as a guide in relation to cross border contracts involving a Malaysian corporation and a foreign corporation as parties to it. The nature of these contracts entail the consideration of legal issue's of various degrees of complexity where the answer may not be 'prima facie obvious or apparent. The guidance given in this article is premised upon legal analysis arrived at by the author after deliberating upon the issues faced in the course of her work as an in-house Legal Counsel and the writer disclaims any and all legal liability for relying upon this advice. The writer advices that the opinion of independent legal counsel is to be sought for each unique and individual scenario.","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"21 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121007965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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